This document discusses belt drives and the selection of V-belts. It describes the different types of belts, including flat, round, V-shaped, and timing belts. It provides details on selecting the appropriate V-belt, including determining the service factor, belt size, pulley diameters, belt length, and number of belts needed based on the power transmitted and machine specifications. Tables provide information on belt characteristics, pulley dimensions, standard belt lengths, and selection factors.
This document discusses different types of cams and cam mechanisms. It describes various types of followers based on their contacting surface, motion, and path of motion. It also defines important cam terminology used to describe cam profiles such as base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, pitch circle, and lift. The document provides examples of cam profiles that produce uniform velocity, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cycloidal motions in the follower. It includes example problems of constructing cam profiles for different follower motions and specifications.
Cam and follower theory prof. sagar a dhotareSagar Dhotare
This ppt covers following points,
Classification of Cam and Follower
Terminology of cam
Importance of Pressure angle
Application of Cam and Follower
Importance of cam and follower
The document discusses types of rolling contact bearings including ball bearings and roller bearings. It describes the main parts of ball bearings including the inner ring, outer ring, rolling elements (balls), and ball retainer. The document provides information on selecting suitable ball bearings for applications including considering load type and size, operating conditions, and desired service life. Examples are given to demonstrate how to select ball bearings based on load and operating conditions.
Cam mechanisms use cams to provide unusual motions to followers. Cams can create different types of motions but are expensive to manufacture and wear down over time. Cams are classified based on their shape and type of contact. Common cam motion curves include linear, simple harmonic, parabolic, and cycloidal motions. The cycloidal motion curve provides the smoothest motion in terms of finite acceleration. Cam size is determined by considering the pressure angle and minimum radius of curvature to minimize size while ensuring proper force transmission and strength.
This document discusses power transmission through rotating machines. It defines different types of rotating machines including driving machines, transmission machines, and driven machines. It then focuses on the three major systems for transmitting rotary motion between adjacent shafts: belts, chains, and gears. The document provides detailed information on belt drives, including the four main types of belts and principles of V-belt operation. It also discusses synchronous belts, chain drives, and compares key aspects of belt drives and chain drives.
This document provides a numerical problem on drawing a cam profile given various parameters of the cam and follower motion. It involves the following steps:
1) Constructing a displacement diagram showing the lift of the follower over the angular rotation of the cam for the outstroke, dwell and return stroke periods.
2) Dividing the outstroke and return stroke into equal parts on the displacement diagram and prime circle.
3) Drawing the base circle, offset circle and prime circle for the cam.
4) Transferring the displacement values from each part on the displacement diagram to the prime circle to obtain the cam profile curve.
This document provides information on cams and cam mechanisms. It defines a cam as a mechanical member that produces motion in a follower through direct contact. Cams are classified based on their shape, the movement of the follower, and the manner of constraint of the follower. Common cam shapes include wedge, plate, cylindrical, and spiral cams. Follower motion types include rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, and dwell-rise-dwell-return-dwell. Constraints include pre-loaded springs, positive-drive, and gravity. Followers are classified based on their shape, motion, and path. The document also provides details on cam nomenclature, problems, and kinematics.
Introduction of Spur Gear theory by_Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
This PPT contains in formation of spur gear classification, Selection Parameters, Conditions, Tooth profile and System, Materials and Design consideration, Modes of failures
This document discusses different types of cams and cam mechanisms. It describes various types of followers based on their contacting surface, motion, and path of motion. It also defines important cam terminology used to describe cam profiles such as base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, pitch circle, and lift. The document provides examples of cam profiles that produce uniform velocity, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cycloidal motions in the follower. It includes example problems of constructing cam profiles for different follower motions and specifications.
Cam and follower theory prof. sagar a dhotareSagar Dhotare
This ppt covers following points,
Classification of Cam and Follower
Terminology of cam
Importance of Pressure angle
Application of Cam and Follower
Importance of cam and follower
The document discusses types of rolling contact bearings including ball bearings and roller bearings. It describes the main parts of ball bearings including the inner ring, outer ring, rolling elements (balls), and ball retainer. The document provides information on selecting suitable ball bearings for applications including considering load type and size, operating conditions, and desired service life. Examples are given to demonstrate how to select ball bearings based on load and operating conditions.
Cam mechanisms use cams to provide unusual motions to followers. Cams can create different types of motions but are expensive to manufacture and wear down over time. Cams are classified based on their shape and type of contact. Common cam motion curves include linear, simple harmonic, parabolic, and cycloidal motions. The cycloidal motion curve provides the smoothest motion in terms of finite acceleration. Cam size is determined by considering the pressure angle and minimum radius of curvature to minimize size while ensuring proper force transmission and strength.
This document discusses power transmission through rotating machines. It defines different types of rotating machines including driving machines, transmission machines, and driven machines. It then focuses on the three major systems for transmitting rotary motion between adjacent shafts: belts, chains, and gears. The document provides detailed information on belt drives, including the four main types of belts and principles of V-belt operation. It also discusses synchronous belts, chain drives, and compares key aspects of belt drives and chain drives.
This document provides a numerical problem on drawing a cam profile given various parameters of the cam and follower motion. It involves the following steps:
1) Constructing a displacement diagram showing the lift of the follower over the angular rotation of the cam for the outstroke, dwell and return stroke periods.
2) Dividing the outstroke and return stroke into equal parts on the displacement diagram and prime circle.
3) Drawing the base circle, offset circle and prime circle for the cam.
4) Transferring the displacement values from each part on the displacement diagram to the prime circle to obtain the cam profile curve.
This document provides information on cams and cam mechanisms. It defines a cam as a mechanical member that produces motion in a follower through direct contact. Cams are classified based on their shape, the movement of the follower, and the manner of constraint of the follower. Common cam shapes include wedge, plate, cylindrical, and spiral cams. Follower motion types include rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, and dwell-rise-dwell-return-dwell. Constraints include pre-loaded springs, positive-drive, and gravity. Followers are classified based on their shape, motion, and path. The document also provides details on cam nomenclature, problems, and kinematics.
Introduction of Spur Gear theory by_Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
This PPT contains in formation of spur gear classification, Selection Parameters, Conditions, Tooth profile and System, Materials and Design consideration, Modes of failures
This document provides an overview of kinematics of machines, specifically focusing on cams and cam mechanisms. It defines key terms like cam profiles, followers, and their various classifications. It also describes common types of cam motions like simple harmonic motion, uniform velocity, and uniform acceleration/retardation. Displacement diagrams are introduced to illustrate the motion of followers throughout the cam rotation. Examples of industrial applications are also listed.
This document discusses gear transmissions. It begins by explaining that slippage commonly occurs in belt or chain drives, reducing the speed ratio between two shafts. Precise machines like clocks require a definitive speed ratio, which can only be achieved with gears. Gears are also needed when the distance between the drive and driven components is very small. The document then discusses various types of gears, classified by position of shafts, surface speed, drive method, and tooth placement. It provides terminology used in gears like pitch circle, pitch point, pressure angle, and explains involute and cycloidal tooth profiles that satisfy the constant velocity ratio condition.
This document discusses cams and followers. It begins by defining a cam as a mechanical device that transmits motion to a follower by direct contact. Cams are commonly used in automobile engines to open and close valves. The document then covers terminology used in cams such as base circle, trace point, and pitch curve. It classifies followers based on shape (knife edge, roller, flat faced) and motion (reciprocating, oscillating). Different types of follower motion such as simple harmonic and constant velocity are also described. Several problems are presented involving constructing cam profiles for given follower specifications and motions.
The document provides instructions for drawing cam profiles to operate different types of followers under varying motion profiles:
1) An in-line knife edge follower that moves outward 40mm over 60 degrees, dwells 45 degrees, returns over 90 degrees, and dwells the rest of the rotation with simple harmonic motion.
2) An offset knife edge follower with the same motion profile but offset 20mm from the cam shaft axis.
3) An offset roller follower that moves with simple harmonic motion on the ascent and uniformly accelerated/decelerated motion on descent over angles of 48 and 42 degrees respectively, with the roller offset 20mm from the cam shaft axis.
4) An in-line roller follower that raises
Module 4 numerical problems on cams - cycloidal motiontaruian
This document provides instructions for constructing the displacement diagram and cam profile for a numerical problem involving cycloidal motion of a cam and roller follower. It describes a 10-step process for drawing the displacement diagram, including constructing the rolling circle, dividing it into parts, and transferring displacement values between the outstroke and return stroke. It also outlines how to account for the offset of the roller follower axis from the cam shaft axis when constructing the cam profile, using base, prime and offset circles.
The document discusses different types of cam mechanisms. It describes the basic components of a cam system including the cam, follower, and frame. Cams are classified based on their shape, including wedge, flat, radial, offset, cylindrical, spiral, conjugate, globoidal, and spherical cams. Followers can be knife edge, roller, flat faced, or spherical faced. Motion analysis is provided for simple harmonic motion, uniform acceleration/deceleration, uniform velocity, parabolic motion, and cycloidal motion. Maximum velocities, accelerations, and the variations of displacement, velocity, and acceleration are determined for each type of motion.
This document provides an overview of cam design principles and functions. It begins by defining different cam terminology such as follower motion types, joint closure types, follower types, and motion constraints. It then discusses common cam motion programs including rise-fall, rise-fall-dwell, and rise-dwell-fall-dwell. Several cam profile functions are analyzed that satisfy the fundamental law of cam design requiring continuous derivatives, including cycloidal, trapezoidal, and polynomial functions. Comparisons of the velocity, acceleration, jerk, and position profiles of different cam functions show that modified trapezoidal cams have the lowest peak acceleration while cycloidal and polynomial cams have the lowest jerk. The document concludes with considerations for single dwell cam design.
Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. Cams are classified based on the input and output motions, including rotating cam-translating follower, rotating cam-oscillating follower, and translating cam-translating follower. Followers are classified by their shape and motion path. Cam motions include uniform, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cycloidal. Key cam components are the cam profile, base circle, trace point, pitch curve, prime circle, and pitch point. As the cam rotates, the follower moves through an upward rise and downward fall, with possible dwell between motions.
The document discusses cams and followers, which are rotating machine elements where a cam gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element called a follower. Cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, while the follower motion is predetermined by the cam shape. Cams are used in applications like clocks, machines, engines. Cams are classified as radial or cylindrical based on the follower motion direction. The document provides examples and terminology for radial cams, and discusses follower motion profiles and deriving cam profiles based on given follower motions.
This document discusses cam mechanisms and their kinematics. It defines a cam as a mechanical component that transmits motion through contact and can convert rotational motion to translational or oscillating motion. A cam mechanism consists of a cam, follower, and frame. Cams are used in machines like textile, printing, food processing, and engines. Cams can be classified based on the follower motion as radial or cylindrical, and followers can be classified based on shape, movement, or line of movement. The document also defines important terms used in cam mechanisms like base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, and discusses different motions a follower can have like uniform velocity, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cyclo
Final Project_ Design and FEM Analysis of Scissor JackMehmet Bariskan
The document describes the design and finite element analysis of a scissor jack. It includes an overview of scissor jack components and operation, as well as calculations of forces and stresses on members. A series of mesh refinement studies were performed on the carrier member, lifting arms, and shaft screw to determine maximum stresses and displacements under expected loading conditions.
This document describes the design of a gearbox. It includes the design of a double helical gear set based on given input parameters. Dimensions are provided for the pinion, gear, shafts and bearings. Commercial gearbox designs are shown including spur, helical, bevel and worm gears. Guidelines are provided for gearbox housing dimensions and selection of lubricating oil based on operating speeds. Losses in gearboxes include transmission, churning and bearing losses.
This document discusses the mechanism of machinery and cam design. It begins by classifying followers based on their surface of contact and type of motion. It then discusses cam nomenclature and standard cam motions like uniform, modified uniform, and simple harmonic motion. The document provides examples of cam curve design, including the use of cycloidal motion. It also discusses velocity and acceleration analysis for tangent cams.
The document discusses cams and followers. It defines cams and followers, describes different types of cams and followers based on their surface contact and motion. It lists some common applications of cams and followers like in car engines, clocks, machine tools. It also discusses cam terminology used for drawing cam profiles and displacement diagrams, including terms like base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, pitch circle etc. Finally, it provides an example problem on drawing the profile of a disc cam that gives uniform velocity motion to a knife-edged follower.
The document discusses different types of cams and cam mechanisms. It explains that a cam is used to convert rotational motion to linear motion using a follower. Common types of followers include knife-edged, roller, and flat-footed followers. The document also discusses different types of cam motions including uniform velocity, dwell, simple harmonic motion, and uniform acceleration/retardation. It provides examples of drawing displacement diagrams for different cam profiles and motions.
This document summarizes the classification, nomenclature, and displacement diagrams of cams and followers. It describes radial and cylindrical cams based on the direction of follower motion relative to the cam axis. Followers are classified by the contact surface and motion, including knife edge, roller, flat, and spherical types, and reciprocating vs. rotating motion. Nomenclature for key cam and follower components is also defined, such as the cam profile, base circle, pitch curve, and pressure angle. Examples of cam configurations and calculations of maximum velocity and acceleration are provided.
Cam followers are used to convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion. A cam is a rotating element that presses against a follower, causing it to move in a reciprocating motion. There are different types of cams and followers that produce different follower motion profiles. Key terms used to describe cams include the base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, pitch circle, and pitch curve. The cam profile transfers motion to the follower. Types of follower motion produced by different cam profiles include uniform velocity, simple harmonic motion, and uniform acceleration and retardation.
introduction, drawing, calculation for winch designAman Huri
The document provides information about designing a winch that can withstand a maximum load of 15kN and uses a cable with a diameter of 14mm.
It begins with an introduction to winches, their components, and operation systems. It then discusses the problem statement of designing a winch for pulling up boat anchors. The key design requirements are that it withstands 15kN of load and uses 14mm diameter cable.
The summary discusses the components that will be included in the design - the wire rope, drum, gears, and other parts. It provides calculations for selecting the appropriate wire rope and determining the drum dimensions based on withstanding the load requirement. Gears are also designed with calculations of number of teeth
I do not have enough context to answer those questions. The document provided is about cam classification and terminology, but does not discuss applications or materials. Could you provide some additional details on what you are looking for in the answers?
1. This document discusses load stress and failure in mechanical design. It defines key terms like actual load, maximum load, safety factor, and strength.
2. The safety factor is the ratio of the maximum allowable load to the actual load. It indicates how close a component is to failure. Higher safety factors indicate a safer component, though variations must be considered.
3. Stress concentration occurs where geometric variations cause streamlines of force to bunch together, increasing local stresses. Non-uniform stresses result from geometric irregularities. Appropriate safety factors must be selected based on factors like the material, loading conditions, consequences of failure, and understanding of variations.
The document discusses load, stress, and failure of machine parts. It describes two types of failure - functional failure caused by issues like excessive deflection or heat, and fracture failure caused by excessive stress. Stress concentration can increase stresses and is caused by sudden changes in cross-section or the presence of holes or notches. Theories of failure include maximum normal stress, maximum shear stress, and maximum distortion energy. Proper consideration of loads, materials, stresses, dimensions, and safety factors is important for design to prevent failure under working conditions.
This document provides an overview of kinematics of machines, specifically focusing on cams and cam mechanisms. It defines key terms like cam profiles, followers, and their various classifications. It also describes common types of cam motions like simple harmonic motion, uniform velocity, and uniform acceleration/retardation. Displacement diagrams are introduced to illustrate the motion of followers throughout the cam rotation. Examples of industrial applications are also listed.
This document discusses gear transmissions. It begins by explaining that slippage commonly occurs in belt or chain drives, reducing the speed ratio between two shafts. Precise machines like clocks require a definitive speed ratio, which can only be achieved with gears. Gears are also needed when the distance between the drive and driven components is very small. The document then discusses various types of gears, classified by position of shafts, surface speed, drive method, and tooth placement. It provides terminology used in gears like pitch circle, pitch point, pressure angle, and explains involute and cycloidal tooth profiles that satisfy the constant velocity ratio condition.
This document discusses cams and followers. It begins by defining a cam as a mechanical device that transmits motion to a follower by direct contact. Cams are commonly used in automobile engines to open and close valves. The document then covers terminology used in cams such as base circle, trace point, and pitch curve. It classifies followers based on shape (knife edge, roller, flat faced) and motion (reciprocating, oscillating). Different types of follower motion such as simple harmonic and constant velocity are also described. Several problems are presented involving constructing cam profiles for given follower specifications and motions.
The document provides instructions for drawing cam profiles to operate different types of followers under varying motion profiles:
1) An in-line knife edge follower that moves outward 40mm over 60 degrees, dwells 45 degrees, returns over 90 degrees, and dwells the rest of the rotation with simple harmonic motion.
2) An offset knife edge follower with the same motion profile but offset 20mm from the cam shaft axis.
3) An offset roller follower that moves with simple harmonic motion on the ascent and uniformly accelerated/decelerated motion on descent over angles of 48 and 42 degrees respectively, with the roller offset 20mm from the cam shaft axis.
4) An in-line roller follower that raises
Module 4 numerical problems on cams - cycloidal motiontaruian
This document provides instructions for constructing the displacement diagram and cam profile for a numerical problem involving cycloidal motion of a cam and roller follower. It describes a 10-step process for drawing the displacement diagram, including constructing the rolling circle, dividing it into parts, and transferring displacement values between the outstroke and return stroke. It also outlines how to account for the offset of the roller follower axis from the cam shaft axis when constructing the cam profile, using base, prime and offset circles.
The document discusses different types of cam mechanisms. It describes the basic components of a cam system including the cam, follower, and frame. Cams are classified based on their shape, including wedge, flat, radial, offset, cylindrical, spiral, conjugate, globoidal, and spherical cams. Followers can be knife edge, roller, flat faced, or spherical faced. Motion analysis is provided for simple harmonic motion, uniform acceleration/deceleration, uniform velocity, parabolic motion, and cycloidal motion. Maximum velocities, accelerations, and the variations of displacement, velocity, and acceleration are determined for each type of motion.
This document provides an overview of cam design principles and functions. It begins by defining different cam terminology such as follower motion types, joint closure types, follower types, and motion constraints. It then discusses common cam motion programs including rise-fall, rise-fall-dwell, and rise-dwell-fall-dwell. Several cam profile functions are analyzed that satisfy the fundamental law of cam design requiring continuous derivatives, including cycloidal, trapezoidal, and polynomial functions. Comparisons of the velocity, acceleration, jerk, and position profiles of different cam functions show that modified trapezoidal cams have the lowest peak acceleration while cycloidal and polynomial cams have the lowest jerk. The document concludes with considerations for single dwell cam design.
Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. Cams are classified based on the input and output motions, including rotating cam-translating follower, rotating cam-oscillating follower, and translating cam-translating follower. Followers are classified by their shape and motion path. Cam motions include uniform, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cycloidal. Key cam components are the cam profile, base circle, trace point, pitch curve, prime circle, and pitch point. As the cam rotates, the follower moves through an upward rise and downward fall, with possible dwell between motions.
The document discusses cams and followers, which are rotating machine elements where a cam gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element called a follower. Cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, while the follower motion is predetermined by the cam shape. Cams are used in applications like clocks, machines, engines. Cams are classified as radial or cylindrical based on the follower motion direction. The document provides examples and terminology for radial cams, and discusses follower motion profiles and deriving cam profiles based on given follower motions.
This document discusses cam mechanisms and their kinematics. It defines a cam as a mechanical component that transmits motion through contact and can convert rotational motion to translational or oscillating motion. A cam mechanism consists of a cam, follower, and frame. Cams are used in machines like textile, printing, food processing, and engines. Cams can be classified based on the follower motion as radial or cylindrical, and followers can be classified based on shape, movement, or line of movement. The document also defines important terms used in cam mechanisms like base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, and discusses different motions a follower can have like uniform velocity, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cyclo
Final Project_ Design and FEM Analysis of Scissor JackMehmet Bariskan
The document describes the design and finite element analysis of a scissor jack. It includes an overview of scissor jack components and operation, as well as calculations of forces and stresses on members. A series of mesh refinement studies were performed on the carrier member, lifting arms, and shaft screw to determine maximum stresses and displacements under expected loading conditions.
This document describes the design of a gearbox. It includes the design of a double helical gear set based on given input parameters. Dimensions are provided for the pinion, gear, shafts and bearings. Commercial gearbox designs are shown including spur, helical, bevel and worm gears. Guidelines are provided for gearbox housing dimensions and selection of lubricating oil based on operating speeds. Losses in gearboxes include transmission, churning and bearing losses.
This document discusses the mechanism of machinery and cam design. It begins by classifying followers based on their surface of contact and type of motion. It then discusses cam nomenclature and standard cam motions like uniform, modified uniform, and simple harmonic motion. The document provides examples of cam curve design, including the use of cycloidal motion. It also discusses velocity and acceleration analysis for tangent cams.
The document discusses cams and followers. It defines cams and followers, describes different types of cams and followers based on their surface contact and motion. It lists some common applications of cams and followers like in car engines, clocks, machine tools. It also discusses cam terminology used for drawing cam profiles and displacement diagrams, including terms like base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, pitch circle etc. Finally, it provides an example problem on drawing the profile of a disc cam that gives uniform velocity motion to a knife-edged follower.
The document discusses different types of cams and cam mechanisms. It explains that a cam is used to convert rotational motion to linear motion using a follower. Common types of followers include knife-edged, roller, and flat-footed followers. The document also discusses different types of cam motions including uniform velocity, dwell, simple harmonic motion, and uniform acceleration/retardation. It provides examples of drawing displacement diagrams for different cam profiles and motions.
This document summarizes the classification, nomenclature, and displacement diagrams of cams and followers. It describes radial and cylindrical cams based on the direction of follower motion relative to the cam axis. Followers are classified by the contact surface and motion, including knife edge, roller, flat, and spherical types, and reciprocating vs. rotating motion. Nomenclature for key cam and follower components is also defined, such as the cam profile, base circle, pitch curve, and pressure angle. Examples of cam configurations and calculations of maximum velocity and acceleration are provided.
Cam followers are used to convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion. A cam is a rotating element that presses against a follower, causing it to move in a reciprocating motion. There are different types of cams and followers that produce different follower motion profiles. Key terms used to describe cams include the base circle, trace point, pressure angle, pitch point, pitch circle, and pitch curve. The cam profile transfers motion to the follower. Types of follower motion produced by different cam profiles include uniform velocity, simple harmonic motion, and uniform acceleration and retardation.
introduction, drawing, calculation for winch designAman Huri
The document provides information about designing a winch that can withstand a maximum load of 15kN and uses a cable with a diameter of 14mm.
It begins with an introduction to winches, their components, and operation systems. It then discusses the problem statement of designing a winch for pulling up boat anchors. The key design requirements are that it withstands 15kN of load and uses 14mm diameter cable.
The summary discusses the components that will be included in the design - the wire rope, drum, gears, and other parts. It provides calculations for selecting the appropriate wire rope and determining the drum dimensions based on withstanding the load requirement. Gears are also designed with calculations of number of teeth
I do not have enough context to answer those questions. The document provided is about cam classification and terminology, but does not discuss applications or materials. Could you provide some additional details on what you are looking for in the answers?
1. This document discusses load stress and failure in mechanical design. It defines key terms like actual load, maximum load, safety factor, and strength.
2. The safety factor is the ratio of the maximum allowable load to the actual load. It indicates how close a component is to failure. Higher safety factors indicate a safer component, though variations must be considered.
3. Stress concentration occurs where geometric variations cause streamlines of force to bunch together, increasing local stresses. Non-uniform stresses result from geometric irregularities. Appropriate safety factors must be selected based on factors like the material, loading conditions, consequences of failure, and understanding of variations.
The document discusses load, stress, and failure of machine parts. It describes two types of failure - functional failure caused by issues like excessive deflection or heat, and fracture failure caused by excessive stress. Stress concentration can increase stresses and is caused by sudden changes in cross-section or the presence of holes or notches. Theories of failure include maximum normal stress, maximum shear stress, and maximum distortion energy. Proper consideration of loads, materials, stresses, dimensions, and safety factors is important for design to prevent failure under working conditions.
This document discusses belt drives and the selection process for V-belts. It begins with the functions of belts, which is to transmit motion between shafts located at a distance from each other. It then describes the different types of belts and their components. The document provides steps to select a suitable V-belt size based on power transmitted, pulley speeds and sizes. It includes an example problem demonstrating the full selection process.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the MET 304 Mechanical Design 1 course. The course aims to teach students to [1] analyze engineering problems and obtain solutions, [2] design shafts, keys, belts, and bearings, and [3] design different types of mechanical joints. Key topics covered include the design process, stress and safety factors, shaft design, belt and bearing selection, and welded, riveted, and screw joints. Student learning outcomes include demonstrating the ability to analyze problems, write design specifications, and select standard components for applications.
The document provides information to solve a mechanics problem involving the velocity and acceleration of links in a toggle mechanism. It includes:
1) Dimensions and rotational speed of the crank.
2) Equations to calculate velocities and accelerations of points A, B, and D using velocity and acceleration diagrams.
3) The solutions for the velocity of slider D (2.05 m/s), angular velocity of BD (4.5 rad/s), acceleration of slider D (13.3 m/s^2), and angular acceleration of BD (71.3 rad/s^2 clockwise).
This document summarizes a lecture on gear drives given by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. It begins by defining different types of gear drives such as spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and their applications. It then discusses gear nomenclature including terms like pitch circle, diametral pitch, module, addendum, dedendum, clearance, and profile. The document provides an overview of the classification and basic terminology of various gear types and their usage.
Analyze ball screw feeding system dynamics simulation Based on the ADAMSIJRES Journal
This paper studied the Nan Jing ’ table with high precision manufacturing,use the software of Solidworks to draw the table,and then import to the ADAMS to establish model of ball screw feeding system virtual prototype.For this system,we research its kinematics and dynamic simulation,and then obtain the simulation curve of torque displacement speed and acceleration.In order to analysis this curve,the result of simulation indicate that the stiffness of ball screw have an important effect on the feeding system,increasing the stiffness of ball screw and adjusting the parameter of ball screw,are valid way to reduce the error of table and then raise the precision of table.
This document discusses heat exchangers and one-dimensional steady conduction. It provides equations and examples for conduction through plane slabs, composite walls, cylindrical layers, and spherical layers. It also discusses the purpose of insulation, critical insulation thickness, and factors that affect thermal conductivity. Dimensionless numbers for convective heat transfer like Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and Nusselt number are defined. Empirical relationships are provided for forced and natural convection.
This document contains 5 fluid mechanics questions and diagrams related to determining pressures using manometers, fluid columns, and specific gravities. Question 1 asks to determine the gauge pressure for a multi-fluid open container connected to a U-tube given specific gravities and fluid column heights. Question 2 asks to determine the differential height of a mercury column for a given air pressure in a tank. Question 3 asks to find the gauge pressure reading for a mercury manometer connected to a closed tank containing mercury. Question 4 asks to determine the gauge pressure for a tank containing compressed air and oil connected to a mercury U-tube manometer given various fluid column heights. Question 5 asks to determine the heights of oil and water in the right arm of
The document discusses good operating practices and safety precautions for maintaining heat exchangers. It describes the tools and equipment needed, which are divided into working tools and safety equipment. Important safety practices include ensuring systems are shut down and isolated, draining heat exchangers before opening, and following confined space procedures. Preventative maintenance and troubleshooting responsibilities are also outlined.
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids. There are four main factors that affect heat transfer: materials, fluids, temperature difference, and contamination. Common types of heat exchangers include double pipe, shell and tube, kettle, air coolers, plate, and calandria. Key features of different heat exchanger types like shell and tube, double pipe, and air coolers are described.
1. Condensers convert vapor back into liquid by transferring heat from the vapor to a cooling medium, usually through tubes.
2. The main parts of a condenser are the shell, tube sheets, water boxes, and tubes. Steam flows over the tubes on the shell side while cooling water flows through the tubes.
3. There are different types of condensers including surface condensers, jet condensers, and barometric or low-level condensers depending on how the steam and cooling water interact.
The document discusses various types of mechanical joints including welded joints. It describes common welding processes like oxy-fuel gas welding, shield metal arc welding, and gas tungsten arc welding. The document also covers welding joints, terminology, design considerations, stress analysis of welded joints under different loading conditions, and includes examples of calculating stresses in welded joints.
- Heat exchangers transfer heat between fluids through solid surfaces. Heat is transferred by convection between the fluid and solid surface.
- The rate of heat transfer depends on the convection heat transfer coefficient (h), which depends on fluid properties and velocities.
- Dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt relate fluid flow regime (laminar or turbulent) to heat transfer rate.
- Empirical relationships using these numbers predict heat transfer for forced and natural convection in different geometries.
- The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) accounts for resistances of conductive and convective boundaries in composite systems.
This document provides information on different types of boilers and their components. It discusses fire tube boilers and water tube boilers. It also describes auxiliary equipment that can be fitted to boilers like pressure gauges, water gauge glasses, and pressure relief valves. Additionally, it covers topics like superheaters, economizers, different types of fuel firing systems, evaporation, heat pipes, and performance measures for tubular evaporators.
The document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 3 of the fluid mechanics course MET 212. It discusses fluid pressure, including the basic equation for pressure as a function of depth and examples of pressure calculations for incompressible and compressible fluids. It also describes different types of pressure measurement devices, specifically the piezometer tube, U-tube manometer, and inclined-tube manometer. An example problem calculates the pressure at different depths in a tank containing gasoline and water using a U-tube manometer.
The document discusses several key concepts in hydrostatics:
1. It defines fluid pressure and provides an example calculation of pressure on a piston.
2. It explains Pascal's Law that pressure at a point in a fluid is the same in all directions.
3. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing height in a fluid under gravity.
4. It discusses pressure measurement using various devices like manometers and provides example calculations.
This document provides an outline and overview of concepts in signal processing and representation theory, including:
- Algebra review covering numbers, groups, vector spaces, inner product spaces, and orthogonal/unitary operators.
- Representation theory, including orthogonal/unitary representations that map groups to transformations on inner product spaces, and irreducible representations that cannot be broken into smaller representations.
- Examples of representations including rotations/reflections on vector spaces and groups of matrices represented on spaces of arrays.
The document reviews key algebraic concepts as background for representation theory and its applications in signal processing.
V-belts are used to transmit power between pulleys that are close together. They are trapezoidal in shape and made of fabric, cords, and rubber. V-belts grip the pulleys through wedging action. There are five standard types of V-belts designated by letters A through E. V-belt drives have advantages over flat belt drives like compactness and positive power transmission. However, they are not suitable for applications requiring constant speed like synchronous machines. The ratio of tensions in a V-belt can be calculated using the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley groove sides.
The document outlines steps for an exercise to measure the accuracy and repeatability of a lathe by having students machine shaft blanks and measure key dimensions. The aims are to understand part deflections during machining and the difficulty of meeting tight tolerances. Students will calculate the shaft's bending stiffness, discuss errors that could affect dimensions, make a process plan, machine their shaft, and measure final dimensions within given tolerances while accounting for measurement error.
hello folks;
In this documentation, A 2 stage bevel reduction gearbox is designed.
The example taken is of the gearbox requirement for the Box-shipping conveyor. All the necessary design calculations for gears and shafts are carried out in a proper and easy-to-understand sequence. The material selection, standardized components (keys, oil seals likewise)selection from the design databook is also discussed with reasoning. As and when needed concepts are explained with the help of suitable graphs, visuals, and drawings.
This report is authorized by the team member's name mentioned on Slide.
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If you find it helpful do like&l share it with your engineering friends
ME6601 design of transmission systems - important 2 marksMohan2405
This document provides information about ME6601 - Design of Transmission Systems. It covers topics like types of power drives, mechanical drives, belt drives, pulleys, belts, rope drives, chain drives, and gear drives. Some key points:
- The main types of power drives are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical drives. Mechanical drives can be further classified based on power transmission method and center distance between power shafts.
- Belt drives transmit power through contact forces and are suitable for long distances. They require a large space but have a smooth, flexible operation. Gear drives can transmit high power and have a compact layout.
- Belts are made of various materials and come in types
Screw Thread Terms for beginners in engineering- Gdlc(1).pdfOKIDIThomasBecket
This document discusses screw threads, nuts, and bolts. It begins by introducing screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces to join parts temporarily or permanently. It then defines common thread terms like flank, pitch, diameters, and provides examples of different thread profile types, including V-threads, square threads, and Acme threads. The document also discusses standard thread forms, right and left hand threads, single and multiple start threads. It provides examples of how to represent and draw threads, nuts, bolts and their components. The overall purpose is to describe the geometry and standards of threaded fasteners and how to depict them in technical drawings.
This document provides design guidelines for classical V-belt drives used for power transmission in industrial applications. It covers the four classical V-belt cross sections (A, B, C, D), their dimensions, minimum pulley diameters, formulas for calculating belt length from center distance and pulley diameters, service factors for different machine types, horsepower ratings for each belt class, and charts for selecting the proper belt cross section based on horsepower and shaft speed. Standard belt lengths for each cross section are also shown.
This document describes the design of a vertical screw conveyor. It includes the selection of a JHS400 screw to transport cement vertically over 3.15 meters. A 1.4552 kW motor operating at 1425 rpm is chosen to power the conveyor. Three A-section V-belts running over pulleys with diameters of 125mm and 250mm are selected to transmit power from the motor to the screw. Gears and chains are also included in the drive mechanism with specified transmission ratios. The shaft, keys, bearings and clutch are designed. Material selections are made for the pulleys, V-belts and other components. Dimensions and specifications are provided for each designed part.
This document provides information and specifications for commonly used bolts, nuts, and washers according to various standards. It includes dimensions and construction guidelines for drawing hexagon bolts, nuts, and washers. Various types of screws are also described, such as socket head screws, shoulder screws, and set screws, with corresponding dimension tables provided. Proper construction methods and standard lengths are discussed to accurately depict these fasteners in technical drawings.
This document provides an overview of machine design concepts including the basic design process, factors to consider in design, and design of simple machine elements. It discusses the definition of machine design as using scientific principles and imagination to design machines to perform functions efficiently. The basic design process involves understanding requirements, analyzing loads, selecting materials, choosing dimensions, and specifying tolerances. Simple elements discussed include cotter joints, knuckle joints, levers, and components under eccentric loading. Design of these elements involves calculating stresses and selecting dimensions to prevent failure under various loading conditions like tension, shear, bending, and crushing. Standards and preferred sizes are also important considerations in efficient machine design.
This document discusses the force analysis of a Geneva wheel and face cam used in an automat machine. The automat is used in the insulator pre-assembly line of spark plug manufacturing. It contains details of the components, their geometry, material properties, forces acting on them, and the methodology for analyzing the stresses using CAD, FEA, and simulation software. Specifically, it calculates the tangential forces on the Geneva wheel at its minimum and maximum positions during drum indexing. It also calculates the tangential forces on the face cam during workpiece carrier indexing, as well as the effective force and torque acting on the cam. The results and discussions section presents the material properties, mesh details, boundary conditions, and loading cases considered for the F
Design of Roller Chain Drive theory by Prof. Sagar A. DhotareSagar Dhotare
This covers following Points
1. Introduction.
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Chain Drive over Belt or Rope Drive.
3. Terms Used in Chain Drive.
4. Relation Between Pitch and Pitch Circle Diameter.
5. Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives.
6. Length of Chain and Centre Distance.
7. Classification of Chains.
8. Hoisting and Hauling Chains.
9. Conveyor Chains.
10. Power Transmitting Chains.
11. Characteristics of Roller Chains.
12. Factor of Safety for Chain Drives.
13. Permissible Speed of Smaller Sprocket.
14. Power Transmitted by Chains.
15. Number of Teeth on the Smaller or Driving Sprocket
or Pinion.
16. Maximum Speed for Chains.
17. Principal Dimensions of Tooth Profile.
18. Design Procedure for Chain Drive.
This document provides information about various types of mechanical power transmission systems, including belts, gears, chains, and ropes. It defines key terms related to these systems and discusses their applications, advantages, disadvantages, design considerations, and how failures can occur. The document is divided into two modules, with Module 1 covering belts, chains, and ropes, and Module 2 focusing on gear drives. It provides details on classifying, selecting, and designing different transmission system components.
The document presents the results of an experiment to calculate and compare the deflection of three types of beams - I-section beams, C-channel beams, and rectangular beams. The objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions are summarized as follows:
The experiment aimed to calculate deflection experimentally, analytically, and numerically and then compare the results for the three beam types. The methodology involved setting up a beam deflection apparatus and applying various loads to simply supported beams to measure deflection. The results showed mean errors between 19-27% when comparing the different calculation methods, with rectangular beams most suitable for heavy duty use and I-beams and C-channels more cost effective. In conclusion, the three beam types were tested
Finite Element Analysis-Modeling and simulation of coil springsPratish Rawat
Several mechanical systems employed helical coil spring. It can be designed to show nonlinear performance. Spring stiffness exhibits nonlinear behavior depending on their role in various applications. This means that the stiffness of the spring is not continual, but governed by the compression. Nonlinear motion arises when the number of active coils of variable compression declines or rises. When coil springs are used as conical springs in dynamic systems, it becomes mandatory to identify the consequence of springs on dynamic performance. This article looks at the nonlinear dynamic behavior of conical springs with higher mass. In this article, coil springs considered have a constant pitch and elastic nature wise.This article compares experimental data for deformations of coil springs taken with those obtained by finite element method.
This document discusses the design and selection of V-belt drives. It describes the different types of V-belts and provides details on their cross-section. The advantages of V-belt drives are listed, such as smooth operation, ability to transmit power around corners, long service life, and acting as a safety fuse. The procedure for selecting a V-belt drive includes choosing the belt section, standard pulleys, center distance, nominal pitch length, modification factors, maximum power capacity, number of belts, and pulley dimensions. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the selection process. Key differences between flat belt drives and V-belt drives are also outlined.
This document discusses the design and selection of V-belt drives. It describes the different types of V-belts and provides details on their cross-section. The advantages of V-belt drives are listed, such as smooth operation, ability to transmit power around corners, long service life, and acting as a safety fuse. The procedure for selecting a V-belt drive includes choosing the belt section, standard pulleys, center distance, nominal pitch length, modification factors, maximum power capacity, number of belts, and pulley dimensions. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the selection process. Key differences between flat belt drives and V-belt drives are also outlined.
Solid Modeling, Analysis And Development Of A Measuring Setup For Thin Sectio...IJERA Editor
Thin section flexible components pose problems during measuring, especially in case of high precision
components. Measuring these components require high sensitive measuring systems like CMM. It consumes
more cost as well as highly skilled man power. Typical thin section titanium alloy components (diaphragms)
require stringent dimensional accuracies. To measure these thin section diaphragms, a measuring setup was
developed. The existing method of measurement on CMM was modeled and analysed. The results of
comparative studies are presented here.
Design of transmission system Two_marks_questions with answersGopinath Guru
The document discusses various topics related to transmission systems including belt drives, chain drives, gear drives, and wire ropes.
It begins with two marks questions and answers related to power drives and their classification, mechanical drives and their classification, the law of belting, crowning of pulleys, friction and its applications.
It then discusses belt materials, belt rating, types of belts, merits and demerits of belt drives, materials for belt pulleys, ply of belts, belt joints, conditions for flat belt installation, and factors for belt drive selection.
The document also covers creep in belts, V-belt designation, advantages of timing belts over V-belts, purpose of gearbox housing, function
The document summarizes the CT4 high-speed Cartesian robot. It has high speeds of up to 2500 mm/s and accelerations of 3.2 G. It has a compact design, high rigidity, and excellent straight line movement. An optional rotational axis can change the direction of workpieces, expanding its applications. It has a large 400x300mm operating range and can install more easily than other robot types. The robot reduces cycle times by 32% compared to conventional robots.
This document discusses frame analysis using the stiffness method. It provides the equations for calculating the frame member stiffness matrix based on the member's properties like EI, EA. It also describes how to transform the member stiffness matrix to the global coordinate system using transformation matrices for force and displacement. An example problem is presented to demonstrate calculating the member and global stiffness matrices, and determining the deflections, rotations and reactions for a simple frame.
This document contains an assignment for a fluid mechanics course. It includes 7 questions asking students to calculate fluid properties like density, specific weight, and specific gravity for various fluids including oil, water in a graduated cylinder, and air in rooms. Students are asked to tabulate common fluid properties, calculate properties for given volumes and masses of fluids, determine Reynolds number for flow in a pipe, and use the ideal gas law to find air properties based on pressure, temperature and room dimensions.
This document provides instructions for Assignment 2 in a fluid mechanics and machines course. It includes 4 problems to solve: 1) calculating the maximum water depth and moment on a rectangular gate, 2) calculating the absolute pressure at a point in a pipe using a double U-tube manometer, 3) determining the value of h1 using a manometer to measure tank pressure, and 4) calculating the pressure difference between two pipes connected by an inverted U-tube manometer. Students are to submit their individual work on the problems by the specified due dates.
This document contains 7 questions related to fluid mechanics and machines. Question 1 asks to determine the heights of water and oil in the arms of a U-tube manometer. Question 2 asks to calculate the load that can be lifted by a hydraulic jack with given piston areas and an applied force. Question 3 asks to calculate pressure heads of different liquids corresponding to a given pressure. Question 4 asks to calculate the pressure at the bottom of a tank partially filled with glycerin. Questions 5-7 ask calculation questions related to pressure differences and forces in fluid systems.
This document provides questions and answers about using a Saybolt Viscometer to determine the viscosity of petroleum samples. It defines Saybolt Universal Viscosity and Saybolt Furol Viscosity as the efflux time in seconds for a sample to flow through a calibrated orifice and fill a 60-ml receiving flask under controlled temperature conditions. The key components of the Saybolt Viscometer are identified as the thermometer, timer, cork/rubber stopper, receiving flask, and universal or furol orifice.
MET 304 Welded joints example-3-solutionhotman1991
The maximum stress in the reinforced weld of a bracket plate is calculated to be 10,408.5 psi. The plate is subjected to a load of 2,200 lbs applied 6.5 inches from the weld. The geometry and load are used to calculate the polar moment of area, torque, and radial distance to determine the torsional stress. This stress is resolved into vertical and horizontal components, and combined with the direct vertical stress from the load to find the total vertical and resultant stresses. The resultant stress is then multiplied by a concentration factor to determine the maximum stress in the weld.
1) Shafts are used to transmit power between rotating components. Torque is the major load on power transmitting shafts and can be transferred through couplings or gears/pulleys mounted on the shaft.
2) The document provides equations to design shafts based on the loads they experience such as torsion, bending, bending and torsion. It also provides recommended stress values and factors for different shaft materials and load conditions.
3) Keys are used to transmit torque between a shaft and component. They are designed based on withstanding shear and crushing stresses. Equations are provided to calculate the required key size based on transmitted torque.
The document appears to be an assignment sheet for a mechanical engineering technology course. It includes the course information, student details, and a multi-part question regarding the selection of a suitable ball bearing for a shaft supported by two bearings that carries various loads and operates at certain specifications, with requirements for a service life of 2 years and shaft diameter range.
MET 304 Mechanical joints riveted_jointshotman1991
Riveting was commonly used to join metal parts before welding but is now less common. Rivets are cylindrical shafts inserted through holes in materials to be joined and formed into heads on both ends. Riveted joints can fail due to bending, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, or tearing of materials. The document provides equations to calculate load capacities of riveted joints based on factors like rivet material properties, number of rivets, and whether rivets are in single or double shear. Design of riveted joints involves selecting rivet size, number and layout to optimize strength and load distribution.
This document provides definitions and terminology related to mechanisms in machines. It discusses key concepts such as:
1) Kinematic links or elements, which are parts of a machine that move relative to other parts.
2) Kinematic pairs, which are connections between two links that constrain their relative motion. Common types include sliding, turning, rolling, and screw pairs.
3) Kinematic chains and mechanisms, which are combinations of kinematic pairs that transmit motion. A mechanism has one fixed link.
4) Degrees of freedom, which refer to the number of independent parameters needed to define a linkage's position. Most practical mechanisms have one degree of freedom.
This document discusses governors, which are devices that regulate the speed of engines by automatically controlling the supply of working fluid. It aims to study different types of governors, define effort and power, understand governor sensitivity and stability, and solve problems involving governors. Governors function by increasing or decreasing the supply of working fluid to maintain engine speed within limits as the load increases or decreases, thereby keeping the mean speed constant despite varying load conditions.
This document provides information about gear trains and epicyclic gear trains. It includes examples of how to calculate speed ratios and determine speeds of various gears in different configurations of epicyclic gear trains using the tabular method. Several problems are also provided at the end for determining speeds and directions of rotation of gears in various epicyclic gear train arrangements given certain input conditions.
This document discusses infinite series and their properties. It defines sequences and series, and the notation used to represent them. An infinite series is the sum of all terms in a sequence. Geometric series are introduced, which converge if the common ratio r is less than 1. The sum of a convergent geometric series is provided. Examples are given of determining if a series converges or diverges, and calculating the sum if it converges. Recurring decimals are also discussed.
This document discusses riveted joints, including their applications, materials used, types of joints, and failure modes. Riveted joints are used in pressure vessels, boilers, tanks, bridges, ships, airplanes, cranes, buildings, and machinery. The document describes rivets and their components. It explains the types of riveted joints, including lap and butt joints. It then covers the potential failure modes of riveted joints, such as bending of rivets or plates, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, rupture of plates by tension, and tearing or shearing of margins. The document provides examples of calculations for determining the load capacity of a ri
The document discusses different types of shaft keys, how they transmit torque, and their design. It describes various key shapes, sizes, and tapers for different duty levels. Formulas are provided for calculating the crushing strength and shear strength of keys based on the torque transmitted, key dimensions, and material properties. An example problem demonstrates selecting a suitable square key size for a given shaft and torque requirement by analyzing both crushing strength and shear strength.
The document discusses the selection and use of bearings. It describes the functions of bearings as supporting loads on shafts and locating the shaft position. It outlines types of bearings as sliding contact or rolling contact. Rolling contact bearings include ball bearings and roller bearings. When selecting a bearing, factors to consider include load type (radial, thrust, or combined), load capacity, dimensions, intended use conditions, and desired service life. Installation of ball bearings requires proper shaft and housing design, lubrication provision, and sealing.
This document discusses riveted joints, including their applications, materials used, types of joints, and failure modes. Riveted joints are used in pressure vessels, boilers, tanks, bridges, ships, airplanes, cranes, buildings, and machinery. Common materials for rivets include steel, nickel steel, brass, and aluminum. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. Potential failure modes are bending of rivets or plates, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, rupture of plates, and tearing or shearing of margins. The document provides equations to calculate the load capacities of riveted joints based on these failure modes.
This document discusses mechanical joints and welding. It provides information on different types of mechanical joints like screws and rivets. It then discusses various welding processes like oxy-fuel gas welding, shield metal arc welding, and gas tungsten arc welding. Different welding joints are also illustrated like butt joints, lap joints, and tee joints. The document concludes with discussing welding terminology, classification of welding joints based on stress, and design considerations for welding joints.
This document provides instruction on determining velocities and angular velocities in mechanisms using the relative velocity method. It contains 5 problems:
1) Finding the angular velocity of a link in a 4-bar chain mechanism.
2) Determining velocities in a steam engine mechanism including the piston, connecting rod, and points on the connecting rod.
3) Finding the linear velocity of a slider and angular velocity of a link in a mechanism when the crank is at a specified angle.
4) Drawing a velocity diagram for an engine mechanism and determining the slider and link accelerations.
5) Determining velocities and angular velocities, and then accelerations, in a toggle mechanism where the crank speed is increasing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
1. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
Belt drives
5.1 Introduction
Belts are used to transmit motion between shafts that are located at a
considerable distance from each other. They are not used for exact fixed
speed ratio because slipping may occur during motion. They are very
flexible when considering the distance or the angle between the two shafts.
5.3 Types of belts
The four principle types of belts are shown in table (6.1) with some
of their characteristics. Crowned pulleys are used for flat pulleys, and
grooved pulleys or sheaves for round and V- belts. Timing belts require
toothed wheels or sprockets.
Table (5.1) types of Belts
Belt type Sketch Joint Size range Centre distance
yes
Flat t= { 0.03 to 0.20 in
0.75 to 5 mm
No upper limit
Yes
1 3
Round D= 8 to 4 in No upper limit
None
0.31 to 0.91 in
V t= { 8 to 19 mm
Limited
None
P Timing P = 2 mm and up Limited
Figure (5.1) illustrates the geometry of flat belt drives. Two types of
reversing drives are shown. Notice that both sides of the belt contact the
pulleys and so these drives can not be used with V-belts or timing belts
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 1
2. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
Non-reversing Open Belt
Reversing Crossed Belt
Reversing Open Belt
Quarter Twist Belt drive
Fig. (5.1)Layout of Flat belt drive
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 2
3. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
V-Belts
V-belts are used widely in machine tools. They can be obtained with
different lengths and sizes. There are five standard sizes of V-belts: A, B, C,
D, E as shown in fig. (5.2).
1
1
1 2
1
7 4
1 21 8
32
2
3 29
5 13 17 32
4
16 32 32
A B C D E
Fig. (5.2) Cross-sections of V-belts
5.2 Selection of V-belts:
The following information should be available for the selection of a
suitable V-belt:
1. Power to be transmitted
2. Speed of the small or large pulley
3. Speed ratio
4. Field of application.
5. Approximate distance between the centres of the two pulleys
The following steps can used to select a suitable V-belt based on the
information mentioned above:
1. Determine the service factor depending on the field of application,
from table (5.2).Obtain the design power from the equation:
Design power = transmitted power x service factor
(5.1)
2. Select a suitable belt size from fig.(5.3) at the intersection of the
speed of the small pulley and the design power.
3. Find the diameter of the small pulley (d) from table (5.3).
4. Find the diameter of the large pulley (D) from the equation:
D= d x speed ratio (5.2)
5. Find the length of the belt using the equation:
( D − d )2
L = 2C + 1.57( D + d ) + (5.3)
4C
Where:
L: length of belt
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 3
4. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
C: Centre distance between shafts
5000
Consult
Speed of 3000 Manufacturers
small pulley2000
(rpm) A B
1000
800
500 C
300 D
200 E
100
1 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500
Design horse power
Fig. (5.3) Selection of V-belts
6. Obtain the standard length of the belt from table (5.4)
7. Calculate the exact centre distance from the equation:
b + b 2 − 32( D − d ) 2
C= (5.4)
16
Where,
b = 4 L − 6.28( D + d ) (5.5)
8. Find the angle of lap (arc of contact), from the equation:
( D − d )60
Angle of lap = 180 − C
(5.6)
9. Find the capacity of one belt from the equation:
YxS
XS 0.91 − − ZS 3
Capacity of one belt = de (5.7)
The values of X,Y and Z can obtained from table (5.5)
The equivalent small pulley diameter de can be obtained from the
equation:
de = diameter of small pulley x coefficient of small pulley (5.8)
The coefficient of the small pulley is obtained from table (5.6)
The linear speed of the belt, S, in thousands of feet can be obtained
from the equation:
S = (3.142xP.D x RPM)/12000 (5.9)
Where P.D. is the pitch diameter of the small pulley
10. Find the power transmitted by one belt from the equation:
11. Power of one belt =belt capacity x length coefficient x coefficient of arc of contact (5.10)
The coefficient of arc of contact can be obtained from table (5.7) and
the length coefficient can be obtained from table (5.8)
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 4
5. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
12. The required number of belts can be obtained from the equation:
No. of belts = Design power/ power of one belt (5.11)
TABLE ( 5.2 ) SERVICE FACTOR
AC Motor: High torque , High-slip
AC Motor: Normal torque,
Repulsion-Induction Single-phase
Squirrel Cage ,Synchronous,
,Series Wound, Slipping, DC Motor :
Application Split Phase ,DC Motor :Shunt
series wound Compound Wound
wound, Engines :Multi-cylinder
Engine :Single- cylinder Internal
Internal, Combustion
Combustion, Line shafts :Clutches
Hour in daily service 3--5 8-10 16-24 3-5 8-10 16-24
Agitators for liquids, Blowers and
exhausts , Centrifugal pumps and
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3
compressor , Fan up to 10 hp and machine
tool, Light-duty conveyors
Belt conveyors for sand, grain, etc.
Dough mixers and Fan over 10 hp
Generators and line-shafts, Laundry and
printing machinery , Punches, presses 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4
,shears , Positive displacement rotary
pumps, Revolving and vibrating screens
Brick and textile machinery
Bucket elevators and exiters ,Piston
pumps and compressors ,Hammer-mills
and paper-mill beaters , Conveyers and
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
pulverizers, Positive displacement
blowers, Sawmill and wood-working
machinery
Crushers ,mills and hoists
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8
Rubber calendars , extruders and mills
Table (5.3) SHEAVE DIMENSION
Pitch diameter Standard Groove Dimensions
Size of
Minimum Groove
belt Range W D X S E
recommended angle
2.6 to 5.4 340 0.494
A 3 0.490 0.125 5/8 3/8
Over 5.4 380 0.504
4.6to 7.0 340 0.637
B 5.4
Over 7.0 380 0.650
0.580 0.175 ¾ ½
7.0 to 7.99 340 0.879
C 9.0 8.0 to 12.0 360 0.887 0.780 0.200 1 1 11/16
Over 12.0 380 0.895
12 --12.99
340 1.259
D 13.0 13.0 -- 17.0 360 1.271 1.050 0.300 1 7/16 7/8
380 1.283
Over 17.0
18.0 to 24.0 360 1.527
E 21.0 1.300 0.400 1 3/4 1 1/8
Over 24.0 380 1.542
Table (5.4) STANDARD PITCH LENGTHS
Standard A B C Standard A B C D E
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6. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
Standard Pitch Lengths ,
Designation Designation Standard Pitch Lengths , Inches
Inches
26 27.3 …. …. 97 …. 98.8 …. …. ….
31 32.3 …. …. 105 106.3 106.8 107.9 ….. ….
33 34.3 …. …. 112 113.3 113.8 114.9 …. …..
35 36.3 36.8 ….. 120 121.3 121.8 122.9 123.3 ….
38 39.3 39.8 ….. 128 129.3 129.8 130.9 131.3 ….
42 43.3 43.8 …. 136 …. 137.8 138.9 …. ….
46 47.3 47.8 …. 144 …. 145.8 146.9 147.3 ….
48 49.3 49.8 … 158 …. 159.8 160.9 161.3 ….
51 52.3 52.9 53.9 162 …. …. 164.9 165.3 ….
53 54.3 54.8 …. 173 …. 174.8 175.9 176.3 ….
55 56.3 56.8 …. 180 …. 181.8 182.9 183.3 184.5
60 61.3 61.8 62.9 195 …. 190.8 197.9 198.3 199.5
62 63.3 63.8 …. 210 …. 211.8 212.9 213.3 214.5
64 65.3 65.8 …. 240 …. 240.3 240.9 240.8 241.0
66 67.3 67.8 …. 270 …. 270.3 270.9 270.8 271.0
68 69.3 69.8 70.9 300 …. 300.3 300.9 300.8 301.0
71 72.3 72.8 …. 330 …. …. 330.9 330.8 331.0
75 76.3 76.8 77.9 360 …. …. 360.9 360.8 361.0
78 79.3 79.8 …. 390 …. … 390.9 390.8 391.0
80 81.3 …. …. 420 …. …. 420.9 421.0
420.8
81 …. 82.8 83.9 480 …. …. …. 481.0
480.8
83 …. 84.8 …. 540 ….. ….. …. 541.0
540.8
85 86.3 86.8 78.9 600 …. ….. …. 601.0
600.8
90 91.3 91.8 92.9 660 … …. …. 661.0
660.8
96 97.3 ….. 98.9 …. …. ….. …. ….
….
Table (5.5a) FACTORS X , Y AND Z
Regular Quality Belts
Belt Cross Section
FACTORS A B C D E
Values of X , Y and Z to be Used in H.P. Formula
X 1.945 3.434 6.372 13.616 19.914
Y 3.801 9.830 26.899 93.899 177.74
Z 0.0136 0.0234 0.0416 0.0848 0.1222
Table (5.5b) FACTORS X , Y AND Z
Premium Quality Belts
Belt Cross Section
FACTORS A B C D E
Values of X , Y and Z to be Used in H.P. Formula
X 2.684 4.737 8.792 18.788 24.478
Y 5.326 13.962 38.819 137.70 263.04
Z 0.0136 0.0234 0.0416 0.0848 0.1222
Table (5.6) SMALL DIAMETER FACTORS
Speed Small Speed Small Speed Small
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7. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
Ratio Diameter Ratio Diameter Ratio Diameter
Range Factor Range Factor Range Factor
1.341 - 1.429
1.000 - 1.019 1.00 1.110 - 1.142 1.05 1.10
1.430 - 1.562
1.020 - 1.032 1.01 1.143 - 1.178 1.06 1.11
1.563 - 1.814
1.033 - 1.055 1.02 1.179 - 1.222 1.07 1.12
1.815 - 2.948
1.056 - 1.081 1.03 1.223 - 1.274 1.08 1.13
2.949 - and
1.082 - 1.109 1.04 1.275 - 1.430 1.09 1.14
over
Table (5.7) ARC OF CONTACT CORRECTION FACTORS
Arc of Contact Type of drive Arc of Contact Type of drive
on V to V V to Flat on V to V V to Flat
Small sheaves Correction Factor Small sheaves Correction Factor
180 1.00 0.75 130 0.86 0.86
170 0.98 0.77 120 0.82 0.82
160 0.95 0.8 110 0.78 0.78
150 0.92 0.82 100 0.74 0.74
140 0.89 0.84 90 0.69 0.96
Table (5.8) LENGTH CORRECTION FACTORS
Standard Belt Cross Section Standard Belt Cross Section
Length A B C Length A B C D E
Designation Correction Factor Designation Correction Factor
26 0.81 …. …. 97 …. 1.02 …. …. ….
31 0.84 …. …. 105 1.10 1.04 0.94 ….. ….
33 0.86 …. …. 112 1.11 1.05 0.95 …. …..
35 0.87 0.81 …. 120 1.13 1.07 0.97 0.86 ….
38 0.88 0.83 …. 128 1.14 1.08 0.98 0.87 ….
42 0.90 0.85 …. 136 …. 1.09 0.99 …. ….
46 0.92 0.87 …. 144 …. 1.11 1.09 0.90 ….
48 0.93 0.88 …. 158 …. 1.13 1.02 0.92 ….
51 0.94 0.89 0.80 162 …. …. 1.03 0.92 ….
53 0.93 0.90 …. 173 …. 1.15 1.04 0.93 ….
55 0.96 0.90 …. 180 …. 1.16 1.05 0.94 0.91
60 0.98 0.92 0.82 195 …. 1.18 1.07 0.96 0.92
62 0.99 0.93 …. 210 …. 1.19 1.08 0.96 0.94
64 0.99 0.93 …. 240 …. 1.22 1.11 1.00 0.96
66 1.00 0.94 …. 270 …. 1.25 1.14 1.03 0.99
68 1.00 0.95 0.85 300 …. 1.27 1.16 1.05 1.01
71 1.01 0.95 …. 330 …. …. 1.19 1.07 1.03
75 1.02 0.97 0.87 360 …. …. 1.21 1.09 1.05
78 1.03 0.98 …. 390 …. … 1.23 1.11 1.07
80 1.04 …. …. 420 …. …. 1.24 1.12 1.09
81 …. 0.98 0.89 480 …. …. …. 1.16 1.12
83 …. 0.99 …. 540 ….. ….. …. 1.18 1.14
85 1.05 0.99 0.90 600 …. ….. …. 1.20 1.17
90 1.06 1.00 0.91 660 … …. …. 1.23 1.19
96 1.08 ….. 0.92 …. …. ….. …. …. ….
Example:
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 7
8. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
An engine lathe is driven by a squirrel cage electric motor through a V-
belt. The electric motor runs at 1500 rpm with a maximum power of 3 hp. If
the input speed to the engine lathe is 500 rpm and the centre distance
between the motor pulley and the lathe pulley is 30 in. Select a suitable size,
length and number of belts if the lathe is expected to be working for two
shifts, 16 hours/day.
Solution:
From table (5.1), service factor for machine tools with Squirrel cage electric motor is = 1.2
Design power = transmitted power x service factor
=3 x 1.2
= 3.6 hp
From figure (5.3) size A is selected
Then the recommended diameter of small pulley from table (5.2)
d = 3 in.
speed ratio = 1500/500
=3
Diameter of large pulley (D) = d x speed ratio
=3x3
= 9 in.
The length of the belt can be obtained from the equation:
( D − d )2
L = 2C + 1.57( D + d ) +
4C
( 9 − 3 )2
L = 2 x30 + 1.57( 9 + 3 ) +
4 x30
L = 79.14 in.
From table (5.3) the standard length of the belt = 79.3 in with a designation
number A78.
The exact centre distance from the equation:
b + b 2 − 32( D − d )2
C=
16
b = 4 L − 6.28( D + d )
b = 4 x79.3 − 6.28( 9 + 3 )
b = 241.84
241.84 + 241.84 2 − 32( 9 − 3 )2
C=
16
C = 30.08 in.
The angle of lap (arc of contact), from the equation:
( D − d )60
Angle of lap = 180 − C
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9. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
( 9 − 3 )60
Angle of lap = 180 − 30.08
Angle of lap = 168.03o
The capacity of one belt from the equation:
YxS
XS 0.91 − − ZS 3
Capacity of one belt = de
From table (5.4)
X =2.684
Y =5.326
Z =0.0136
S = (3.142 x3 x 1500)/12000 = 1.18
de = 3 x 1.14 = 3.42
5.326 x1.18
2.684 x1.18 0.91 − − 0.0136 x1.183 3
Capacity of one belt = 3.42
Capacity of one belt = 1.26 hp
Find the power transmitted by one belt from the equation:
Power of one belt =belt capacity x length coefficient x coefficient of arc of contact
Coefficient of arc of contact (from table (5.6)= 0.974.
Length coefficient (from table (5.7)= 1.03.
Power of one belt = 1.26 x 0.974 x 1.03
= 1.264
The required number of belts can be obtained from the equation:
No. of belts = Design power/ power of one belt
No. of belts = 3.6/ 1.264
= 2.85
Take 3 belts
Exercises:
1. A centrifugal pump is driven by 10 hp squirrel cage electric motor
through V-belts. The electric motor runs at 150 rpm while the centrifugal
pump runs at 800 rpm. The centre distance between the shaft of the pump
and the electric motor is 45 inches. Select a suitable size, length and number
of belts if the pump is expected to be working for 10 hours/day.
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 9
10. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
2. A stone-crusher is driven by a six cylinder diesel engine which can
develop 100 hp. The engine speed is 1000 rpm while the crusher speed is
400 rpm. The centre distance between the engine and the crusher is 100
inches. If the crusher operates for 8 hours daily select suitable V-belts for
driving the crusher.
3. An oil engine of 125 hp drives a centrifugal water pump running at 1200
rpm through V-belts. The engine runs at 350 rpm. The centre distance
between the engine shaft and the pump shaft is approximately 75 inches. If
the pump set operates 12 hours daily select proper size and number of belts.
4. Design a V-belt drive for a 160 hp gas engine running at 360 rpm. The
engine drives a vertical deep-well centrifugal pump running at 1150 rpm.
The centre distance between the engine shaft and the pump shaft is
approximately 10 ft. make a layout for the drive and a double pulley idler.
(Note: The horse power rating of a V-belt used on a quarter-turn drive
should be taken as 75% of that of a straight drive.)
5. Design a V-belt drive for a 5 hp squirrel-cage electric motor running at
1180 rpm and driving an air compressor at 500 rpm. The centre distance
between the pulleys should not exceed 40 in.
6. A bucket elevator is driven by 3 hp Normal torque electric motor
through V-belts. The electric motor runs at 1500 rpm while the shaft of the
elevator runs at 300 rpm. The centre distance between the shaft of the bucket
elevator and the electric motor is approximately 40 inches. Select a premium
quality suitable size, length and number of belts if the bucket elevator is
expected to be working for 10 hours/day
.
7. A paper-mill beater is driven by 8 hp squirrel cage electric motor through
V-belts. The electric motor runs at 1500 rpm while the paper-mill beater
runs at 500 rpm. The centre distance between the shaft of the paper-mill
beater and the electric motor is approximately 45 inches. Select a premium
quality suitable size, length and number of belts if the printing machinery is
expected to be working for 8 hours/day
8. A printing machinery is driven by 5 hp Normal torque electric motor
through V-belts. The electric motor runs at 1200 rpm while the printing
machinery runs at 600 rpm. The centre distance between the shaft of the
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 10
11. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
printing machinery and the electric motor is approximately 50 inches. Select
a premium quality suitable size, length and number of belts if the printing
machinery is expected to be working for 8 hours/day
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 11
12. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
printing machinery and the electric motor is approximately 50 inches. Select
a premium quality suitable size, length and number of belts if the printing
machinery is expected to be working for 8 hours/day
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 11
13. Mechanical Design Belt
drives
printing machinery and the electric motor is approximately 50 inches. Select
a premium quality suitable size, length and number of belts if the printing
machinery is expected to be working for 8 hours/day
Dr. Salah Gasim Ahmed YIC 11