This document provides information about ME6601 - Design of Transmission Systems. It covers topics like types of power drives, mechanical drives, belt drives, pulleys, belts, rope drives, chain drives, and gear drives. Some key points:
- The main types of power drives are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical drives. Mechanical drives can be further classified based on power transmission method and center distance between power shafts.
- Belt drives transmit power through contact forces and are suitable for long distances. They require a large space but have a smooth, flexible operation. Gear drives can transmit high power and have a compact layout.
- Belts are made of various materials and come in types
Design of machine_elements 2 marks with answerMohan2405
This document provides a summary of key concepts in machine element design:
1. It defines terms like factor of safety, endurance limit, impact load, and discusses the design process phases.
2. It covers different types of loads, factors affecting endurance strength, types of stresses and failures.
3. It discusses machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, and their design considerations.
4. It defines terms related to bolted and screwed joints like bolt designation, stresses in bolts, and applications of screwed fasteners.
5. It summarizes welding processes including common welded joints, stresses induced in eccentric loading, and when edge preparation is needed.
ME6503 design of machine elements - question bank.Mohan2405
This document contains questions and problems related to the design of machine elements, specifically regarding shafts and couplings. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic recall and understanding, 13 multi-part problems in Part B applying concepts to design scenarios, and 4 complex design problems in Part C. The topics covered include stresses in shafts, hollow vs solid shafts, keys and keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and the design of shafts and keys based on strength and rigidity considerations.
Design of Machine Elements 2 mark Question and Answersbaskaransece
This document provides information on the design of machine elements including shafts, keys, and couplings. It begins with definitions of key terms like factor of safety and design processes. It then discusses loads, stresses, materials selection factors. Specific topics covered include types of shafts and stresses on shafts, standard shaft sizes, hollow vs solid shafts, keys and keyways, couplings, and manufacturing methods for shafts.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to machine elements design. It covers topics such as factor of safety, endurance limit, impact loads, design process phases, types of loads/stresses, factors affecting endurance strength, types of fractures, spring types and properties, joints, keys, couplings, screws, welds and failures. It contains questions and answers on these topics across 4 units - stresses and strains, shafts, fasteners and joints, and springs.
The document provides information about the design of machine elements course including:
1. The course is divided into 5 units covering topics such as stresses in machine members, design of shafts and couplings, fasteners and welded joints, springs and levers, and bearings and flywheels.
2. Unit II focuses on the design of shafts and couplings including designing solid and hollow shafts based on strength, rigidity and critical speed. The design of keys, keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and knuckle joints is also covered.
3. References and standards for the design of plain bearings are provided. Sample problems related to stresses in machine members from previous examinations are given at the
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Boom Nose End Casting Using Linear Elastic Frac...IJERA Editor
The document discusses predicting the fatigue life of a boom nose end casting used in excavators. It describes performing finite element analysis to determine stresses on the casting under different loads and crack lengths. The results from finite element analysis and a theoretical approach using linear elastic fracture mechanics are then used to estimate the fatigue life of the casting.
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform
strength, I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under
tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joint in shear,
Eccentric load perpendicular and parallel to axis of
bolt, Eccentric load on circular base, design of Turn
Buckle.
This document discusses different types of rigid frame knee connections used to join beams and columns. Square knee joints are described, with and without diagonal stiffeners. Other knee types include square knees with brackets, straight haunched knees, and curved haunched knees. Straight haunched knees provide reasonable stiffness and rotation capacity at a lower cost than other options. The document provides design procedures and an example problem for sizing the components of a square knee connection between a W690×140 beam and W360×110 column.
Design of machine_elements 2 marks with answerMohan2405
This document provides a summary of key concepts in machine element design:
1. It defines terms like factor of safety, endurance limit, impact load, and discusses the design process phases.
2. It covers different types of loads, factors affecting endurance strength, types of stresses and failures.
3. It discusses machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, and their design considerations.
4. It defines terms related to bolted and screwed joints like bolt designation, stresses in bolts, and applications of screwed fasteners.
5. It summarizes welding processes including common welded joints, stresses induced in eccentric loading, and when edge preparation is needed.
ME6503 design of machine elements - question bank.Mohan2405
This document contains questions and problems related to the design of machine elements, specifically regarding shafts and couplings. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic recall and understanding, 13 multi-part problems in Part B applying concepts to design scenarios, and 4 complex design problems in Part C. The topics covered include stresses in shafts, hollow vs solid shafts, keys and keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and the design of shafts and keys based on strength and rigidity considerations.
Design of Machine Elements 2 mark Question and Answersbaskaransece
This document provides information on the design of machine elements including shafts, keys, and couplings. It begins with definitions of key terms like factor of safety and design processes. It then discusses loads, stresses, materials selection factors. Specific topics covered include types of shafts and stresses on shafts, standard shaft sizes, hollow vs solid shafts, keys and keyways, couplings, and manufacturing methods for shafts.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to machine elements design. It covers topics such as factor of safety, endurance limit, impact loads, design process phases, types of loads/stresses, factors affecting endurance strength, types of fractures, spring types and properties, joints, keys, couplings, screws, welds and failures. It contains questions and answers on these topics across 4 units - stresses and strains, shafts, fasteners and joints, and springs.
The document provides information about the design of machine elements course including:
1. The course is divided into 5 units covering topics such as stresses in machine members, design of shafts and couplings, fasteners and welded joints, springs and levers, and bearings and flywheels.
2. Unit II focuses on the design of shafts and couplings including designing solid and hollow shafts based on strength, rigidity and critical speed. The design of keys, keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and knuckle joints is also covered.
3. References and standards for the design of plain bearings are provided. Sample problems related to stresses in machine members from previous examinations are given at the
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Boom Nose End Casting Using Linear Elastic Frac...IJERA Editor
The document discusses predicting the fatigue life of a boom nose end casting used in excavators. It describes performing finite element analysis to determine stresses on the casting under different loads and crack lengths. The results from finite element analysis and a theoretical approach using linear elastic fracture mechanics are then used to estimate the fatigue life of the casting.
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform
strength, I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under
tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joint in shear,
Eccentric load perpendicular and parallel to axis of
bolt, Eccentric load on circular base, design of Turn
Buckle.
This document discusses different types of rigid frame knee connections used to join beams and columns. Square knee joints are described, with and without diagonal stiffeners. Other knee types include square knees with brackets, straight haunched knees, and curved haunched knees. Straight haunched knees provide reasonable stiffness and rotation capacity at a lower cost than other options. The document provides design procedures and an example problem for sizing the components of a square knee connection between a W690×140 beam and W360×110 column.
The document defines key terms related to stress, strain, and material properties including stress, strain, tensile stress, compressive stress, Young's modulus, shear stress, shear modulus, bearing stress, and thermal stresses. It also discusses stress-strain diagrams, working stress, factor of safety, stresses in composite bars, and provides examples of calculations and applications for various material properties.
The document discusses various types of structural connections. It begins by defining connections as devices that join structural elements together to safely transfer forces. Connection design is more critical than member design. Failures usually occur at connections and can cause collapse.
The document then discusses different types of connections, including welded, riveted, and bolted connections. Connections are further classified based on the forces transferred, such as truss connections, fully restrained/moment connections, and partially restrained/shear connections. Specific connection types for buildings and frames like moment and shear connections are also explained. Design considerations for various structural connections like weld values, bolt values, and anchor bolts are provided.
Given:
Stresses:
i) 350 N/mm2 for 85% of time
ii) 500 N/mm2 for 3% of time
iii) 400 N/mm2 for 12% of remaining time
Material: Plain carbon steel 50C
Using Miner's rule:
For stress i)
N1/Nf1 = 0.85
Where, N1 is no. of cycles component can withstand at stress 350 N/mm2
Nf1 is no. of cycles to failure at stress 350 N/mm2
Similarly, for other stresses:
N2/Nf2 = 0.03
N3/Nf3 = 0.12
Equ
The document contains 38 questions related to machine design. The questions cover topics such as standardization of sizes, tolerances, fits, design of joints, shafts, levers, frames and other machine elements. Design calculations are required to determine dimensions that satisfy given loading and stress criteria. Materials, their properties and appropriate factors of safety are provided. References for solutions and examples are given from standard machine design textbooks.
Design methods for torsional buckling of steel structuresBegum Emte Ajom
The document discusses methods for designing steel structures to resist torsional buckling. It summarizes clauses from Eurocode 3 that provide equations for calculating the elastic critical buckling moment and determining the reduction factor used to calculate the design bending strength. It also presents simplified equations that can be used to calculate the elastic critical buckling moment for common steel beam sections. Additional guidance is provided for calculating the critical buckling moment for non-symmetric sections and when bending occurs about the major axis.
Effect of Prestressing Force, Cable Profile and Eccentricity on Post Tensione...IRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of post-tensioned concrete beams using ANSYS software. It investigates the effect of prestressing force, cable profile, and eccentricity on the beam's response. Various cable profiles including straight, trapezoidal, parabolic, and sloping tendons were modeled at different eccentricities. The results from ANSYS were validated by comparing to analytical calculations. It was found that the cable profile, prestressing force, and eccentricity all influence the beam's deflections and stresses, and should be considered in design. The 3D finite element model in ANSYS was determined to be suitable for analyzing the effects of different design features on post-tensioned concrete beams.
1. The document discusses the design of various welded joints, including butt joints, transverse and parallel fillet joints, and circular fillet joints subjected to torsion. It provides the equations to calculate the permissible load or torque based on the weld material properties and joint geometry.
2. Examples of design calculations are provided for parallel fillet joints subjected to load and transverse fillet joints. Design stresses for welds using bare and covered electrodes are also tabulated.
3. Review questions at the end test the understanding of welded joint design, and examples are worked out for fillet joints subjected to load and a circular fillet joint subjected to torque.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
The document discusses stress concentration in machine components. It defines stress concentration as irregularities in stress distribution caused by abrupt changes in cross-sectional shape, such as holes, notches, fillets, or surface roughness. Theoretical stress concentration factor is the ratio of maximum stress at a notch or fillet to nominal stress based on net area. Stress concentration is more serious for cyclic loading in ductile materials and for static loading in brittle materials. Stress concentration can be reduced by providing fillets at changes in cross-section, making holes and notches larger with shallower radii, and improving surface finish.
The document is a micro project report submitted by 5 students to study different industrial materials for shear stresses and bending stresses. It includes an introduction to bending stress and shear stress, the aim and course outcomes of the micro project, the actual procedure followed by the students, resources used, and outputs and learning from the project. The report contains sections on the introduction, aim, course outcomes, procedure, resources, outputs, skills developed, and references. It also includes tables on the action plan, contents, and a teacher evaluation sheet. In summary, the document outlines a student micro project that examined bending and shear stresses in industrial materials.
Effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension membersIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses the effect of connection eccentricity on the behavior of steel tension members. Connection eccentricity occurs when the location of bolt connectors does not coincide with the member's centroidal axis, inducing bending.
2) Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS on various steel angle sections (ISA 50x50x6, ISA 65x65x6, ISA 75x75x6) to predict their failure capacities under different eccentric connection configurations. Results were compared to experimental data.
3) Current design specifications do not consider the detrimental bending effects of connection eccentricity, which can significantly reduce a member's failure capacity. Both experimental and computational analyses were performed to better understand these impacts.
The document summarizes a presentation on torsion testing. It defines torsion as applying a twisting moment or torque to a member. Torsion testing determines parameters like ultimate torsional strength and shear modulus. It describes how torsion occurs in various engineering applications. The presentation covers objectives of torsion testing, the testing machine, formulas used, how materials break under stress, properties of mild steel and cast iron, their microstructures, and failure modes under torsion. It concludes torsion failures differ from tension and provide little deformation, with fracture surfaces related to stress state and two failure types in mild steel and cast iron.
Vibration analysis of lathe structrure due to gear defect using fem 02THANMAY JS
The document discusses vibration analysis of lathe structures due to gear defects using finite element modeling. It aims to analyze the effects of unbalanced forces generated by machine elements like spindles and gears on the lathe structure. Both frequency domain and time domain analyses will be conducted using FEM. Experiments will also be conducted to measure vibration velocities on critical points of a lathe for different spindle speeds using a vibration tester. The results of experimental and theoretical analyses will be discussed to monitor machine elements and understand the effects of vibration on the lathe structure.
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Thread Angle on the Fatigue Life of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The present work is concerned with fatigue strength, obtained by plotting the S-N Curves for
determining the fatigue life of various thread geometries of bolts under cyclic loading. The stress equations
obtained from Majzoobi are being used for calculations of core stress produced due to cyclic loading,
which is being carried usually by the first thread of the bolt. The higher stress concentration occurs in the root
of first threads.The experimental work has been carried out for five different thread profiles of varying flank
angles, having six samples of each profile. The fatigue testing on each profile has been performed under cyclic
loading, in order to obtain the number of cycles to failure of a particular specimen. The results obtained
experimentally have been compared with the work of Gane . Finally the work is used to obtain the failure life of
bolts, which means which thread profile has higher fatigue life or simply higher strength to failure. As strength
is of direct use to the designer regarding the safety of structures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design against fluctuating loads, stress concentration, Goodman and Modified Goodman Diagrams, Factors affecting stress concentration, Use of charts for finding stress concentration facotrs
This document contains a question bank with multiple choice and numerical problems related to the topic of Strength of Materials for a Mechanical Engineering course. It includes questions related to stress-strain behavior, elastic constants, bending of beams, shear force and bending moment diagrams, torsion, and springs. The questions cover definitions, derivations of equations, and calculations to determine stresses, strains, moduli, loads, dimensions and other mechanical properties. The question bank is divided into three units - Stress-Strain and Deformation of Solids, Beams - Loads and Stresses, and Torsion. It contains both short answer and long numerical type questions for practice and self-assessment of the key concepts in Strength of Materials.
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
This document provides information about various types of mechanical power transmission systems, including belts, gears, chains, and ropes. It defines key terms related to these systems and discusses their applications, advantages, disadvantages, design considerations, and how failures can occur. The document is divided into two modules, with Module 1 covering belts, chains, and ropes, and Module 2 focusing on gear drives. It provides details on classifying, selecting, and designing different transmission system components.
Design of transmission system Two_marks_questions with answersGopinath Guru
The document discusses various topics related to transmission systems including belt drives, chain drives, gear drives, and wire ropes.
It begins with two marks questions and answers related to power drives and their classification, mechanical drives and their classification, the law of belting, crowning of pulleys, friction and its applications.
It then discusses belt materials, belt rating, types of belts, merits and demerits of belt drives, materials for belt pulleys, ply of belts, belt joints, conditions for flat belt installation, and factors for belt drive selection.
The document also covers creep in belts, V-belt designation, advantages of timing belts over V-belts, purpose of gearbox housing, function
The document defines key terms related to stress, strain, and material properties including stress, strain, tensile stress, compressive stress, Young's modulus, shear stress, shear modulus, bearing stress, and thermal stresses. It also discusses stress-strain diagrams, working stress, factor of safety, stresses in composite bars, and provides examples of calculations and applications for various material properties.
The document discusses various types of structural connections. It begins by defining connections as devices that join structural elements together to safely transfer forces. Connection design is more critical than member design. Failures usually occur at connections and can cause collapse.
The document then discusses different types of connections, including welded, riveted, and bolted connections. Connections are further classified based on the forces transferred, such as truss connections, fully restrained/moment connections, and partially restrained/shear connections. Specific connection types for buildings and frames like moment and shear connections are also explained. Design considerations for various structural connections like weld values, bolt values, and anchor bolts are provided.
Given:
Stresses:
i) 350 N/mm2 for 85% of time
ii) 500 N/mm2 for 3% of time
iii) 400 N/mm2 for 12% of remaining time
Material: Plain carbon steel 50C
Using Miner's rule:
For stress i)
N1/Nf1 = 0.85
Where, N1 is no. of cycles component can withstand at stress 350 N/mm2
Nf1 is no. of cycles to failure at stress 350 N/mm2
Similarly, for other stresses:
N2/Nf2 = 0.03
N3/Nf3 = 0.12
Equ
The document contains 38 questions related to machine design. The questions cover topics such as standardization of sizes, tolerances, fits, design of joints, shafts, levers, frames and other machine elements. Design calculations are required to determine dimensions that satisfy given loading and stress criteria. Materials, their properties and appropriate factors of safety are provided. References for solutions and examples are given from standard machine design textbooks.
Design methods for torsional buckling of steel structuresBegum Emte Ajom
The document discusses methods for designing steel structures to resist torsional buckling. It summarizes clauses from Eurocode 3 that provide equations for calculating the elastic critical buckling moment and determining the reduction factor used to calculate the design bending strength. It also presents simplified equations that can be used to calculate the elastic critical buckling moment for common steel beam sections. Additional guidance is provided for calculating the critical buckling moment for non-symmetric sections and when bending occurs about the major axis.
Effect of Prestressing Force, Cable Profile and Eccentricity on Post Tensione...IRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of post-tensioned concrete beams using ANSYS software. It investigates the effect of prestressing force, cable profile, and eccentricity on the beam's response. Various cable profiles including straight, trapezoidal, parabolic, and sloping tendons were modeled at different eccentricities. The results from ANSYS were validated by comparing to analytical calculations. It was found that the cable profile, prestressing force, and eccentricity all influence the beam's deflections and stresses, and should be considered in design. The 3D finite element model in ANSYS was determined to be suitable for analyzing the effects of different design features on post-tensioned concrete beams.
1. The document discusses the design of various welded joints, including butt joints, transverse and parallel fillet joints, and circular fillet joints subjected to torsion. It provides the equations to calculate the permissible load or torque based on the weld material properties and joint geometry.
2. Examples of design calculations are provided for parallel fillet joints subjected to load and transverse fillet joints. Design stresses for welds using bare and covered electrodes are also tabulated.
3. Review questions at the end test the understanding of welded joint design, and examples are worked out for fillet joints subjected to load and a circular fillet joint subjected to torque.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
The document discusses stress concentration in machine components. It defines stress concentration as irregularities in stress distribution caused by abrupt changes in cross-sectional shape, such as holes, notches, fillets, or surface roughness. Theoretical stress concentration factor is the ratio of maximum stress at a notch or fillet to nominal stress based on net area. Stress concentration is more serious for cyclic loading in ductile materials and for static loading in brittle materials. Stress concentration can be reduced by providing fillets at changes in cross-section, making holes and notches larger with shallower radii, and improving surface finish.
The document is a micro project report submitted by 5 students to study different industrial materials for shear stresses and bending stresses. It includes an introduction to bending stress and shear stress, the aim and course outcomes of the micro project, the actual procedure followed by the students, resources used, and outputs and learning from the project. The report contains sections on the introduction, aim, course outcomes, procedure, resources, outputs, skills developed, and references. It also includes tables on the action plan, contents, and a teacher evaluation sheet. In summary, the document outlines a student micro project that examined bending and shear stresses in industrial materials.
Effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension membersIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses the effect of connection eccentricity on the behavior of steel tension members. Connection eccentricity occurs when the location of bolt connectors does not coincide with the member's centroidal axis, inducing bending.
2) Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS on various steel angle sections (ISA 50x50x6, ISA 65x65x6, ISA 75x75x6) to predict their failure capacities under different eccentric connection configurations. Results were compared to experimental data.
3) Current design specifications do not consider the detrimental bending effects of connection eccentricity, which can significantly reduce a member's failure capacity. Both experimental and computational analyses were performed to better understand these impacts.
The document summarizes a presentation on torsion testing. It defines torsion as applying a twisting moment or torque to a member. Torsion testing determines parameters like ultimate torsional strength and shear modulus. It describes how torsion occurs in various engineering applications. The presentation covers objectives of torsion testing, the testing machine, formulas used, how materials break under stress, properties of mild steel and cast iron, their microstructures, and failure modes under torsion. It concludes torsion failures differ from tension and provide little deformation, with fracture surfaces related to stress state and two failure types in mild steel and cast iron.
Vibration analysis of lathe structrure due to gear defect using fem 02THANMAY JS
The document discusses vibration analysis of lathe structures due to gear defects using finite element modeling. It aims to analyze the effects of unbalanced forces generated by machine elements like spindles and gears on the lathe structure. Both frequency domain and time domain analyses will be conducted using FEM. Experiments will also be conducted to measure vibration velocities on critical points of a lathe for different spindle speeds using a vibration tester. The results of experimental and theoretical analyses will be discussed to monitor machine elements and understand the effects of vibration on the lathe structure.
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Thread Angle on the Fatigue Life of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The present work is concerned with fatigue strength, obtained by plotting the S-N Curves for
determining the fatigue life of various thread geometries of bolts under cyclic loading. The stress equations
obtained from Majzoobi are being used for calculations of core stress produced due to cyclic loading,
which is being carried usually by the first thread of the bolt. The higher stress concentration occurs in the root
of first threads.The experimental work has been carried out for five different thread profiles of varying flank
angles, having six samples of each profile. The fatigue testing on each profile has been performed under cyclic
loading, in order to obtain the number of cycles to failure of a particular specimen. The results obtained
experimentally have been compared with the work of Gane . Finally the work is used to obtain the failure life of
bolts, which means which thread profile has higher fatigue life or simply higher strength to failure. As strength
is of direct use to the designer regarding the safety of structures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design against fluctuating loads, stress concentration, Goodman and Modified Goodman Diagrams, Factors affecting stress concentration, Use of charts for finding stress concentration facotrs
This document contains a question bank with multiple choice and numerical problems related to the topic of Strength of Materials for a Mechanical Engineering course. It includes questions related to stress-strain behavior, elastic constants, bending of beams, shear force and bending moment diagrams, torsion, and springs. The questions cover definitions, derivations of equations, and calculations to determine stresses, strains, moduli, loads, dimensions and other mechanical properties. The question bank is divided into three units - Stress-Strain and Deformation of Solids, Beams - Loads and Stresses, and Torsion. It contains both short answer and long numerical type questions for practice and self-assessment of the key concepts in Strength of Materials.
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
This document provides information about various types of mechanical power transmission systems, including belts, gears, chains, and ropes. It defines key terms related to these systems and discusses their applications, advantages, disadvantages, design considerations, and how failures can occur. The document is divided into two modules, with Module 1 covering belts, chains, and ropes, and Module 2 focusing on gear drives. It provides details on classifying, selecting, and designing different transmission system components.
Design of transmission system Two_marks_questions with answersGopinath Guru
The document discusses various topics related to transmission systems including belt drives, chain drives, gear drives, and wire ropes.
It begins with two marks questions and answers related to power drives and their classification, mechanical drives and their classification, the law of belting, crowning of pulleys, friction and its applications.
It then discusses belt materials, belt rating, types of belts, merits and demerits of belt drives, materials for belt pulleys, ply of belts, belt joints, conditions for flat belt installation, and factors for belt drive selection.
The document also covers creep in belts, V-belt designation, advantages of timing belts over V-belts, purpose of gearbox housing, function
This document provides information on various types of hoisting equipment and their components. It discusses theory of hoisting equipment including flexible hoisting appliances like pulleys, chains, and wire ropes. There are three main groups of hoisting equipment - hoisting machines, cranes, and elevators. Cranes combine a hoisting mechanism with a frame to lift and move loads vertically and horizontally. Selection criteria and technical parameters for hoisting equipment like lifting capacity, speed, and dimensions are also outlined. The document also covers wire rope construction, selection, and fastening of chains and ropes. Pulleys are defined as wheels that support movement and change of direction of cables or belts to lift loads or transmit power.
Belts are flexible bands used to transmit power and motion between pulleys. There are several types of belts including flat belts, V-belts, and toothed belts. Flat belts are best for light-duty power transmission over large distances between small pulleys. V-belts provide higher torque transmission at less width and tension than flat belts. Toothed belts, also called timing belts, have teeth molded into the inner surface to run over matching toothed pulleys without slippage. Pulleys are grooved wheels that belts or ropes run over, and multiple pulleys can be combined in block-and-tackle systems to increase mechanical advantage.
This document discusses different types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between pulleys. It describes V-belts and their standard sizes, as well as advantages over flat belts. Fiber ropes made from materials like manila and cotton are discussed, along with their properties and use for pulley distances up to 60 meters. Wire ropes made of steel wires are described as being used for longer pulley distances up to 150 meters due to their greater strength. Formulas for the ratio of driving tensions in V-belts and fiber ropes are also provided.
Design of Roller Chain Drive theory by Prof. Sagar A. DhotareSagar Dhotare
This covers following Points
1. Introduction.
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Chain Drive over Belt or Rope Drive.
3. Terms Used in Chain Drive.
4. Relation Between Pitch and Pitch Circle Diameter.
5. Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives.
6. Length of Chain and Centre Distance.
7. Classification of Chains.
8. Hoisting and Hauling Chains.
9. Conveyor Chains.
10. Power Transmitting Chains.
11. Characteristics of Roller Chains.
12. Factor of Safety for Chain Drives.
13. Permissible Speed of Smaller Sprocket.
14. Power Transmitted by Chains.
15. Number of Teeth on the Smaller or Driving Sprocket
or Pinion.
16. Maximum Speed for Chains.
17. Principal Dimensions of Tooth Profile.
18. Design Procedure for Chain Drive.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of conveyor belt design and use. It discusses essential characteristics of belt materials, including flexibility, durability, strength, temperature resistance, weight, friction, and wear resistance. Major belt manufacturing companies are identified. Belt specifications are provided for V-belts and flat belts based on their cross-sectional size and properties. Finally, common applications of V-belts and flat belts in industries like motors, engines, mills, and conveyors are outlined.
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P=250 kW
N1=300 rpm
D1=1.2 m
θ=π rad
β=22.5°
d=50 mm
m=1.3 kg/m
Pmax=2.2 kN
μ=0.3
Overhang=0.5 m
Shear stress=40 MPa
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ME6601 design of transmission systems - important 2 marks
1. ME6601 – DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TWO MARKS WITH ANSWER
(UNIT I TO V)
PREPARED BY
Mr.A.MOHAN M.E.,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
VELTECH
AVADI.
2. UNIT-IDESIGNOFFLEXIBLE ELEMENTS
1. What is a power drive? Mention their types.
The power drive is a set of machine members employed to transmit power or energy produced
in one machine to another machine. Their main types
(1) Mechanical,
(2) Hydraulic,
(3) Pneumatic and
(4)Electrical drives.
2. What is meant by mechanical drives? Classify them.
The drives which transmit power by means of contact forces are called as mechanical
drives. They can be classified based on
(a) Way of power transmission.
(i) Friction drives [E.g. Belt drives, Rope drives]
(ii) Toothed drives [Eg.. Gear drives, Chain drives]
(b) Centre distance between power shafts
(i) Long distance drives (Eg. Belt drives, chain drives, rope drives)
(ii)Short distance drives (Eg. Gear drives)
(c) Intermediate link between driving and driven members.
(i) No intermediate link (Eg. Gear drives)
(ii) With intermediate link (Eg. Belt, rope drives, chain drives)
3. State the –‘Law of Belting’
The law of belting states that the centerline of the belt when it approaches the pulley must lie in the
midplane of that pulley which should be perpendicular to the axis of the pulley. Otherwise the belt
will runoff the pulley.
4. Explain the term crowning of pulleys.
Pulleys are provided. a -slight conical shapes (or) convex shapes in their rim's r surface
in order to prevent the belt from running off the pulley due centrifugal force. This is
known as crowning, of pulley. Usually the crowning height t may be 1/96 of pulley face width.
5. Briefiy explain about friction and its applications.
Friction is said to be a resisting force that is developed between two relatively -moving
surfaces. For some machines, this frictional force may be, an unwanted force and hence it
is to be reduced to the maximum level. For some other machines. Bearings brakes, clutches
are the good examples.
6. What are the types of belts?
(a) Flat Belts
(b) V Belts
Multiple V belt
Ribbed Belt.
(c) Toothed or Timing
(d), Round, Belts.
7. State the materials for belts.
Leather,, cotton fabrics ,rubber, animal's hair, silk, rayon, woolen etc
3. 8. Indicate some merits and demerits of belt-drive;
Merits
1. Belt drives are used for long distance power transmission.
2. Their operations are smooth and flexible.
3. Simple in design and their manufacturing cost is lower.
Demerits
1. They need large space.
2. Loss of power due to friction is more.
9. By what materials, belt-pulleys are made?
Belt-pulleys are made of cast-iron or steel
10. What is meant by the ply of belt?
Flat belts are made of thin strips and laminated one over the other in order to get thick belt.
These thin strips or sheets are called as plies of belt. Usually flat belts are made of 11 ply, 4
ply, 5 ply, 6 ply and 8 ply belt etc And 4 ply belt is thicker than 3 ply belt and so-on.
11. Mention the different types of joints employed for joining flat-belts.
(i) Cemented joints (ii) Laced joints (iii) Crest joints. (iv)Hinged joints.
12. What conditions should be followed when flat belt drive is installed?
1. The axes of power transmitting shafts should be parallel.
2. It should have, optimum center distance between the shafts'.
3. The tight-side of the drive should be at the bottom side of the pulley.
13. What is belt rating?
Flat-belts are made of different sizes such as 3 ply, 4 ply and V - belts are made of
different grades such as A, B, C, D and E grade belts. Belt rating is defined as the power
transmitting capacity of unit size flat belt or a particular grade single V belt.
14. Specify the application of round belt.
Round-belt is applied, in sewing machine.
15. Specify the purpose of crowning of bets.
To prevent slipping from pulley due to centrifugal force
16. What factors should be considered during the selection of a belt drive?
a) Amount of power to be transmitted. b) Peripheral and angular speeds. c) Speed ratio.
d) Efficiency. e) Centre distance between staffs f) Space available. g) Working environment.
17. Explain creep in belts.
Since the tensions produced by the belt on the two sides of the pulley are not equal, the
belt moves with a very negligible velocity, due to the difference of two tensions. This slow
movement of the belt over the pulley is known as creep of belt and it is generally
neglected."
18. How is a V-belt designated?
V-belt is designated by a grade letter followed by its inside length in code number, year
of coding. For example, D 3048: IS 2494: 1964. M belts are designated by the grade
letter and inside length only such D - 3048. Sometimes, the inside length may be denoted
in inches as D
4. 19. In what ways, timing belts are superior to ordinary V-belts?
Since the timing belts possess toothed shape in their -inner side, engagement with toothed
pulley will provide positive drive without, belt-slip where as in the case of ordinary V-
belts, chances of slip are and hence positive drive is not possible at all times. Hence toothed
belts (I timing belts) are superior to ordinary V-belts.
20. What purpose does the housing of gear-box serve?
Gear-box -housing or casing is used as container inside which, the gears, shafts, bearings and
other components are "mounted.' Also it prevents the entry of dust inside the housing and reduces
noise of operation. That is, the housing Safe-guard the inner components.
21. What is the function of spacers in a gear-box?(6r) What are spacers as applied to a gear-
box?
Spacers are sleeve like components, which are mounted, in shafts in-between gears and bearings
or one gear and another gear in order to maintain the distance between them so as to avoid
interruption between them.
22. Fill in the blanks of the following.
(a) The number of gears employed in a gear-box is kept to the minimum
by arranging the speed of the spindle is ........................... series.
(b) In a gear- box, -for a set of gears, if the centre distance and module are same, then the sum of
teeth of engaging pair will be .....
Answers
a) Geometric series. b) Equal.
23.What are the types of ropes.
They are two type namely
a) Fiber ropes b) Wire ropes.
24.In what ways wire ropes are superior to fiber ropes?
a) Wire ropes are stronger, more durable than fiber ropes. b) Wire
ropes can withstand' shock loads. c) Their 'efficiency in high.
d) They can be operated for Very long centre distance even upto1000 m. Hence
wire-ropes are superior in most of occasions.
25.How are wire-ropes classified?
(a) Based on nup4ber of strands and wires.. i) 6x7 ii) 6 x 19 iii) 6 x 37 iv) 8 x 19 ropes.
(b) Based on the direction of wire I a with respect to strands in twisting. i) Cross
lay ropes.
ii) Parallel-lay ropes.
iii) Compound lay ropes.
26. How is wire-ropes designated?
A wire-rope is designated by the number of strands and the number of wires in each strand. For
example, a wire rope having six strands, and each strand containing nineteen wires can be
denoted as 6 x 19rope.
27.What are the various stresses induced in wire ropes?
i. Direct tensile load due to load and self-weight of the rope. ii. Bending
stress when the rope winds round the drum. iii. Stresses due to changes
in starting and stopping etc.
5. 28. Write the features of a chain drive.
A chain drive is a flexible mechanical drive which may be considered to be intermediate between
belt drive and gear drive in that it has features common to both, Chains are suitable for long as
well as short center distance drives and give a more compact, drive than is possible with belts.
Chain drives are similar to belt drives in which the chains, are operated between toothed wheels
called as sprockets.
29. Mention the applications of chain drives.
Chain drives are employed in transportation machineries like motor-cycle, bi-cycles, automobiles
and technological machineries, like agricultural machines, crushes etc.
30. What are the advantages of chain drives?
Chain drives
1. Are having more power transmitting capacity.
2. Have higher efficiency and compact size.
3-Exert -less load on shafts since no initial tension is applied on the sprocket shafts.
4. Require easy maintenance
31. Specify some drawbacks of chain drives.
1. The design of chain drive is more complicated.
2. The operation is noisy and production cost is high.
3. They require more accurate assembly bf shafts than for belts.
32. Indicate the types of chains.
a) Driving chains b) Hauling chains c) Loading chains.
UNIT-IISPURGEARSANDPARALLELAXISHELICALGEARS
1. Mention some applications of gear drives.
Gear drives are employed in many fields such as from smaller instruments to the heaviest and most
powerful machines, crushers etc. Some of the common applications of gears
are in hoisting machineries, rolling mill, machine tools such as lat machines, etc.
2.Why are gear drives superior to belt drives or chain drives? The advantages of gear
drives?
1. The gear drives possess high load carrying capacity, high compact layout.
2. They can transmit power from very small values to several kilowatts.
3.How are gears classified?
Gears are classified based on
(a) Axes of gear shafts as
i) Parallel - Eg. spur, helical, herring-bone gears. ii) Intersecting - Eg. Bevel gears. iii) Non-
parallel and non-intersecting - Eg.- worm, gears, Skew gears.
(b) Profile of gear tooth
i) Involutes gears. ii) Cycloidal gears.
(c) Position of teeth on wheel rim.
i) Tooth parallel to axis of gear - Eg. Spur gears.
ii) Tooth inclined to axis of gear - Eg. Helical gears.
(d) Pressure angle
i) Gears with 201 pressure angle. ii) Gears with 14 1/20 pressure angle.
6. 4.Illustrate the materials for making gears.
1. Ferrous metals such as carbon steels, alloy steels of nickel, chromium and vanadium.
2. Cast-iron of different grades.
3. Non-ferrous metals such as brass, bronze, etc.
4. Non-metals like phemolic resins nylon, Bakelite etc.
Among them steel with proper heat treatment is extensively, employed in many of 'the
engineering applications.
5. Specify the types of gears-failures.
a) Tooth breakage. b) Pitting of tooth surface. c) Abrasive- wears. d) Seizing of teeth etc.
6. At what occasions non-metallic gears are employed.
Non-metallic gears are employed where we require silent operation and low power
transmission. For example: in instruments like pressure gauge and so on
7. Fill in the blanks of the following
a) In a gear pair, the smaller gear is, called as ............................. and the bigger
is called as ....................................................................................
b)When the gear and pinion are made of different materials, their design based on .........
Answers
a) Pinion, wheel or gear. b) Weaker material.
8.What is meant by spur-gear?
Spur-gear is the gear in which teeth are cut at the circumference of a slab called as gear -
blank such that the teeth are parallel to gear-axis.
9. Define the following terms.
a) Tip circle or addendum circle is the circle which coincides crests or tops of all teeth.
b) Root circle or addendum circle is the circle which coincides with. roots or bottoms of all teeth.
c) Pitch circle is the imaginary circle in which the pair of gears rolls one over the other. This
circle can be visible when the pair of gears fastly rotating. This will lie between tip
circle and root circle.'
10. How are the following terms defined?
a) Pressure angle (a) is the angle making by the line of action common- tangent to the pitch
circles of mating pars.
b) Module m is the ratio of pitch circle diameter to the number d of gear teeth, and is usually
represented in millimetres.
11. Define the following terms.
a) Back lash is the difference between tooth thickness and the space into 'which it
meshes, measured along the pitch circle. If we assume the tooth thickness as t, and space
width as t2 then backlash = t2 - tl
b) Gear ratio (i) is the ratio of number of teeth of larger gear to that of smaller gear. At is also
defined as the ratio of high speed to the low speed in a gear drive. Usually, the gear ratio should
always be greater than one.
12. Fill in the blanks of the following.
a) The difference between tip circle radius and pitch circle -radius is .......
b) The difference between pitch circle radius and root circle radius is ..................... .
Answers
a) Addendum, b) dedendum.
7. 13.What factors influence backlash?
The factors like errors in tooth thickness, pitch, tooth spacing, mounting misalignment,
etc influence the backlash.
14.What preliminary design considerations should be, adopted, When selecting gear
drive?
All kinds of gears can not be useful for all kinds of work. Hence following factors should be
considered for selecting a specific type of gear drive. i) The amount of.power to be transmitted. ii)
Space availability.
iii) Amount of gear ratio for single step.
iv) Causes for gear failures and their preventing methods.
v) Proper material
vi) Life of gears required, usually 10,000 hours.
15. What is interference in gears? How can you overcome it?
Gear profile usually starts, from base circle and ends with tip teeth are made in such a
way that their contact is along the pro the top surface of teeth is made, flat, the tip of the
teeth of one gear dig I into the bottom flank of mating gear. This action is called
interference.
16. On what basis gear cutters are selected?
Gear cutters are selected based on the following conditions.
1) Properties of materials for work piece and tools.
2) Cost of production.
3) Structure of gears such as spur gear, helical gears and so on. 4) Module
of the gear.
17. How do gears fail?
a)Gears may fail due to tooth breakage by overload and misalignment of shafts.
b) corrosion of teeth by improper lubricants.
c) tooth wear because of insufficient lubrication.
d) interference because of no under-cut.
18. Fill in the blanks of the following.
a) The size of gears are usually specified by their ......... b) The commonly used gear
tooth-profile is
Answers
a) Outer diameter, module, number-ofteeth. b) Involute profile.
19. What is working depth of a gear-tooth?
Working depth of gear is the radial distance between addendum circle and clearance circle.It
is equal to two times, the addendum value.
20. What stresses are induced in gear tooth?
1. Surface compressive stress. 2. Bending stress.
21. What is meant by a corrected gear?
In normal gear, there may be an undercut between base circle and root circle which weakens the
teeth. This undercutting can be avoided by making some modifications on the gear profile. This
modification is addendum modification or profile correction or profile shift. The gear, which has
this correction, is called as corrected gear.
22. Write short notes on backlash of gears.
Backlash can be defined as the play between a mating pair of gear assembled condition.
8. 23. What are the effects of little backlash and. excessive backlash on gears
Too little backlash may lead to over loading, overheating and ultimately seizure resulting eventual
failure of the system. On the excessive backlash may cause, non uniform - transmission of
motion. backlash may also cause noise and impact loads.
24, Define form factor?
Form factor is a constant, employed in the design of gear which, design the shape and the number
of teeth.
25.Why dedendum Value is more than addendum value?
In order to get clearance between the teeth of one gear and bottom surface of mating gear so as to
avoid interference, dedendum is having more value than addendum. 81.Specify the machine tools
used for producing spur gears.
26. What is a helical gear?
A helical gear is a cylindrical gear similar to spur-gear except that the teeth are cut at an angle,
known as helix angle 'to the axis of the gear shaft, whereas in spur-gear, teeth are cut parallel to
the axis.
27.In what ways helical gears are differed from spur gears.
Spur gears Helical gears
1. Teeth are cut parallel to the axis. Teeth are cut inclined to the axis.
2. Entire width of tooth is Gradual engagement is obtained simultaneously engaged with full
since their teeth are inclined to width of mating gear. axis. 3. Rough and noisy operation Smooth
and silent operation.
4. Less power is transmitted. More power can be. transmitted.
28. What are the advantages of helical gears?
Helical gears
i) transmit more power. ii) provide smooth and soundless operation. iii) used for high speed
and high velocity ratio processes.
29. What is helix angle? How this angle differentiate helical gear from
Helix angle -is the angle between the axis of the gear and the through tooth face.For
helical gear, teeth are cut at an inclined axis, specified as'helix angle and its value ranges from
80to25' the case of spur gear, tooth-are cut parallel to the axis, the spur gear is zero.
30.Fill in the blanks of the following:
a) Double helical gears are otherwise called as .......... b) Crossed
helical gears are known as ........
Answers
a) Herring bone gears. b) Skew gears.
31.What is a herringbone gears?
A herring bone gear is made of two single helical gears attached other hence called as double
helical gear in which the teeth of be set in the opposite direction to the teeth of another gear
arrangement the axial thrust produced in one gear will be null', thrust produced in another gear,
and the resultant thrust is improves the life of the gear. Sometimes, a single cylindrical block is
ova-ployod for making, herring bone, gear.
32. Write any two applications of a skew gear-drive. (or) Where do we, use skew
gears?
The skew gears or crossed helical gears are employed in instruments, distributor drive of
automobile engine etc, where small loads are applied.
9. UNIT-III BEVEL, WORM AND CROSS HELICAL GEARS
1. What is a bevel gear?
Bevel gear is the type of gear for Which the teeth are cut on conical surface in contrast with spur
and helical gears for which the teeth are cut on cylindrical surfaces. The structure of bevel gear
is similar to and uniformly truncated frustum of a cone.
2. When do we use bevel gears?
When the power is to be transmitted in an angular, direction, i.e., between the shafts whose
axes intersecting at an angle, bevel gears are employed.
3. How are bevel gears classified?
Bevel gears are classified in two ways 1. Based on
the shape of teeth. a) Straight bevel gears.
b) Spiral bevel gears
4.Based on the included angle between the shaft axes, called as shaft angle
a) External gears < 900)
b) Internal gears > 90*)
c) Crown gears 90
5 .What'is a crown gear?
A crown gear is a type of bevel gear whose shaft angle is 90 degree and angle of pinion is not
equal to the pitch angle of gear. Let Shaft angle.
6.What is the specific feature of mitre gear?
Mitre gear is the special type of crown gear in-twhich the shaft,, 900 and the pitch angles of
pinion and gear are equal and each angle to 45'.
7. Fill in the blanks of the following
a) Bevel gears having shaft , Angle of, 90" are known as ........
b) When the spiral angle of a.bevel gear is zero,. it is called as ...
Answers
a) Crown gears. b) Zerol bevel gear.
8. Define the following terms
a) Cone distance or pitch cone radius. b) Face angle.
a) Cone distance or pitch cone radius is the slant length of pitch cone, i.e., distance between
the apex and the extreme point of tooth of bevel gear.
b) Face angle is the angle subtended by the face of the teeth at the cone centre. It is equal to the
pitch angle plus addendum angle. It is also called as tip angle.
9. In which gear-drive, self-locking is available?
Self locking is available in worm-gear drive.
10. When do we use worm-gears?
When we require to transmit power between nonparallel and non-intersecting shafts and very
high velocity ratio, of about 100, worm gears, can be employed. Also worm-gears provide self-
locking facility.
11. Write some applications of worm gear drive.
Worm gear, drive find wide applications like milling machine indexing head, table fan, steering
rod of automobile and so on.
10. 12. What are the merits and demerits of worm gear drive?
Merits
1) Used for very high velocity ratio of about 100 2) Smooth
and noiseless operation. 3) Self-locking facility is available.
Demerits
1) Low efficiency.
2) More heat will be produced and hence this drive can be operated inside an oil reservoir or extra
cooling fan is required in order to dissipate the heat from the drive. 3) Low power transmission
UNIT-IV GEAR BOXES
1. What purpose does the housing of gear-box serve?
Gear-box -housing or casing is used as container inside which, the gears, shafts, bearings and
other components are "mounted.' Also it prevents the entry of dust inside the housing and reduces
noise of operation. That is, the housing Safe-guard the inner components.
2. What is the function of spacers in a gear-box? What are spacers as applied to a gear-
box?
Spacers are sleeve like components, which are mounted, in shafts in-between gears and bearings
or one gear and another gear in order to maintain the distance between them so as to avoid
interruption between them.
3. Fill in the blanks of the following.
(a) The number of gears employed in a gear-box is kept to the minimum
by arranging the. speed of the spindle is .......................... series.
(b) In a gear- box, -for a set of gears, if the centre distance and module are same, then the sum of
teeth of engaging pair will be .....
Answers
a) Geometric series. b) Equal.
4 .What is a speed diagram? (or) What is the structural diagram-of -&.gear-
box
Speed diagram or structural diagram is the graphical representation different speeds of output
shaft, motor shaft and intermediate shafts.
5. For what purpose we are using gear-box?
Since the gear-box is provided with number of gears of different size arranged is different forms,
we can get number of output speeds by operated motor at single speed.
6 .Name the types of speed reducers.
a) Single reduction speed reduces. b) Multi
reduction speed reducers.
7. What does the ray-diagram of gear-box indicate?
The ray-diagram or kinematic arrangement of a gear box indicates arrangement of
various gears in various shafts of the gear box in order to obtain the different output speeds
from the single speed of the motor.
8. What is step ratio?,
Step ratio is the ratio of one speed of the shaft to its previous lower speed Since the
spindle speeds are arranged in geometric progression, the ratios adjacent speeds (i.e., step ratios)
are constant.
If Nr is;the maximum speed and N, is the minimum speed, then,
Nr (r-1)
----------- = (Step ratio)
Nr-1
11. UNIT-VCAMS,CLUTCHESANDBRAKES
1. What is cam?
Cam is a rotating mechanical member used for transmitting desired motion to a Follower by direct
contact.
2. Classification of cam?
(i) according to cam shape
(ii) according to follower movement
(iii) according to manner of constraint of the follower.
3. Classify cam based on a shape?
(i) wedge cam (ii) radial cams
(iii) spiral cams (iv) drum
cams (v) spherical cams
4. Classification of follower?
(i) According to follower shape
(ii) According to motion of follower
5. What is roller follower?
In place of a knife edge roller is provided at the contacting end of the follower
6. Spherical follower?
In the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape .
7. Angle of ascend?
The angle of rotation of the cam from the position when the follower begins to rise till it
reaches its highest points . it is denoted by θ
8. Angle of descend?
The angle through which the cam rotates during the time the follower returns to the initial position.
It is denoted by θr.
9. Angle of dwell?
It is the angle through which the cam rotates while the follower remains stationary at the highest
or the lowest .
10. Angle of action ?
The total angle moved by the cam during its rotation between the beginning of rise and
the end of return of the follower
11. What is radial or disc cams?
In radial cams the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the cam axis
. The cams are all radial rams. In actual practice, radial cams are widely used due to their
simplicity and compactness.
12. What is dwell?
The zero displacement or the absence of motion of the follower during the motion of the cam is
called dwell.
13. What is classification of followers according to follower shape?
(i) Knife edge follower
(ii) Roller follower
(iii) Mushroom or flat faced follower and
(iv) Spherical faced or curved shoe follower
12. 14. What is classification of follower according to the motion of the follower?
(i) Reciprocating or translating follower
(ii) Oscillating or rotating follower
15. What is classification of followers according to the path of motion ?
(i) Radial follower and
(ii) Offset follower
16. What are the motions of the follower?
The follower can have any of the following four types of motions
(i) Uniform velocity
(ii) Simple harmonic motion
(iii) uniform acceleration and retardation (iv) cycloidal
motion.
17. What is the application of cam?
Closing and opening of inlet and exit value operating in IC engine .
18. What are the necessary elements of a cam mechanism?
(i) Cam-The driving member is known as the cam
(ii) Follower-The driven member is known as the follower. (iii)
Frame-It supports the cam and guider the follower.
19. What is translating angle?
The wedge is replaced by a flat plate with a groove . The plate cam moves back and forth
imparting a translator motion to the follower. Thus these cams are also known as translating
cams.
20. Write the formula for maximum velocity?
Vo (max) = 2ωsθo Vr
(max)= 2ωsθo
21.What is a clutch and where it is used?
Clutch is machine, component used as temporary coupling: and is used mainly in
automobiles for engaging and disengaging the driving shaft where periodical engagement is
required.
22. What s meant by positive clutch?
Which transmits power from driving shaft to the driven shaft by jaws or teeth is called positive
clutch. No slipping is there.
23. By what means, power is transmitted by clutches?
In clutches, power transmission is achieved through
(a) Interlocking (b) Friction (c) Wedging
24. Why are cone clutches better than disc clutches?
Since the cone discs are having large frictional areas and they can transmit a larger torque
than disc clutches with, the same oil diameter and actuating force and hence cone
clutches are preferred over disk clutches. But usually cone clutches are mainly used in low
peripheral applications.
13. 25. What factors should be considered when designing friction clutches?
(a)The friction materials for the clutch should have high co-eI efficient of friction and- they
should not be affected by moisture and oil. (b) may be light in weight.
(c) The design is in such a way that the engagement should be made without shock and fast
disengagement with out drag.
26. Why should the generated heat be dissipated in clutch operation?
In order to save the friction plates and materials from melting by the heat produced during
operation, the generated heat should be dissipated.
27. Name the two theories applied for the design of friction clutches.
1. Unif6rm Pressure theory
2. Uniform wear theory
28 .In what ways, the clutches are different from brakes?
The clutch used to engage the driving and driven members and keep them moving (i.e., rotating)
together, where as brakes are employed to stop a moving member or reduce its speed.