This document defines memory and discusses the key elements, processes, and types of memory. It defines memory as the ability to retain and recall information and experiences. The main types of memory discussed are short-term memory, long-term memory, explicit memory (episodic and semantic), and implicit memory (procedural and priming). Factors that influence memory like the nature of the material and memorization methods are also examined. Various theories of forgetting like trace decay and interference are summarized. Finally, techniques for effective memorization such as repeated recitation, overlearning, and mnemonics are outlined.

1. Suresh Babu G
Memory

2. Memory
• Memory is defined as the power of keeping
facts in the conscious mind and of being able to
recall them back at time.
• It refers to the process of remembering and
association.

3. Definitions of Memory
• Drever – “Memory is that characteristic which
underlines all learning, the essential feature of which
is reflection. In narrow sense it is recall and
recognition”
• Woodworth and Marquis – “Memory is mental
power which consists in learning, retaining and
remembering what has previously been learnt”.
• Ryburn : “The power that we have to store our
experience, and to bring them into the field of
consciousness sometime after the experiences have
occurred, is termed as memory.

4. Suresh Babu G
Elements of Memory
• Learning
• Retention
• Recall
• Recognition

5. Memorization Process
• Encoding Process
• Storage Process
• Retrieval Process

6. Suresh Babu G
Types Of Memory

7. Types of Memory
• Short Term Memory : It is a type of memory
which is temporary and short lived. It is also
called as recent memory/working memory.
• The retention time is longer than immediate
memory. It may be long as 30 second or more.
• For example : in order to understand a
sentence, the beginning of the sentence needs
to be head in mind while the rest is read.

8. sh Babu G
Immediate Memory/Sensory
Memory
⦁ It is also a type of short term
memory
⦁ It is the ability to retain
impressions of sensory information
after the orginal stimulus has
ceased.
⦁ Eg : We enter a cinema hall, see
the seat number given in the
ticket, after sitting we forget it.

9. Long Term Memory/Permanent Memory
• It is also referred as remote memory
• Here retention is of a permanent nature.
• Eg : Remembering our name, date of birth etc

10. Explicit Memory
• Explicit memory or Declarative memory is one of the
two main types of long-term memory
• It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual
information, previous experiences and concepts.
• It is divided into episodic memory, which stores
specific personal experience and semantic memory,
which stores factual information.

11. • Episodic Memory : It is connected with
episodes and events which may consist of
personal events and experiences
associated with ones life. Eg: Describe an
accident
• Semantic memory : Helps to recollect the
relationship between events or association of
ideas. Eg : Bike and Helmet, Drinking and
driving etc.

12. • IMPLICIT:
• Procedural Memory : It is the long-term
memory of skills and procedures, or procedural
knowledge. It is considered as a form of
implicit memory. It is helpful in learning skills
and skills remain permanent always with the
person until diseased.
• Priming : It is a non-conscious from of human
memory concerned with perceptual identification
of words and objects. Eg : Try to remember the
following word in sequence – college, girlfriend,
birthday etc.

13. • Rote Memory : Here things are learned
without understanding their meaning. For
example, students mug up poems and
definitions and reproduce at the time of exam
• Logical Memory : Materials are learned with
insight, understanding and logical memory.
• Associative Memory : Here the individual
associate newly learned things with so many
related things existing in the memory and
then establish multiple connections.

14. Factors Influencing Memory
There are two factors that
influence the memory:
• Nature of the material to be
memorized – Meaningfulness of
the material to be memorized
and amount of the material to
be memorized.
• Methods and techniques of
memorizing

15. ⦁ Over-learning – learn, recall it perfect, practice it
again.
⦁ Make the subject matter meaningful and organize
it sequentially
⦁ Follow the principle of association.
⦁ Utilize as many senses, as possible.
⦁ Self-recitation is helpful in the process of retention
⦁ Use the principle of learning by doing
⦁ Repetition and continuous practice

16. Suresh Babu G
Healthy habits to improve
memory
• Regular exercise
• Managing stress
• Good sleep habits

17. FORGETTING

18. Forgetting is the apparent loss or
modification of information already
encoded and stored in an individual's
long term memory.
It is inability to encode, to store and retrieve the
previously learned information from long-term
memory over varying periods of times.

19. CAUSES BEHIND FORGETTING

20.  Faulty memory process
 Loss of interest
 Interference

21.  Retrieval problems
 Lack of motivation
 Physical damages

22.  Genetic factors
 Lack of recollecting
 Lack of readiness to recall

23. THEORIES OF FORGETTING

24. THE TRACE DECAY THEORY
1
According to this theory, forgetting occurs
because of the fading of the memory traces or
engrams as a result of lack of using the stored
item for a long period.

25. 2 THE THEORY OF INHIBITION OR INTERFERENCE
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of the
interference or inhibition of the memory traces of other
stored or learned items.
There are two kinds of interference:
a. Proactive inhibition: If the earlier learning interferes
with later learning and inhibits recall of new material,
it is known as proactive inhibition.
b. Retroactive inhibition: Inhibition of the earlier
learning and recall by later learning is known as
retroactive inhibition.

26. 3 THE RERPRESSION THEORY
It is a defensive mechanism that
painful items are thrown into
unconscious mind and the person
does not wish to remember them.

27. TECHNIQUES FOR EFFECTIVE
MEMORIZATION

28.  Repeated Recitation: Recite what you have learned to
yourself. Silent recitation will make you remember past
lessons.
 Over learning : It means that if you wish not to forget
what you have already learned, continue to reviewing it
now and then.
 Spaced practice: this is a strategy of studying in which a
relaxation or rest period is allotted in between a schedule
of studying.

29.  Selection: It is difficult to remember all the notes
written in your notebook or text book. Hence, you have
to place a selection markings in your notebooks or
textbooks which you can use to summarize your idea.
 Sleep
 Review

30.  Using mnemonics: Mnemonic systems are techniques or
strategies consciously used to improve memory. They help
use information already stored in long-term memory to
make memorization an easier task.
 Organization:This strategy can be done by organizing your
notes or making an outline so that when your ideas are
already organized, learning become easier, and faster.

31. Suresh Babu G
Thank you