Memory is the ability to encode, store, and recall past experiences. There are three main types of memory: sensory memory (less than 1 second), short-term memory (less than 1 minute), and long-term memory (lifetime). Long-term memory includes both implicit memory (procedural memory like skills) and explicit memory (facts and autobiographical events), which can be either episodic (personal experiences) or semantic (general knowledge). Memory is distributed across the brain and involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. It is influenced by many factors and is not perfectly accurate, as memories can be distorted or modified over time.
Memory, Forgetting,Psychology, 3 Phases of Memory, Division and sub categories of memory, four general stages of memory, sequential category levels of memory, two types of memory recollection, physical structure of memory, basic factors affecting memory, forgetting, the ebbinghaus forgetting curve, reasons for forgetting information, memorization technique
lecture 20 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Loftus, eyewitness memory
the presentation is about the encoding, capacity, retention duration, forgetting and retrieval of information in long term memory. it also introduce several studies done
Memory, Forgetting,Psychology, 3 Phases of Memory, Division and sub categories of memory, four general stages of memory, sequential category levels of memory, two types of memory recollection, physical structure of memory, basic factors affecting memory, forgetting, the ebbinghaus forgetting curve, reasons for forgetting information, memorization technique
lecture 20 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Loftus, eyewitness memory
the presentation is about the encoding, capacity, retention duration, forgetting and retrieval of information in long term memory. it also introduce several studies done
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information we have learned or experienced.
The three main forms of memory storage are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information we have learned or experienced.
The three main forms of memory storage are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Memory, Its Components, Its Types, Seven Sins of Memory, Strategies to Improv...Muhammad Shaheer
Today's topic is Memory, Its Components, How Information Becomes Memory, Its Types; wrt Information Research Perspectives, Seven Sins of Memory, Strategies to Improve Memory, Memory in Plants with examples....
This content mainly is useful for various groups of people such as teachers, parents and others in making people or children remember well what do they learn in daily activities.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. MEMORY INTRODUCTION
is an organism's abilityto store, retain, and recall
informationand experiences
is our abilityto encode, store, retain and subsequently
recall information and past experiences in the human
brain.
Encoding: a process of making mental representation of
information.It can also mean transferring from short term to
long term. is the more or less passive process of retaining
informationin the brain, whether in the sensory memory, the
short-term memory or the more permanent long-term
memory.
Storing:Process of placing encoded informationinto
relativelypermanent storage for later recall.
Remembering:the process of retrieving what has been
stored in short term or long term memory.
The power or process of reproducing or recalling what has
been learnedand retained esp. through associative
mechanisms
The store of things learned and retained from an
organism’s activity or experience as indicated by
modification of structure or behavior or by recall
or rec behaviour.In general terms one can define
2. memory as the use of past experience to influence
or affect human
WHERE MEMORY COMES FROM
Memory is not located on one particular part
of the brain but instead there is a brain wide
process in which different parts of the brain
work in conjunction with one
another(distributing process).
For example: when riding a bicycle, the whole
process is reconstructed by the brain in different
areas.
The memory of how to operate the bike comes
from one area, the memory of the street paths
comes from another area, the memory of bike
safety rules in another and the nervous feeling
when almost falling or being hit comes from
another part of the brain.
3. DISTRIBUTIVE PROCESS DIAGRAM
TYPES OF MEMORY
There are three main types of memory
1.Sensory memory
2.Long term memory
3.Short term memory
Unlike the other two types, long type memory is
extensive as it lasts a lifetime and thus has further sub
divisions as can be seen in the diagram below
4. Types of memory diagram
(a)SENSORY MEMORY (<1sec)
Sensory memories the Shortest term element of
memory. In order for anything to enter our memory, it
must be picked up by our senses(taste, touch, sight,
hearing and smell).
Sensory memory makes use of the five senses in order
to be developed.
For example, the ability to look at something and
remember what it looked like with just a second of
observation is an example of sensory memory.
5. The ability to look at an item for a second and then
remember what it looked like.
-It is processed approximately 200-500 milliseconds
after an item is perceived.
(b)SHORT TERM MEMORY
(<1min)
Also called working memory. It is everything you are
thinking of at the current moment. Takes less than one
minute to process.
It is the informationwe hang on to while doing another
process and it tends to disappearreally fast unless we
make an effort to rememberit.
For example, when reading a sentence, you place the
beginning of the sentence in mind so as to understand
the rest of the sentence acts as a kind of “scratch-pad”
for temporary recall of the information which is being
processed at any point in time, and has been referred
to as "the brain'sPost-it note".
(C)LONG TERM MEMORY (life- time)
This is a process of storing unlimited amounts of
information over long period of time.
6. Although there is the element of forgetting, long
term memorydecays very little and we are thus able
to recall most of it.
Short term memories can become long term
memories through the process of consolidation
which involves rehearsal and meaningful
association.
Unlike short-term memory (which relies mostly on
an acoustic, and to a lesser extent a visual, code for
storing information), long-term memoryencodes
information for storage semantically (i.e. based on
meaning and association).
7. Long term memory location
Characteristics of long term memory
It has an unlimited capacity and it is
relatively permanent.
Chances of retrieval are dependent
on encoding process.
Its accuracy may be distorted over
time
TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY
8. a) IMPLICIT MEMORY(procedural)
Implicit memory is memory that can
be unconsciously recalled. This is also
known as procedural memory. It is a
memory of skills and how to do
things, particularly movement of
body parts and use of objects or
machines.
This is memory acquired through
repetition and practise and is
composed of automatic sensorimeter
behaviours that are so deeply
embedded that we are no longer
aware of them. An example is when
you teach a child to write over and
over again, eventually it becomes
embedded in him until he is able to do
it simply without thinking so much
about it. Other examples include
riding a bike, tying a shoe-lace,
playing the guitar etc.
This type of long-term memory allowspeople to carry
out ordinary motor actionsmore or less automatically.Thisis
9. aided by previousperformances of the task without explicit
or conscious awareness of the previousexperiences, like you
do not remember how you learnt how to hold a spoon or
how to tie your shoe lace, yet now you can do it more
unconsciously.
Implicit memory is stored and encoded by the
cerebellum, putamen, caudate nucleus and the motor
cortex- all of which are involvedin motor control
Factors Affecting Implicit Memory
Stroke
Depression and stress
Drug abuse
Lack of sleep
Nutritional deficiency
Head injury
Medications
b)EXPLICIT(declarative)
Declarative memory is a type of long term memory
and it is also known as explicit memory.
10. It is in this memory where we store memories of
fact.
Your abilityto recall addresses, locationsof parking
garages, intersection names, phone numbers, and
an experience that you had at a restaurant are all a
part of declarative memory. For example: let's say
that you know that your favourite restaurant is only
open until 6 PM on Sundays. The time that the
restaurant closes is stored as a declarative
memory. We can consciously recall declarative
memory.
Factors Affecting Declarative Memory.
STRESS
Through experimentation method,
scholars have been able to detect that
those who are undergoing stress tend
to affect their declarative memory
more than those who are not
undergoing stress.
1.EPISODIC MEMORY
Episodic memory represents our memory
of experiences and specific events in time, from
11. which we can reconstructthe actual events that
took place at any given point in our lives
Episodic memory is what enables one to give an
account of an event which happened and will
tend to be different from someone else's.
EXAMPLES OF EPISODIC MEMORY
First day at a new job.
First movie you watched with your
wife.
The first time you travelled by plane.
Your wedding day.
Your first kiss.
2.SEMANTIC MEMORY
Semantic memory includes things that are common
knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of
letters, the capitals of countries and basic facts
acquired over a life time.
Semantic memory is the recollection of facts gathered
from the time we are young
Examples of semantic memory
Knowing that grass is green.
12. Knowing how to use scissors.
Understandinghow to put words together to form a
sentence.
Knowing how to use a phone.
Recognizing the names of colours
RETROSPECTIVE & PROSPECTIVE
MEMORY
An important alternative classification of long-term
memoryused by some researchers is based on the
temporal direction of the memories.
Retrospective memoryis where the content to be
remembered (people, words, events, etc) is in the past,
i.e. the recollection of past episodes. It includes
semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory, and
declarative memory in general, although it can be
either explicit or implicit.
Prospective memoryis where the content is to be
remembered in the future, and may be defined as
“rememberingto remember”or rememberingto
perform an intended action. It may be either event-
based or time-based, often triggered by a cue, such as
going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue), or
13. rememberingto post a letter (action) after seeing a
mailbox (cue).
Clearly, though, retrospective and prospective memory
are not entirely independent entities, and certain
aspects of retrospective memoryare usually required
for prospective memory. Thus, there have been case
studies where an impaired retrospective memoryhas
caused a definite impact on prospective memory.
However, there have also been studies where patients
with an impaired prospective memoryhad an intact
retrospective memory, suggesting that to some extent
the two types of memoryinvolve separate processes.
GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING MEMORY.
a. Ability to retain:
This depends upon good memorytraces left in the
brain by past experiences.
b. Good health:
A person with good health can retain the learnt
material better than a person with poor health.
c. Age of the learner:
Youngsters can remember better than the aged.
d. Maturity:
14. Very young children cannot retain and remember
complex material.
e. Will to remember:
Willingness to remember helps for better retention.
f. Intelligence:
More intelligent person will have better memorythan
a dull person,
g. Interest:
If a person has more interest, he will learn and retain
better.
h. Over learning:
Experiments have proved that over learning will lead
to better memory.
i. Speed of learning:
Quicker learning leads to better retention,
j. Meaningfulness of the material:
Meaningful materials remain in our memoryfor longer
period than for nonsense material,
k. Sleep or rest:
Sleep or rest immediatelyafter learning strengthens
connections in the brain and helps for clear memory.
How Accurate is Memory
Most people think that a memory is like a
nonfiction book or movie. Scientists have found
that human memory changes constantly. Memories
15. lose detail & become distorted as time passes.They
are shaped and reshaped by people’s beliefs,
expectations and views of themselves. People
modify their memoriesto include newly learned
information-even if the facts are wrong.
Painful memories lost and found, are harder to find
the truth especially when it comes to victims of
child abuse. Between 8 and 38% of women in
surveys thought they had suffered some kind of
sexual abuse as a child. So
Memories are distributed throughout our brains so
if one part of an experience is lost, another part of
it remains, example: If a memoryof someone's
name is lost, the memoryof their face is not.
Memory Glossary
Flashbulb Memories- are Vivid, detailed
memories of events associated with strong
emotions.
Eidetic Memory- The ability to remember
information and its surroundingsin great detail:
sometimes called photographic memory.
16. Episodic Memory- Memory for events in a
person’s past: a form of explicit memory
Implicit Memory- The system of memoriesthat
do not enter conscious awareness, including
memories for learned skills, habits, and
conditioning
Long-Term Memory- Explicit memory that lasts
for more than a few minutes
Perceptual Memory- A form of memoryin
which sense perceptions are recorded in the
brain for a few seconds
Anterograde Amnesia- the inability to form new
long term memories
Acetylcholine-a neurotransmitterused by some
nerve cells, including those destroyed by
Alzheimer’sdisease
Korsakoff’sSyndrome- A kind of amnesia that
usually affects alcoholics who eat a diet lacking
vitamin B
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)- A
disorder sometimes sufferedby people who
have sufferedterrifying experiences; it can
include nightmares and vivid memory
“flashbacks”.
17. Some causes of Memory Loss
Poor Health especially lack of Vitamin B
Severe Stress & unhappiness can interfere with
Memory
Alcohol slows down the nervous system and can block
storage of new memories
Traumatic experiences, Head injury, Addiction