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![Introduction
Behaviorism is defined as, “the study of learning based on directly observable
behavior” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 187). According to this concept, human behavior
can be explained. Key figures of behaviorism have dedicated their studies to explaining
both animal and human behavior, with regard to internal and external influences.
Additionally, learning is a process of “lasting change in knowledge or behavior based
on experience” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 186); however, conditioning is demonstrated
by training animal and/or human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The most well-
known behavioral approaches are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning [as see in the social-cognitive learning theory] (Carter & Seifert,
2013). Importantly, motivation is connected to human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013)
[illustrated later in this presentation].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/behavioralpsycpresentation-170826133047/75/Behavioral-Psychology-2-2048.jpg)
![References
APA. (2016). Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
APS. (n.d.). Albert Bandura to receive National Medal of Science [Image 6]. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/albert-bandura-to-receive-national-medal-of-science
Carter, K., & Seifert, C. M. (2013). Learn psychology. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Cherry, K. (2017, June 12). John B. Watson- pioneering psychologist biography. Retrieved from
https://www.verywell.com/john-b-watson-biography-1878-1958-2795550
Kandalyup3r. (2015, Febrauary 21). Conductismo [Image 2 & 4]. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/kandylaup3r/conductismo-44972371/5
Kengelhardt. (2012, April 15). Classical conditioning [Image 1]. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/Kengelhardt/classical-conditioning-12552587
McLeod. S. (2014). Bobo doll experiment. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html
McLeod. S. (2014). Skinner operant conditioning [Image 3]. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-
conditioning.html
Redmond. B. F. (2016, September 6). Need theories [Image 7]. Retrieved from
https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/PSYCH484/2.+Need+Theories
Schwartz, B., Wasserman, E. A., & Robbins, S. J. (2002). Psychology of learning and behavior (5th ed.). New York, NY: W.
W. Norton & Company.
Subliminal Hacking. (n.d.). Social engineering is it ethical [Image 8]? Retrieved from
http://www.subliminalhacking.net/2010/08/05/social-engineering-is-it-ethical/
Wise Geek. (n.d.). What is observational learning [Image 5]? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-
observational-learning.htm](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/behavioralpsycpresentation-170826133047/75/Behavioral-Psychology-12-2048.jpg)
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Behavioral Psychology
- 1. BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY Malika A. Bruno TheChicago School of Professional Psychology
- 2. Introduction Behaviorism isdefined as, “the study of learning based on directly observable behavior” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 187). According to this concept, human behavior can be explained. Key figures of behaviorism have dedicated their studies to explaining both animal and human behavior, with regard to internal and external influences. Additionally, learning is a process of “lasting change in knowledge or behavior based on experience” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 186); however, conditioning is demonstrated by training animal and/or human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The most well- known behavioral approaches are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning [as see in the social-cognitive learning theory] (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Importantly, motivation is connected to human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013) [illustrated later in this presentation].
- 3. Classical Conditioning Learningis a process of experience Learning is a process of instinct and reflex Stimulus and response happens naturally Images and events elicit emotional response (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 1. Pavlov’s dog (Kengelhardt, 2012)
- 4. Ivan P. Pavlov& John B. Watson Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) – Russian psychologist and Nobel Prize winner – Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment – Coined the phenomenon psychic secretions John B. Watson (1878-1958) – American psychologist – Believed in the role of instinct, reflex, and the environment – Little Albert Experiment (Carter & Seifert, 2013; Schwartz, Wasserman, & Robbins, 2002) Image 2. Pavlov & Watson (Kandalyup3r, n.d.).
- 5. Operant Conditioning Behavioris rewarded with consequence Behavior is repeated when outcomes are favorable Operant conditioning is based on reward and punishment Reinforcement strengthens behavior Behavior can be unlearned Extinction refers to the unlearning of behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 3. Skinner box (McLeod, 2014).
- 6. Edward L. Thorndike& B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) – Law of Effect (1898) – Behavior is motivated by positive reinforcement – Behavior does not begin as an inborn reflex but of random trial & error – Interest in animal intelligence lead to developments in operant conditioning B. F. Skinner (1904-1991) – Individuals learn as a result of consequence (operant conditioning) – Conducted experiments using the Skinner Box – Used conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to induced behavior – Skinner coined the term reinforcement learning (Carter & Seifert, 2013; Schwartz et al., 2002) Image 4. Thorndike & Skinner (Kandalyup3r, n.d.).
- 7. Observational Learning Learningequals modeling and imitation Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation Muscle movement and prior experience not needed Learning is a social-cognitive process Individuals observe (learn from) family and culture (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 5. Observation (Wise Geek, n.d.).
- 8. Albert Bandura Canadianpsychologist Conducted experiments in observational learning Coined the social-cognitive learning theory Developed the Bobo doll experiment Believed that aggression can be learned through modeling Used 72 children in a social experiment to study aggression (McLeod, 2014) Image 6. Bandura (APS, n.d.)
- 9. Motivation Motivation energizesfulfillment and goals Theories of motivation: – Instinct theory – Evolutionary theory – Drive theory – Arousal theory – Incentive theory – Hierarchical theory Question: Does/how does motivation align with behavioral approach? (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 7. Hierarchy of needs. (Redmond, 2016)
- 10. Ethics American PsychologicalAssociation (APA) (1892) APA governs: mental health professionals, their research, conduct, and protects participants Ethics is relevant to the study of behaviorism APA serves the integrity and ethical practice related to the field (APA, 2016) Image 8. Ethics (Subliminal Hacking, n.d.).
- 11. Summary ■ Conditioning isas a result of training or learned behavior through the acquisition of new knowledge (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The process of classical conditioning illustrates learning as a result of experience. Additionally, operant conditioning is demonstrated when learning is from the environment, thus motivated by reward or consequence (Carter & Seifert, 2013). In contrast, observational learning does not require muscle movement or prior experience and demonstrates learning as a cognitive process of modeling and imitation (Carter & Seifert, 2013). ■ As a result, developments to behavioral psychology include: origins of phobias, side- effects of chemotherapy, treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and many more clinical diagnosis (Carter & Seifert, 2013). As researchers expand upon how and why certain behaviors are motivated, mental health professionals use many of the approaches presented to promote psychological wellness.
- 12. References APA. (2016).Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ APS. (n.d.). Albert Bandura to receive National Medal of Science [Image 6]. Retrieved from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/albert-bandura-to-receive-national-medal-of-science Carter, K., & Seifert, C. M. (2013). Learn psychology. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Cherry, K. (2017, June 12). John B. Watson- pioneering psychologist biography. Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/john-b-watson-biography-1878-1958-2795550 Kandalyup3r. (2015, Febrauary 21). Conductismo [Image 2 & 4]. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/kandylaup3r/conductismo-44972371/5 Kengelhardt. (2012, April 15). Classical conditioning [Image 1]. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/Kengelhardt/classical-conditioning-12552587 McLeod. S. (2014). Bobo doll experiment. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html McLeod. S. (2014). Skinner operant conditioning [Image 3]. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant- conditioning.html Redmond. B. F. (2016, September 6). Need theories [Image 7]. Retrieved from https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/PSYCH484/2.+Need+Theories Schwartz, B., Wasserman, E. A., & Robbins, S. J. (2002). Psychology of learning and behavior (5th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Subliminal Hacking. (n.d.). Social engineering is it ethical [Image 8]? Retrieved from http://www.subliminalhacking.net/2010/08/05/social-engineering-is-it-ethical/ Wise Geek. (n.d.). What is observational learning [Image 5]? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is- observational-learning.htm
Editor's Notes
- #2 My name is Malika Bruno with The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. This presentation is titled Behavioral Psychology, which covers theories of behaviorism. Many psychologist have researched behavior; simply making connections about the motivators of behavior. Where does behavior come from? If or how is behavior learned? This presentation answers some of these questions starting with the definition of behaviorism.
- #3 Behaviorism is defined as, “the study of learning based on directly observable behavior” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 187). According to this concept, human behavior can be explained. Key figures of behaviorism have dedicated their studies to explaining both animal and human behavior, with regard to internal and external influences. Additionally, learning is a process of “lasting change in knowledge or behavior based on experience” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 186); however, conditioning is demonstrated by training animal and/or human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The most well-known behavioral approaches are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning [as see in the social-cognitive learning theory] (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Importantly, motivation is connected to human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013) [illustrated later in this presentation].
- #4 The classical conditioning approach suggests that learning is through the process of experience (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The main concept of classical conditioning is demonstrated in psychological response—instinct and reflex (Carter & Seifert, 2013). To illustrate, an individual may abstain from putting their hands in a dog’s mouth after being bitten. This concept is rooted in the inherit need for basic survival through stimulus and response. Additionally, emotional responses are elicited in humans through events or images (Carter & Seifert, 2013). This is demonstrated when individuals associate with painful memories due to cues that erect such feelings.
- #5 Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian psychologist and Nobel Prize-winner (Schwartz, Wasserman, & Robbins, 2002). Using dogs as his test subjects, he studied “the role of the salivary reflex in digestion” (Schwartz et al., 2002, p. 17). This work lead to the developments in classical conditioning in which Pavlov realized his dogs salivated in response to cues leading to feeding time. Due to the repetitive process developed by Pavlov, the dogs were conditioned (stimulated) to expect the delivery of food by the use of a bell. In other words, this experiment demonstrated how stimulus and response is represented in behavior. The phenomenon was later coined psychic secretions (Carter & Seifert, 2013). John B. Watson (1878-1958) was an American psychologist who believed that instinct, reflex, and the environment played an important role in behavior (Cherry, 2017). Watson is well known for his Little Albert experiment in which he demonstrated the process to which fear could be conditioned by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (Cherry, 2017).
- #6 In operant conditioning, “behavior is rewarded with consequences; if we are positively rewarded, we will perform this behavior again, and more often” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 187). In other words, behavior is reinforced (strengthened) when outcomes are favorable. Conceptually, operant conditioning is based on reward and punishment. To illustrate, verbal encouragement is likely to cause a repeat of behavior; whereas, negatively responding to someone is likely to reduce repeated behavior. Since behavior can be learned, it can also be unlearned. Extinction refers to the process of unlearning a behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013). This is useful when behaviors are adverse to individual health and/or the environment.
- #7 Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) was a behaviorist who coined the Law of Effect (1898) which suggests that behavior is motivated by positive reinforcement (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Thorndike set out to answer questions related to behaviors, and how it does not begin as an inborn reflex (Schwartz et al., 2002). Stated in Schwartz et al., (2002), Thorndike believed that “behavior occurs in a kind of random, trial-and error fashion, varying in form from moment to moment” (p. 20). His interest in animal intelligence lead him to developments in operant conditioning. B. F. Skinner (1904-1991), studied how individuals learn from consequences. He used rats and pigeons as his test subjects, creating the Skinner Box (Schwartz et al., 2002). Skinner used combinations of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to induce behavior. He coined the term reinforcement learning since positive outcomes was believed to induce repeated behaviors (Carter & Seifert, 2013).
- #8 Learning is a process of modeling and imitation. Modeled behavior is learned by another person through the act of imitation (Carter & Seifert, 2013). To successfully learn, one must pay attention, retain information, reproduce learned behavior, and be motivated to reinforce behavior learned (Carter & Seifert, 2013). This concept suggests that when learning by observation, muscle movement and/or prior experience is not needed (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Behavior is a social and cognitive process, which is illustrated in families and culture (Carter & Seifert, 2013). In United States culture, boys and girls learn mannerisms with regard to behavior [what toys to play with, how to dress, etc.].
- #9 Albert Bandura is a Canadian psychologist who conducted experiments about observational learning. Bandura believed that learning was cognitive. Bandura is well known for his contribution to social cognitive learning following his Bobo doll experiment. It was hypothesized that children exposed to aggression would imitate aggressive behaviors. Seventy-two children participated and were split into three groups (aggressive model, non-aggressive model, and no model). The hypothesis was correct. It was also found that boys showed more aggression than their counterparts (McLeod, 2014). Girls illustrated more psychical aggression toward their counterparts, but were more verbally aggressive toward female models (McLeod, 2014).
- #10 Motivation is defined as, “an inner state that energizes people toward the fulfillment of a goal” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 362). There are several theories that describe what motivates human behavior. Instinct theory suggest that individuals follow internal and external cues (Carter & Seifert, 2013). A baby can attempt to suck when near the mother’s breast (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Evolutionary theory demonstrate motivation as evolving through different species as a result of universal behaviors (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The drive theory suggests that a physiological state drives motivation (hunger, thirst, etc) (Carter & Seifert, 2013). In contrast, the arousal theory illustrates the choice of increased or decreased tension (jumping out of a plane etc.) (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The incentive theory can be displayed with a reword or payoff (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Finally, the hierarchal theory suggests that individuals are motivated by physiological needs, followed by safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Question for the audience: Does/how does motivation align with behavioral approach? Possible answers: Classical conditioning aligns with the instinct theory. Operant conditioning aligns with incentive theory. Observational learning aligns with the evolutionary theory.
- #11 The integrity of mental health professionals is not without governance and established guidelines. In 1892 the American Psychological Association (APA) was established for the purpose of governing the ethical standards of mental health professionals, their research, conduct, and moral responsibility to protect participants (APA, 2016). APA guidelines are relevant to the study of behaviorism due to the complex process involved in protecting the integrity of the practice and all its participants. APA serves the integrity and ethical practice related to human relations, customer privacy and confidentiality, fees, record keeping, advertising, maintaining competence, and education (APA, 2016).
- #12 Conditioning is as a result of training or learned behavior through the acquisition of new knowledge (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The process of classical conditioning illustrates learning as a result of experience. Additionally, operant conditioning is demonstrated when learning is from the environment, thus motivated by reward or consequence (Carter & Seifert, 2013). In contrast, observational learning does not require muscle movement or prior experience and demonstrates learning as a cognitive process of modeling and imitation (Carter & Seifert, 2013). As a result, developments to behavioral psychology include: origins of phobias, side-effects of chemotherapy, treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and many more clinical diagnosis (Carter & Seifert, 2013). As researchers expand upon how and why certain behaviors are motivated, mental health professionals use many of the approaches presented to promote psychological wellness.