educational psychology

2. Memory
The persistence of
learning over time
through the storage
and retrieval of
information.

3. The power that we have to ‘store’
our experiences and to bring them
into the field of our consciousness
some time after the experiences
have occurred, is termed memory ,
Memory is a complex process,
which involves factors like
learning, retention, recall and
recognition.

4. Remembering and Memory
• Memory denotes the ability of mind to retain and
reproduce learning. This power of ability helps in the
process of memorization. The terms memorization and
remembering carry the same meaning, while
differentiating memory and remembering.
• Memory can be likened to a giant filling cabinet in the
brain, with data stored, classified and cross-field for
future reference. Remembering depends on how the
brain goes about coding its input.

5. RECALL VERSUS RECOGNITION
R E C A L L
you must retrieve
the information
from your
memory
fill-in-the blank or
essay tests
R E C O G N I T I O N
you must identify
the target from
possible targets
multiple-choice
tests

6. THE MEMORY PROCESS
Three step process….
1. Encoding: The processing
of information into the
memory system.
2. Storage: The retention of
encoded material over
time.
3. Retrieval: The process of
getting the information
out of memory storage.

8.  Sensory memory is the memory that helps an
individual to recall something immediately
after it is perceived.
 Immediate memory is needed when we want
to remember a thing for a short time and can
then forget it.

9. Short Term Memory
 This type of memory is temporary,
through not nearly as short-lived as
immediate memory.
 The span of immediate memory
exceeds the short-term memory span.
However, some people are able to
retain much more information in their
short-term memories by a process
called chunking.

10.  Limited capacity
 Immediate memory
 Rehearsal maintains information
 Sensory image
 information from LTM retrieved and
used here
Short Term Memory

11.  Long term memory has seemingly limitless
capacity to store information . In addition
long term memory codes information
according to meaning, pattern and other
characteristics. Long term memory helps us
to remember a number of things on a
relatively permanent basis.

12. –Unlimited capacity
–Semantic coding
–Store, retain and remember things
• Explicit (declarative) memories
• Implicit (non-declarative) memories
Long term memory

13. Episodic
Memories
Semantic
Memories
EXPLICIT MEMORIES

14. 
 Episodic memory is concerned with episodes and
events. It may consists of personal events and
experiences associated with one’s life.
 Semantic memory helps in storing as well as
retrieving a collection of relationships between
events of ideas.
Episodic and Semantic memory

15. 
Implicit Memories
 Procedural Memories
 Conditioned
Memories

16. ECONOMY IN MEMORIZING
Recitation method:
In this method one learner first reads the matter
once or twice and then tries to recite and recall it
without looking at the material. Recitation method
thus provides continuous self-appraisal.

17. WHOLE AND PART METHOD:
 There are two methods of memorizing a thing. One
is to read the lesson again and again from the
beginning till the end as a whole. This is called the
whole method of memorization. In the other
method, the part method, lesson is divided into
parts and each part is memorized separately.

18. SPACED AND UNSPACED METHOD
 In spaced method of memorization, the subject is
not required to memorize the assigned material in
one sitting. Each time after memorizing the material
for some time, a period of rest is provided and this
principle of ‘work and rest’ is followed throughout.
On the other hand, in the unspaced method of
memorization, the subject has to memorize the
assigned material at one sitting without any interval
or rest until it is mastered.

19. Forgetting
Forgetting is the loss, permanent or temporary,
of the ability to recall or recognize something
learned earlier.
Forgetting is the failure of the individual to
retrieve in consciousness an idea or group of
ideas without the help of the original stimulus.
The power of long retention and rapid
reproduction makes for a good memory.,
Forgetting on the other hand, contribute towards
failure.

20. FORGETTING
• Retroactive
Interference:
• new information blocks
out old information.
• Proactive Interference:
old information blocks
out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old
girlfriends name.
Getting a new bus
number and forgetting
old bus number.