Membrana y transporte celular
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The document discusses cellular membrane structure and function. It describes how phospholipids form the fluid bilayer of the plasma membrane with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins carry out various roles like transport, signaling, and enzymatic activity. The document then examines different cellular transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It provides examples of osmosis in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and how cells maintain turgor pressure. Finally, it outlines the eukaryotic cell cycle with its interphase consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases followed by the M phase of mitosis and cytokines
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes and cell signaling. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes and describes the functions of membrane proteins including transport and cell signaling. It also summarizes the different types of cell junctions and how they allow communication between cells. Finally, it provides an overview of the cell cycle and its key phases including interphase, mitosis, and the checkpoints that cells undergo before progressing through the cycle.
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The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
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The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
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- The lipid bilayer is fluid and allows for lateral movement of proteins and lipids. Integral proteins span the membrane while peripheral proteins are loosely attached.
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The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells composed of membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. It modifies proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them for use within the cell or for secretion. The Golgi apparatus sorts macromolecules and transports them to their destinations through vesicles, acting like a post office. It plays an important role in the synthesis of cell wall components in plants by modifying and transporting non-cellulose polysaccharides to the plasma membrane for assembly on the exterior of the cell wall.
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Introduction
History
Endocytosis Pathways
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The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
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This document provides an overview of cell membranes and various types of cellular transport. It discusses the structure of the cell membrane and its selectively permeable properties. It describes passive transport mechanisms, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also explains active transport, distinguishing between primary active transport which uses ATP hydrolysis, and secondary active transport which utilizes concentration gradients. Vesicular transport processes of exocytosis and endocytosis are also outlined. Examples of abnormalities in transport proteins like sodium-potassium pumps are given. Key references consulted are listed.
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The document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. It describes the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer composed of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The membrane contains various proteins that facilitate transport, act as receptors, or perform other functions. The document outlines different types of membrane transport including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, bulk transport, and active transport.
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This document summarizes key cellular structures and components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It includes diagrams of bacterial cells, animal and plant cells labeling organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, and cell wall or membrane. Different types of microscopy used to study cell structure are also mentioned.
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes and transport across membranes. It discusses that membranes are flexible and selectively permeable barriers composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also describes the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and the different classes of membrane proteins. Furthermore, it summarizes the different mechanisms of membrane transport including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport, noting that active transport requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient.
Fluid Mosaic Model
The document describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. It discusses key aspects of the model, including:
- The membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it, giving it a mosaic-like structure.
- The lipid bilayer is fluid and allows for lateral movement of proteins and lipids. Integral proteins span the membrane while peripheral proteins are loosely attached.
- Experimental evidence from electron microscopy provides support for the model, showing a mosaic-like structure of particles within a smooth lipid matrix.
- The fluid mosaic model accounts for membrane properties and suggests new ways of thinking about membrane functions based on its structure and dynamics.
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The Golgi complex functions as a factory that processes and sorts proteins and lipids received from the ER. It modifies proteins through the addition of carbohydrates. Specifically, it modifies N-linked oligosaccharides on plasma membrane proteins by sequentially removing and adding sugar residues. It also synthesizes sphingomyelin and other lipids. Proteins and lipids are then transported from the trans Golgi network to their final destinations, such as lysosomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane, through transport vesicles.
Golgi complex structure and functions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus. It notes that the Golgi apparatus was discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi and is present in all eukaryotic cells. It has a central stack of flattened, interconnecting sacs called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, carrying out functions like secretion, synthesis, sulfation, phosphorylation, and apoptosis. It packages molecules into vesicles which are transported within the cell.
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The document discusses protein sorting in Golgi bodies. It describes how proteins are modified and sorted as they pass through the cis, medial, and trans faces of the Golgi apparatus. Proteins undergo processing like glycosylation and are targeted to their final destinations, such as organelles, vesicles, or secretion. The Golgi apparatus plays a key role in modifying and sorting proteins to their correct locations within and outside the cell.
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The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the outside environment. It is composed primarily of lipids and proteins arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The lipid bilayer that forms the foundation of the cell membrane is made up of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Embedded within this bilayer are transmembrane and peripheral proteins that perform important functions like selective transport, cell signaling, and providing anchoring sites. The fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 is widely accepted as it accounts for the fluid and dynamic nature of the cell membrane.
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The document discusses the discovery and structure of the Golgi apparatus. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi and has since been observed under light and electron microscopes. Under electron microscopy, it appears as a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae, along with peripheral tubules and vesicles. The cisternae vary in number between cell types and the Golgi complex plays an important role in processing and transporting materials within the cell.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
here u will find every detail of golgi.
Cell membrane permeability and functions
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which depicts the membrane as a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and other components. The membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing selective transport of molecules into and out of the cell through integral membrane proteins. Specific glycoproteins on the cell surface are exploited by viruses to infect particular cell types and organs. Transport across the cell membrane is mediated by membrane-spanning transport proteins that facilitate movement of ions and molecules.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that was discovered in 1897 by Camillo Golgi. It is composed of stacked flattened disks called cisternae that have three compartments - a cis face that receives vesicles from the ER, a lumen that modifies proteins, and a trans face that exports vesicles. The main functions of the Golgi apparatus are to modify, sort, and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell for transport within the cell.
Cell membrane
This document discusses cellular transport mechanisms. It describes the cell membrane and its composition of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It then explains various transport mechanisms including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport is also discussed, which requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient. Different types of active transport and the sodium-potassium pump example are provided. Bulk transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis are summarized.
gollgi body
The Golgi body is an organelle located near the cell nucleus that packages proteins and carbohydrates into vesicles for export from the cell. It is made up of stacked, flattened sacs called cisternae. The Golgi body processes and packages macromolecules like a packaging machine, modifying proteins and lipids for secretion from the cell. It plays an important role in processing proteins destined for secretion.
Membranes
Membranes are composed of lipids and proteins arranged in a fluid bilayer. This structure allows membranes to compartmentalize cells and carry out functions like transport. Lipids include phospholipids that form the bilayer, with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Proteins embedded in the bilayer perform roles like transporting molecules across membranes. Membranes use both passive diffusion and active transport to regulate what passes in and out. Water also crosses membranes through osmosis, regulated in cells by aquaporin channels. Membranes are dynamic structures that allow compartmentalization while maintaining functions through protein and lipid movement.
Golgi apparatus1
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells composed of membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. It modifies proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them for use within the cell or for secretion. The Golgi apparatus sorts macromolecules and transports them to their destinations through vesicles, acting like a post office. It plays an important role in the synthesis of cell wall components in plants by modifying and transporting non-cellulose polysaccharides to the plasma membrane for assembly on the exterior of the cell wall.
Receptor mediated endocytosis by kk
Introduction
History
Endocytosis Pathways
Clathrin mediated endocytosis
Caveolae
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
RECEPTOR mediated endocytosis
Types of ligands
Types of receptor
Formation of clathrin coated vesicle
Early endosome
Late endosome
Lysosomes
Genetic disease
LDL Receptor
Conclusion
References
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The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
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This document provides an overview of cell membranes and various types of cellular transport. It discusses the structure of the cell membrane and its selectively permeable properties. It describes passive transport mechanisms, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also explains active transport, distinguishing between primary active transport which uses ATP hydrolysis, and secondary active transport which utilizes concentration gradients. Vesicular transport processes of exocytosis and endocytosis are also outlined. Examples of abnormalities in transport proteins like sodium-potassium pumps are given. Key references consulted are listed.
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The document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. It describes the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer composed of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The membrane contains various proteins that facilitate transport, act as receptors, or perform other functions. The document outlines different types of membrane transport including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, bulk transport, and active transport.
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attachment.pptx
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that isolates the cell's contents from the external environment and regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is composed of around 50% lipids and 50% proteins. The phospholipid bilayer is impermeable to water-soluble molecules but permeable to small nonpolar molecules. Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis allow for movement of substances based on concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump and endocytosis/exocytosis require energy to move substances against gradients.
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name Page 1 This test is .docx
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 1
This test is to be completed on your own, the essay sections should not be the same as anyone else’s
(word for word) If that is what I find you both will receive 0 for this test.
Structure/Function Cell Part
1) Stores material within the cell (General)
2) The sites of protein synthesis
3) Transports materials within the cell
4) Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell
5) Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading
viruses or bacteria
6) Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
7) Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
8) Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
9) Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
10) The membrane surrounding the cell
11) Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
12) Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
13) Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 2
1) In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
2) Name two storage organelles?
3) What is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis?
4) How is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis?
5) What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? What is the ER doing that is
different in each case?
6) What are lysosomes? What types of molecules would be found inside a lysosome?
7) Why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole?
8) In what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies?
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 3
9) The pH of lysosomes is lower than that of the cytosol because of the action of
A. Na+ and OH− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
B. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the plasma membrane
C. acid-producing enzymes in the lysosomal lumen
D. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
10) The phenomenon in which a chemical absorbs light at one wavelength and emits it at a specific
and longer wavelength is called
A. Differential interference contrast.
B. fluorescence.
C. deconvolution.
D. shadowing.
11) Which of the following could be used to visualize subcellular structure in living cells?
A. transmission electron microscopy
B. scanning electron microscopy
C. bright field microscopy
D. differential Fluorescence interference light microscopy
12) If a cellular homogenate were subjected to differential centrifugation, which of the following
would be expected to pellet first?
A. the endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
C. the cytosol
D. nuclei
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 4
13) The disruption of a cell is necessary to release its organelles and contents for subsequent
isolation. One method, called _________________________________, uses ultrahigh-
...
CELL JUNCTIONS AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 2.docx
1. Diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding tight junction and connexin proteins include various forms of deafness, skin diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders.
2. Dysfunctions of adherens junctions and desmosomes can result in colon cancer and autoimmune blistering diseases respectively.
3. Abnormalities in sodium-potassium pumps and ion channels can cause conditions like cardiac failure, hypertension, muscle spasms, deafness, and cystic fibrosis.
BSC1005 Biology General Chapter 6 1 Chapter 6 Cel.docx
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
1
Chapter 6: Cell Energy, Transport and Enzymes
1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located
A) in membranes.
B) in the nucleus.
C) within chloroplasts.
D) outside of cells.
E) within mitochondria.
2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
3) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells.
4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to
A) glue cells together to form tissues.
B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.
C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton.
D) help the cell resist swelling.
E) help the cell retain its shape.
6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as
possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched?
A) plasma membrane phospholipids
B) plasma membrane proteins
C) cell-surface carbohydrates
D) plasma membrane cholesterols
E) cytoskeletal elements
7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
2
9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot ...
Plasma/Cell Membrane
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
plasma membrane.pptx
The document discusses the structure and composition of plasma membranes, describing the phospholipid bilayer and various integral and peripheral proteins that make up the fluid mosaic model. It explains the functions of cell membranes, including transport, signaling, and cell-cell interactions, and how different proteins are involved in processes like transport, reception, enzymatic activity, and adhesion. The fluidity and dynamics of the membrane are influenced by the phospholipids and cholesterol that make up the bilayer.
plasma membrane and its receptors in full detail biochemistry
The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of the cell that is selectively permeable and separates the internal cell components from the external environment. It has a bilayer structure composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a flexible lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that move laterally within the bilayer. Materials can pass through the membrane via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion using membrane protein channels, or active transport against the concentration gradient using membrane pumps that require cellular energy. Large particles enter and exit the cell through endocytosis and exocytosis using membrane vesicles.
Multiple Choice Question
Multiple Choice QuestionDr.Ravindra Kshirsagar P.G Department of Zoology Modern College Ganeshkhind Pune
The document contains two multiple choice tests regarding cell structure and function:
1. The first test contains 25 questions testing knowledge of cell organelles, their composition, and key discoveries in cell theory. Questions cover topics like the smallest cell, components of prokaryotic cells, structures that possess flagella, and organelles involved in photosynthesis and cell division.
2. The second test contains another 20 questions testing identification of cell organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and their functions in processes such as protein production, transport, and energy generation. It also covers distinguishing features of plant and animal cells.
3. Both tests assess foundational knowledge of cell biology, focusing on identifyingThe Role Of Proteins Of Cell Membrane Transport
Proteins play a pivotal role in cell membrane transport. They account for around 50% of the cell membrane's mass and are necessary for transporting molecules and signals through the membrane. There are two main types of membrane transport proteins: channel proteins which form pores through the membrane, and carrier proteins which bind molecules and change shape to move them across. When protein functions in the membrane are inhibited, transport of important molecules and signals is disrupted, affecting vital cell processes.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells by separating cells from their environments and controlling the passage of molecules. The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins that forms a selectively permeable bilayer. This structure allows materials to enter and exit cells through passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, or active transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane proteins play important roles in these transport functions.
LECTURE 1. PLASMA MEMBRANE.pptxhhjjjghfh
The plasma membrane is approximately 7.5 nm thick and consists of a lipid bilayer containing proteins. The lipid bilayer forms two leaflets and houses integral and peripheral membrane proteins. It maintains cell structure, acts as a semipermeable barrier, and participates in signal transduction. The membrane regulates interactions between the cell and its environment through transporters and channels that facilitate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
2 A&P I The Cell 10
The document summarizes key concepts about cell structure and function from a biology textbook chapter. It describes the cell theory, the structure and functions of the cell membrane and transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also outlines the structures and functions of major cell organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, microtubules, and cilia/flagella. Throughout, it emphasizes that a cell's form relates to its functions within the body.
Membranes
The document summarizes key concepts about cell membranes:
1. Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded. Cholesterol adds structure and prevents extremes of fluidity.
2. Membrane proteins perform important functions like transport, signaling, and attachment to the cytoskeleton.
3. Passive transport like diffusion and facilitated diffusion moves molecules down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport uses protein pumps and ATP to move molecules against gradients.
HB- SQ
This document contains a student quiz on cell components and organelles. It includes 20 multiple choice questions and 5 fill-in-the-blank questions on topics like the components of the cell membrane, functions of organelles like the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, and characteristics of structures like microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. It tests knowledge of the basic structures and functions within animal cells.
The cell membrane function
The cell membrane regulates the movement of materials in and out of cells. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates embedded. The membrane maintains homeostasis by transporting nutrients into the cell and waste out, while preventing unwanted substances from entering or needed materials from leaving. Transport occurs through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and bulk transport like endocytosis and exocytosis.
Plasma membrane and_transport system
Plasma membrane is boundary of the cytoplasm.it is also known as biological membrane & unit membrane.
Chapter 3
The document summarizes key concepts about cells:
- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms according to cell theory established by Schleiden and Schwann.
- Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions and transport systems that allow movement of materials into and out of the cell.
- DNA in the nucleus serves as the genetic blueprint, which is used to synthesize proteins through transcription and translation.
Plasma membrane and transport system
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. . The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
Lecture ce4
The document summarizes key concepts about cells:
1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Cells come in different shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions.
2. The main parts of a cell are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane defines the cell boundary, the cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell, and the nucleus contains the cell's genes.
3. Transport across the plasma membrane can occur passively via diffusion and osmosis or actively via pumps that require energy. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure.
Raycroft cell cell membrane
This document contains a practice test with multiple choice questions about cell organelles and their functions. It tests knowledge of the structures and roles of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell membrane, and vacuoles. It also contains short answer and multiple choice questions about cellular transport mechanisms, like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, and how they relate to movement across the cell membrane.
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We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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留信网认证的作用:
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Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
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Membrana y transporte celular
- 1. B I O 1 1 1 Membrana y transporte celular
- 2. Figureage 97 Cell interior Plasma membranePlasma membrane Outside cell 0.1 µm
- 3. Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails (a) Phospholipids in water (b) Detergent in water
- 9. Funciones de las proteínas de la membrana Anclaje Transporte pasivo Transporte activo Actividad enzimática Comunicación Reconocimiento Unión
- 10. Outside cell Outside cell Inside cell Integrin Outside cell Outside cell Outside cell Inside cell Inside cell Inside cell ATP ADP P Na+ (a) Anchoring (b) Passive transport (d) Enzymatic activity(c) Active transport
- 11. Outside cell Inside cell Outside cell 1 Inside cell 2 Outside cell Inside bacterial cell Human B cell Human B cell Antigen (e) Signal transduction (f) Cell recognition (g) Intercellular junction (g) Intercellular junction
- 12. Mecanismos de transporte celular Difusión Osmósis Difusión facilitada Transporte activo Endocitosis Exocitosis
- 13. Difusión 1 2 3
- 15. Osmosis Diferencia en concentración Membrana selectiva Presión osmótica
- 16. Figure 5-11 Page 104 Net movement of water molecules Pressure applied to piston to resist upward movement Water plus solute Pure water Water molecule Molecule of solute Selectively permeable membrane
- 17. Solución isotónica Solución hipertónica Solución hipotónica
- 18. Outside cell Outside cell Outside cell Inside cell Inside cell Inside cell No net water movement Net water movement out of the cell Net water movement into the cell Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution 10µm (a) (b) (c)
- 23. Outside cell Outside cell Inside cell Inside cell Low concentration of solute High concentration of solute
- 24. Figure 5-15b Page 108 ATP ADP 1. Three sodium ions bind to the transport protein 2. A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to the transport protein 3. The transport protein under- goes a conformational change, releasing three sodium ions outside the cell. 6. The transport protein returns to its original shape: Two potassium ions are released inside the cell 5. The phosphate is released 4. Two potassium ions bind to the transport protein (b)
- 25. Endocitosis
- 26. Figure 5-17 Page 110 0.25µm 1. A vesicle approaches the plasma membrane 2. fuses with it and 3. releases its contents outside the cell.
- 27. Figure 5-18(1) Page 111 3. Lysosomes may fuse with the vacuole and pour their potent enzymes onto the ingested material. 2. The vacuole then pinches off inside the cell. 1. Folds of the plasma membrane surround the particle to be ingested, forming a small vacuole around it.
- 28. Figure 5-18(2) Page 111Nucleus Lysosomes Large vacuole Bacteria Ingested bacteria Glycogen (stored nutrients) 2.5µm
- 29. Figure 5-19 Page 111 Microvilli Pinocytotic vesicle Cytosol
- 30. Figure 5-20a Page 112 Plasma membrane Cytosol Uncoated vesicle Endosome LDL receptor transported to plasma membrane and recycled Free cholesterol Secondary lysosome Lysosome Clathrin Clathrin recycled Coated pit LDL particle LDL receptor (a)
- 32. Fig. 5-23a, p. 126 Coated pit LDL attaches to specific receptors in coated pits on plasma membrane. Vesicle containing LDL particles fuses with a lysosome, forming a secondary lysosome. Hydrolytic enzymes then digest cholesterol from LDL particles for use by cell. Endocytosis results in formation of a coated vesicle in cytosol. Seconds later coat is removed. Uncoated vesicle fuses with endosome. Receptors are returned to plasma membrane and recycled. (a) Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which transport cholesterol in the blood. Endosome Endosome Primary lysosome Clathrin recycled Secondary lysosome Free cholesterol Clathrin Cytosol Uncoated vesicle Plasma membrane LDL receptor LDL particle 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- 33. Exocitosis
- 34. Fig. 5-20, p. 124 Exocitosis
- 35. Ciclo Celular
- 36. Fig. 10-5, p. 215 INTERPHASE G1 (First gap phase) S (Synthesis phase) G2 (Second gap phase) M PHASE (Mitosis and cytokinesis)
- 37. Fig. 10-6a, p. 216
- 38. Fig. 10-6b, p. 217