1) Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, such as glucose.
2) The process of photosynthesis takes place in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars.
3) In the light-dependent reactions, light is absorbed by antenna pigments like chlorophyll which transfer electrons to the photosystems. This powers the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Here we have described what photosynthesis is. We have gone through different phases of photosynthesis as well as different cycles of photosynthesis used by different plants
Here we have described what photosynthesis is. We have gone through different phases of photosynthesis as well as different cycles of photosynthesis used by different plants
Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
Photosynthesis overview
A. Purpose
B. Location
The light vs. the “dark” reaction
Chloroplasts pigments
A. Light absorption
B. Types
Light reactions
A. Photosystems
B. Photophosphorylation
V. The light independent reaction (“dark” reaction)
A. Carbon “fixation”
B. Reduction
C. Regeneration
VI. Alternative plants
Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
Photosynthesis overview
A. Purpose
B. Location
The light vs. the “dark” reaction
Chloroplasts pigments
A. Light absorption
B. Types
Light reactions
A. Photosystems
B. Photophosphorylation
V. The light independent reaction (“dark” reaction)
A. Carbon “fixation”
B. Reduction
C. Regeneration
VI. Alternative plants
For this assignment, we were instructed to create a powerpoint presentation of at least 12 slides that adequately covered an academic subject of our choice. All sources for media is cited in the work cited at the end of the presentation.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
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Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. • Luz se transforma en energía química
(compuesto orgánico)
• Ocurre en el cloroplasto
• Requiere pigmentos fotosintéticos
• Plantas, algas, bacterias fotosintéticas
• CO2 se convierte en carbohidrato
5. Luz
◦ Compuesta de fotones
Luz visible es una porción
pequeña del espectro
electromagnético
◦ La energía viaja en ondas
◦ Onda corta más energía que onda
larga
6. Fotosíntesis es un proceso
redox
◦ Se captura la energía solar y se
transforma en carbohidrato
◦ Hidrógenos del agua reducen el
carbono
◦ Oxígeno del agua se oxida
7. TV and
radio
waves
Micro-waves
Infrared
Visible
UV
X-rays
Gamma
rays
Color
spectrum
of visible
light
One wavelength
Longer wavelength
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
760 nm
700 nm
600 nm
500 nm
400 nm
380 nm
Electromagnetic
spectrum Shorter wavelength
12. (b) 10μm
Thylakoids Outer membrane
Inner
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Thylakoid
membrane
Stroma Granum
(stack of
thylakoids)
Thylakoid
(c) lumen
13. Clorofila
◦ Pigmento fotosintético -principal
◦ Clorofila a, clorofila b, carotenoides,
se encuentran en las membranas
tilacoides de los cloroplastos
14. Fotosistemas I y II
◦ Dos tipos de unidades fotosintéticas
◦ Cada fotosistema incluye
Moléculas de clorofila
Complejos de antenas
◦ Centro de reacción del Fotosistema I
P700 pico de absorción en 700 nm
◦ Centro de reacción Fotosistema II
P680 pico de reabsorción en 680 nm
15. Primary
electron
acceptor
Photon
Thylakoid
Chloroplast
Photosystem
Antenna
complexes
Reaction
center
e–
16. Estimated absorption (%)
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Wavelength (nm)
(a)
Relative rate of photosynthesis
Wavelength (nm)
(b)
18. Fases de fotosíntesis
◦ Dependiente de luz
tilacoides
Los electrones energizados por la luz se
convierten en ATP
◦ Fijación de carbono
estroma
Compuestos productos de la fase
dependiente se requieren para la
formación de carbohidrato
21. La luz es absorbida por la clorofila
Clorofila excitada-nivel energético alto
Libera electrones altos en energía, se ioniza,
queda con carga positiva-Fotoionización
Electrones pasan cadena transporte
Se degradan energéticamente
cíclica
no cíclica
La clorofila se neutraliza
22. Transporte de electrones
cíclica
◦ Electrones del fotosistema I regresan
al fotosistema I
◦ Se genera ATP por quimiosmosis
◦ No NADPH, no O2
23. Light-dependent reactions Carbon fixation reactions
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
H2O O2
CO2
Chloroplast
Carbohydrates
24. Light-dependent reactions
(in thylakoids)
Carbon fixation reactions
(in stroma)
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
H2O O2 CO2
Chloroplast
Carbohydrates
25. Transporte de electrones no
cíclica
◦ Se forma ATP y NADPH
◦ Electrones energizados por luz son
aceptados por NADP+
◦ Una serie de reacciones redox
◦ Electrones que provienen de P680
son reemplazados por los que
provienen del H2O
◦ Ocurre fotolisis
27. Oxidation- reduction potential (volts) (relative energy level)
Primary
electron
acceptor
Primary
electron
acceptor
NADPH
NADP+
ATP
H2O
O2
ADP
1
2
Photosystem II(P680)
Production
of ATP by
chemiosmosis
H+
Ferredoxin
Plastiquinone
Cytochrome
complex
Plastocyanin
1/2 + 2 H+
Pi
A0
A1
FeSx
FeSB
FeSA
(from medium)
Photosystem I(P700)
Electron
transport
chain
Electron
transport
chain
2e-
2 e
29. Síntesis de ATP y transporte de
electrones
◦ Electrones se mueven en cadena de
electrones
◦ Protones (H+) se mueven de la
estroma hacia el lumen del tilacoide,
creando un gradiente de protones
34. Light-dependent reactions Carbon fixation reactions
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
H2O O2
CO2
Chloroplast
Carbohydrates
35. Fijación del Carbono
◦ Se forma carbohidrato a partir de
CO2 , ATP, y NADPH
12 NADPH + 18 ATP + 6 CO2 →
C6H12O6 + 12 NADP + + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 6 H2O
36. Fases del ciclo de Calvin
◦ capturar CO2
◦ reducción del carbono
◦ regeneración de RuBP
38. CO 2 molecules are
captured by RuBP,
resulting in an unstable
intermediate that is
immediately broken
apart into 2 PGA
12 molecules of
phosphoglycerate
(PGA)
12 ATP
12 ADP
PGA is phosphorylated
by ATP and reduced by
NADPH. Removal of a
phosphate results in
formation of G3P.
1
Through a series of
reactions G3P is
rearranged into new
RuBP molecules or
another sugar
6 ADP
ATP
P P
6 molecules of ribulose
phosphate (RP)
Glucose and other
carbohydrate synthesis
6 molecules of
ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
2 molecules
of glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)
CALVIN
CYCLE
Carbon
reduction
phase
RuBP
regeneration
phase
CO2 uptake
phase
12 NADPH
6 molecules of CO2
10 molecules
of G3P
P
P
P
P
P
P
12 molecules
of glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)
3
2
12 NADP+
