- Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plants, algae and bacteria. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-storing carbohydrates like glucose through the process of photosynthesis.
- During photosynthesis, light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, and light-independent reactions in the Calvin cycle use these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
- The two photosystems drive electron transport that establishes a proton gradient, producing ATP by chemiosmosis and reducing NADP+ to NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon into carbohydrates like glucose.
Here we have described what photosynthesis is. We have gone through different phases of photosynthesis as well as different cycles of photosynthesis used by different plants
Here we have described what photosynthesis is. We have gone through different phases of photosynthesis as well as different cycles of photosynthesis used by different plants
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
This presentation describes the process of photosynthesis on plants. In order for plants to grow, they need inputs of Carbon dioxide (CO2), water and energy. The chemical process by which plants use these resources to manufacture glucose, the building blocks of plants, is called photosynthesis.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
This presentation describes the process of photosynthesis on plants. In order for plants to grow, they need inputs of Carbon dioxide (CO2), water and energy. The chemical process by which plants use these resources to manufacture glucose, the building blocks of plants, is called photosynthesis.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. • Luz se transforma en energía química
(compuesto orgánico)
• Ocurre en el cloroplasto
• Requiere pigmentos fotosintéticos
• Plantas, algas, bacterias fotosintéticas
• CO2 se convierte en carbohidrato
5. Luz
◦ Compuesta de fotones
Luz visible es una porción
pequeña del espectro
electromagnético
◦ La energía viaja en ondas
◦ Onda corta más energía que onda
larga
6. Fotosíntesis es un proceso
redox
◦ Se captura la energía solar y se
transforma en carbohidrato
◦ Hidrógenos del agua reducen el
carbono
◦ Oxígeno del agua se oxida
13. Clorofila
◦ Pigmento fotosintético -principal
◦ Clorofila a, clorofila b, carotenoides,
se encuentran en las membranas
tilacoides de los cloroplastos
14. Fotosistemas I y II
◦ Dos tipos de unidades fotosintéticas
◦ Cada fotosistema incluye
Moléculas de clorofila
Complejos de antenas
◦ Centro de reacción del Fotosistema I
P700 pico de absorción en 700 nm
◦ Centro de reacción Fotosistema II
P680 pico de reabsorción en 680 nm
18. Fases de fotosíntesis
◦ Dependiente de luz
tilacoides
Los electrones energizados por la luz se
convierten en ATP
◦ Fijación de carbono
estroma
Compuestos productos de la fase
dependiente se requieren para la
formación de carbohidrato
21. La luz es absorbida por la clorofila
Clorofila excitada-nivel energético alto
Libera electrones altos en energía, se ioniza,
queda con carga positiva-Fotoionización
Electrones pasan cadena transporte
Se degradan energéticamente
cíclica
no cíclica
La clorofila se neutraliza
22. Transporte de electrones
cíclica
◦ Electrones del fotosistema I regresan
al fotosistema I
◦ Se genera ATP por quimiosmosis
◦ No NADPH, no O2
23. Light-dependent reactions Carbon fixation reactions
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
H2O O2
CO2
Carbohydrates
Chloroplast
25. Transporte de electrones no
cíclica
◦ Se forma ATP y NADPH
◦ Electrones energizados por luz son
aceptados por NADP+
◦ Una serie de reacciones redox
◦ Electrones que provienen de P680
son reemplazados por los que
provienen del H2O
◦ Ocurre fotolisis
29. Síntesis de ATP y transporte de
electrones
◦ Electrones se mueven en cadena de
electrones
◦ Protones (H+) se mueven de la
estroma hacia el lumen del tilacoide,
creando un gradiente de protones
34. Light-dependent reactions Carbon fixation reactions
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
H2O O2
CO2
Carbohydrates
Chloroplast
35. Fijación del Carbono
◦ Se forma carbohidrato a partir de
CO2 , ATP, y NADPH
12 NADPH + 18 ATP + 6 CO2 →
C6H12O6 + 12 NADP + + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 6 H2O
36. Fases del ciclo de Calvin
◦ capturar CO2
◦ reducción del carbono
◦ regeneración de RuBP
38. CO 2 molecules are
captured by RuBP,
resulting in an unstable
intermediate that is
immediately broken
apart into 2 PGA
PGA is phosphorylated
by ATP and reduced by
NADPH. Removal of a
phosphate results in
formation of G3P.
Through a series of
reactions G3P is
rearranged into new
RuBP molecules or
another sugar
Glucose and other
carbohydrate synthesis
2 molecules
of glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)
6 molecules of
ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
CALVIN
CYCLE
Carbon
reduction
phase
RuBP
regeneration
phase
CO2 uptake
phase
12 NADPH
12 ADP
12 molecules of
phosphoglycerate
(PGA)
12 ATP
6 molecules of CO2
10 molecules
of G3P
6 molecules of ribulose
phosphate (RP)
ATP
6 ADP
P
P
P
P
P
P P
P
12 molecules
of glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)
1
3
2
12 NADP+
