I have used NPT simulation to find out the melting point of silver. I have used EAM potential as force-field. My result is too near to experimental value.
This is the summary of a study we conducted to simulate heat transfer in one dimension of same and alternating mass systems using statistical mechanics and molecular dynamics.
Effect of sodium doping on thermal properties of perovskite r mn o3 for poten...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the effect of sodium doping on the thermal properties of perovskite rare earth manganites RMnO3 for potential magnetoelectric applications. It studies the thermal, elastic, and cohesive properties of sodium-doped rare earth manganites R1-xNaxMnO3 (R3+ = La, Pr, Tb) using a modified rigid ion model and atom in molecules theory. It finds that sodium doping increases the A-site cation radius, affecting properties like lattice specific heat, Debye temperature, thermal expansion, bulk modulus, and cohesive energy. These thermal properties are important for determining the compatibility of components in thermoelectric devices and revealing electron-lattice coupling in
The document discusses entropy from statistical and thermodynamic perspectives. It defines entropy statistically as the natural logarithm of the number of microscopic configurations of a system. The document outlines how entropy is a state function that always increases for irreversible processes according to the second law of thermodynamics. It also discusses how entropy is additive for combined systems and how the conditions of thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium can be defined in terms of entropy being maximized. The Gibbs paradox regarding mixing of ideal gases is also summarized.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transfer through heat and work. It has applications in many engineering fields involving energy transfer, like engines and power plants. There are two approaches to thermodynamics - classical and statistical. Classical thermodynamics takes a macroscopic view while statistical views systems at the molecular level. A thermodynamic system exchanges heat and work with its surroundings, and its state is defined by intensive properties like pressure and temperature. A system in equilibrium has no imbalances and its properties remain constant. Processes occur as a system moves between equilibrium states, and cycles occur when the final state matches the initial one.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. It provides a necessary but not sufficient condition for a process to occur. The first law was established through experiments by Joule showing that work input is proportional to heat output. The first law applies to closed systems and describes the various forms energy can take, such as work, heat, internal energy, and how changes in these forms are related through the principle of conservation of energy.
Mujeeb UR Rahman is a chemical engineering student at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan who can be found on SlideShare, ResearchGate, and Academia. The document provides an example of calculating the voltage required to cause a 10°C temperature rise in a copper wire heated by an electric current. It then asks the reader to repeat the analysis assuming the heat flux at the wall is given by Newton's law of cooling using the known heat transfer coefficient and ambient air temperature. The solution proceeds similarly but uses Newton's law of cooling to determine the second integration constant and gives the final temperature profile in terms of the surface temperature and ambient air temperature.
This chapter discusses work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems. It defines work as force times distance for simple mechanical systems, and as the potential to lift a mass for thermodynamic systems. Positive work is done by a system when it could potentially lift a mass. Heat is defined as energy transfer due solely to temperature differences. The chapter also covers various forms of work including displacement work, units of work and power, and the sign conventions for work and heat. It discusses different thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isovolumetric and polytropic processes. The path dependence and additivity of work are also covered.
Thermodynamics describes the relationship between heat and work for a system and its surroundings. A system is separated from its surroundings by walls that may allow heat transfer (diathermal) or not (adiabatic). A system's state is specified by properties like pressure, volume, temperature, and mass. The zeroth law states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other. The first law relates changes in a system's internal energy to heat and work. Thermal processes like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic involve constant pressure, volume, temperature, or no heat transfer respectively.
This is the summary of a study we conducted to simulate heat transfer in one dimension of same and alternating mass systems using statistical mechanics and molecular dynamics.
Effect of sodium doping on thermal properties of perovskite r mn o3 for poten...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the effect of sodium doping on the thermal properties of perovskite rare earth manganites RMnO3 for potential magnetoelectric applications. It studies the thermal, elastic, and cohesive properties of sodium-doped rare earth manganites R1-xNaxMnO3 (R3+ = La, Pr, Tb) using a modified rigid ion model and atom in molecules theory. It finds that sodium doping increases the A-site cation radius, affecting properties like lattice specific heat, Debye temperature, thermal expansion, bulk modulus, and cohesive energy. These thermal properties are important for determining the compatibility of components in thermoelectric devices and revealing electron-lattice coupling in
The document discusses entropy from statistical and thermodynamic perspectives. It defines entropy statistically as the natural logarithm of the number of microscopic configurations of a system. The document outlines how entropy is a state function that always increases for irreversible processes according to the second law of thermodynamics. It also discusses how entropy is additive for combined systems and how the conditions of thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium can be defined in terms of entropy being maximized. The Gibbs paradox regarding mixing of ideal gases is also summarized.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transfer through heat and work. It has applications in many engineering fields involving energy transfer, like engines and power plants. There are two approaches to thermodynamics - classical and statistical. Classical thermodynamics takes a macroscopic view while statistical views systems at the molecular level. A thermodynamic system exchanges heat and work with its surroundings, and its state is defined by intensive properties like pressure and temperature. A system in equilibrium has no imbalances and its properties remain constant. Processes occur as a system moves between equilibrium states, and cycles occur when the final state matches the initial one.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. It provides a necessary but not sufficient condition for a process to occur. The first law was established through experiments by Joule showing that work input is proportional to heat output. The first law applies to closed systems and describes the various forms energy can take, such as work, heat, internal energy, and how changes in these forms are related through the principle of conservation of energy.
Mujeeb UR Rahman is a chemical engineering student at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan who can be found on SlideShare, ResearchGate, and Academia. The document provides an example of calculating the voltage required to cause a 10°C temperature rise in a copper wire heated by an electric current. It then asks the reader to repeat the analysis assuming the heat flux at the wall is given by Newton's law of cooling using the known heat transfer coefficient and ambient air temperature. The solution proceeds similarly but uses Newton's law of cooling to determine the second integration constant and gives the final temperature profile in terms of the surface temperature and ambient air temperature.
This chapter discusses work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems. It defines work as force times distance for simple mechanical systems, and as the potential to lift a mass for thermodynamic systems. Positive work is done by a system when it could potentially lift a mass. Heat is defined as energy transfer due solely to temperature differences. The chapter also covers various forms of work including displacement work, units of work and power, and the sign conventions for work and heat. It discusses different thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isovolumetric and polytropic processes. The path dependence and additivity of work are also covered.
Thermodynamics describes the relationship between heat and work for a system and its surroundings. A system is separated from its surroundings by walls that may allow heat transfer (diathermal) or not (adiabatic). A system's state is specified by properties like pressure, volume, temperature, and mass. The zeroth law states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other. The first law relates changes in a system's internal energy to heat and work. Thermal processes like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic involve constant pressure, volume, temperature, or no heat transfer respectively.
Ideal gases approximate the behavior of real gases at low pressures and densities. The kinetic theory of gases describes ideal gases as large numbers of tiny particles that move freely and undergo elastic collisions. The kinetic theory assumptions lead to simple relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles or particles for ideal gases. The van der Waals equation accounts for the finite size of gas particles and their intermolecular attractions, better describing the behavior of real gases that deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures.
All of material inside is un-licence, kindly use it for educational only but please do not to commercialize it.
Based on 'ilman nafi'an, hopefully this file beneficially for you.
Thank you.
The document discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measure of disorder in a system and explains that the second law states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes in closed systems. It provides examples of reversible and irreversible processes. Reversible processes can return to their initial state while irreversible processes, like combustion, cannot. The document also discusses how entropy relates to temperature, heat transfer between objects, and the direction of spontaneous processes in thermodynamics.
This document contains the solutions to homework problems assigned in a thermodynamics course. It provides instructions for submitting homework solutions, including showing all work. It then lists 7 problems and provides the numerical solutions. The problems cover various thermodynamic concepts like the ideal gas law, polytropic processes, work calculations, property tables and definitions.
An alternative way to calculate spin ground state of organometallic complexes. Shown for more than one metallic centers and complex formalism, For more please feel free to mail me.
This document contains information about transport phenomena including:
1. An example of calculating the time it takes for a brass kettle to empty based on the mass flow rate out of the kettle.
2. An introduction to Mujeeb UR Rahman, a chemical engineering student, and examples of where he can be found online.
3. An example problem involving calculating the chlorine concentration in a swimming pool based on inputs and outputs of water.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and work, and state functions. Energy exists in various forms including heat, light, electrical, and kinetic and potential. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Chemical reactions can be exothermic or endothermic depending on the direction of heat transfer. The total energy in a chemical system is conserved according to the law of conservation of energy. Changes in potential and kinetic energy account for temperature changes in chemical processes.
The chapter discusses entropy, which is defined based on the Clausius inequality. Entropy is a state function that depends on the initial and final states, not the path between states. It is a measure of disorder or unavailable work in a thermodynamic system. The entropy change of a system is determined by the heat transfer and temperature. Entropy always increases for irreversible processes in an isolated system according to the second law of thermodynamics.
This document contains a homework assignment for a thermodynamics class consisting of 6 problems. The problems cover topics like heat transfer calculations, the first law of thermodynamics, and using thermodynamic property tables. The student is asked to show their work symbolically, report numerical values to appropriate significant figures, and provide brief yet complete answers in sentences for conceptual questions.
1. Thermodynamics covers basic concepts including open and closed systems, state functions, and the laws of thermodynamics.
2. The zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium and allows for the definition of temperature.
3. The first law concerns the conservation of energy and establishes the concept of internal energy. Heat and work are both means of transferring energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, work, and energy. It describes macroscopic properties of systems in thermal equilibrium. A system is defined along with its surroundings and properties. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated. Thermodynamic properties include extensive properties that depend on system size and intensive properties that do not. The four laws of thermodynamics relate temperature, heat, work, and energy within a system. Heat transfer and phase changes involve latent heat in addition to specific heat.
The document summarizes an experiment that studied the kinetics of a reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate in batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR). The objectives were to determine the reaction rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea). For the batch reactor, k and fractional conversion were calculated from concentration data over time. For the CSTR, conductivity measurements at steady states were used to calculate k and Ea based on how they relate to temperature according to the Arrhenius equation. While some results agreed with expectations, the calculated k and Ea values differed substantially from literature values, suggesting issues with temperature control, flow rate calibration, or reactor volume measurement that need addressing in future experiments.
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation technique used to model physical movements of atoms and molecules over time. MD simulations involve numerically solving classical equations of motion to simulate interactions between atoms at different scales, from molecular to human to planetary. While MD can provide detailed atomic-level insights, it has limitations such as potential issues with numerical integration accuracy at small time steps.
1. The document contains 5 multi-part thermodynamics problems involving processes like compression, expansion, mixing, and throttling of steam and refrigerants. The problems require applying concepts like the first law of thermodynamics, property tables, and the principles of open and closed systems to determine properties like temperature, work, heat, and mass flow rate.
2. Problem 2 involves mixing steam at different pressures and temperatures in two tanks, then using an energy balance to find the final temperature and heat lost when equilibrium is reached.
3. Problem 3 calculates the rate of heat transfer for a steam turbine given inlet and exit conditions like pressure, temperature, velocity and power output.
The document summarizes key concepts from the second law of thermodynamics:
1) The first law has limitations in predicting whether an energy conversion is possible. The second law addresses this through statements by Kelvin-Planck and Clausius.
2) Kelvin-Planck's statement says a device cannot produce work without transferring heat from a hot reservoir and into a cold one. Clausius' statement says heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
3) A reversible process can be reversed without leaving traces. Irreversible processes like friction cause a loss of useful energy.
4) The Carnot cycle uses reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes between two reservoirs to produce work
:Heat Transfer "Lumped Parameter Analysis "Harsh Pathak
The document discusses lumped parameter analysis for modeling unsteady heat transfer. Lumped parameter analysis can be used when the Biot number is less than 0.1, indicating the internal resistance to heat transfer is negligible. Under these conditions, the body can be treated as isothermal and the temperature at any point depends only on time. The governing equation and its solution are presented, allowing the temperature to be determined at a given time or the time required to reach a specified temperature. The lumped parameter method models transient heat transfer without considering variations in temperature within the solid.
This document discusses a theoretical model for the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in intermetallic uranium-based superconductors such as UCoGe, UIr, and UGe2. The model is based on a Hamiltonian that includes terms for conduction electrons, localized electrons, and interactions between conduction and localized electrons. Expressions are derived for the superconducting and ferromagnetic order parameters by calculating Green's functions. The results show that superconductivity and ferromagnetism can coexist when mediated by the same uranium 5f electrons in these materials. The model provides an explanation for experimental evidence of the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism below the superconducting transition temperature
solution manual to basic and engineering thermodynamics by P K NAG 4th editionChandu Kolli
- There are three main temperature scales: Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K)
- Celsius and Kelvin have the same increments but different reference points, with 0°C being the freezing point of water and 100°C being the boiling point, while 0K is absolute zero
- Fahrenheit has a different increment than the other two scales, with 32°F being the freezing point of water and 212°F being the boiling point
- Conversions between the scales can be done using the following relationships:
(C − 0°C) = (F − 32°F) × 5/9 = (K − 273
O documento discute questões importantes. Fornece poucas informações sobre o conteúdo do documento original. Peço que por favor forneça mais contexto para que eu possa produzir um resumo mais útil.
O documento é um quebra-cabeça sobre o que é um amigo. Ele lista várias coisas que um amigo faz ("refresca o verão", "enxuga as tuas lágrimas", etc.), mas não é. No final, revela que a coisa com cinco letras que faz tudo isso é um "amigo".
Ideal gases approximate the behavior of real gases at low pressures and densities. The kinetic theory of gases describes ideal gases as large numbers of tiny particles that move freely and undergo elastic collisions. The kinetic theory assumptions lead to simple relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles or particles for ideal gases. The van der Waals equation accounts for the finite size of gas particles and their intermolecular attractions, better describing the behavior of real gases that deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures.
All of material inside is un-licence, kindly use it for educational only but please do not to commercialize it.
Based on 'ilman nafi'an, hopefully this file beneficially for you.
Thank you.
The document discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measure of disorder in a system and explains that the second law states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes in closed systems. It provides examples of reversible and irreversible processes. Reversible processes can return to their initial state while irreversible processes, like combustion, cannot. The document also discusses how entropy relates to temperature, heat transfer between objects, and the direction of spontaneous processes in thermodynamics.
This document contains the solutions to homework problems assigned in a thermodynamics course. It provides instructions for submitting homework solutions, including showing all work. It then lists 7 problems and provides the numerical solutions. The problems cover various thermodynamic concepts like the ideal gas law, polytropic processes, work calculations, property tables and definitions.
An alternative way to calculate spin ground state of organometallic complexes. Shown for more than one metallic centers and complex formalism, For more please feel free to mail me.
This document contains information about transport phenomena including:
1. An example of calculating the time it takes for a brass kettle to empty based on the mass flow rate out of the kettle.
2. An introduction to Mujeeb UR Rahman, a chemical engineering student, and examples of where he can be found online.
3. An example problem involving calculating the chlorine concentration in a swimming pool based on inputs and outputs of water.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and work, and state functions. Energy exists in various forms including heat, light, electrical, and kinetic and potential. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Chemical reactions can be exothermic or endothermic depending on the direction of heat transfer. The total energy in a chemical system is conserved according to the law of conservation of energy. Changes in potential and kinetic energy account for temperature changes in chemical processes.
The chapter discusses entropy, which is defined based on the Clausius inequality. Entropy is a state function that depends on the initial and final states, not the path between states. It is a measure of disorder or unavailable work in a thermodynamic system. The entropy change of a system is determined by the heat transfer and temperature. Entropy always increases for irreversible processes in an isolated system according to the second law of thermodynamics.
This document contains a homework assignment for a thermodynamics class consisting of 6 problems. The problems cover topics like heat transfer calculations, the first law of thermodynamics, and using thermodynamic property tables. The student is asked to show their work symbolically, report numerical values to appropriate significant figures, and provide brief yet complete answers in sentences for conceptual questions.
1. Thermodynamics covers basic concepts including open and closed systems, state functions, and the laws of thermodynamics.
2. The zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium and allows for the definition of temperature.
3. The first law concerns the conservation of energy and establishes the concept of internal energy. Heat and work are both means of transferring energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, work, and energy. It describes macroscopic properties of systems in thermal equilibrium. A system is defined along with its surroundings and properties. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated. Thermodynamic properties include extensive properties that depend on system size and intensive properties that do not. The four laws of thermodynamics relate temperature, heat, work, and energy within a system. Heat transfer and phase changes involve latent heat in addition to specific heat.
The document summarizes an experiment that studied the kinetics of a reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate in batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR). The objectives were to determine the reaction rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea). For the batch reactor, k and fractional conversion were calculated from concentration data over time. For the CSTR, conductivity measurements at steady states were used to calculate k and Ea based on how they relate to temperature according to the Arrhenius equation. While some results agreed with expectations, the calculated k and Ea values differed substantially from literature values, suggesting issues with temperature control, flow rate calibration, or reactor volume measurement that need addressing in future experiments.
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation technique used to model physical movements of atoms and molecules over time. MD simulations involve numerically solving classical equations of motion to simulate interactions between atoms at different scales, from molecular to human to planetary. While MD can provide detailed atomic-level insights, it has limitations such as potential issues with numerical integration accuracy at small time steps.
1. The document contains 5 multi-part thermodynamics problems involving processes like compression, expansion, mixing, and throttling of steam and refrigerants. The problems require applying concepts like the first law of thermodynamics, property tables, and the principles of open and closed systems to determine properties like temperature, work, heat, and mass flow rate.
2. Problem 2 involves mixing steam at different pressures and temperatures in two tanks, then using an energy balance to find the final temperature and heat lost when equilibrium is reached.
3. Problem 3 calculates the rate of heat transfer for a steam turbine given inlet and exit conditions like pressure, temperature, velocity and power output.
The document summarizes key concepts from the second law of thermodynamics:
1) The first law has limitations in predicting whether an energy conversion is possible. The second law addresses this through statements by Kelvin-Planck and Clausius.
2) Kelvin-Planck's statement says a device cannot produce work without transferring heat from a hot reservoir and into a cold one. Clausius' statement says heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
3) A reversible process can be reversed without leaving traces. Irreversible processes like friction cause a loss of useful energy.
4) The Carnot cycle uses reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes between two reservoirs to produce work
:Heat Transfer "Lumped Parameter Analysis "Harsh Pathak
The document discusses lumped parameter analysis for modeling unsteady heat transfer. Lumped parameter analysis can be used when the Biot number is less than 0.1, indicating the internal resistance to heat transfer is negligible. Under these conditions, the body can be treated as isothermal and the temperature at any point depends only on time. The governing equation and its solution are presented, allowing the temperature to be determined at a given time or the time required to reach a specified temperature. The lumped parameter method models transient heat transfer without considering variations in temperature within the solid.
This document discusses a theoretical model for the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in intermetallic uranium-based superconductors such as UCoGe, UIr, and UGe2. The model is based on a Hamiltonian that includes terms for conduction electrons, localized electrons, and interactions between conduction and localized electrons. Expressions are derived for the superconducting and ferromagnetic order parameters by calculating Green's functions. The results show that superconductivity and ferromagnetism can coexist when mediated by the same uranium 5f electrons in these materials. The model provides an explanation for experimental evidence of the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism below the superconducting transition temperature
solution manual to basic and engineering thermodynamics by P K NAG 4th editionChandu Kolli
- There are three main temperature scales: Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K)
- Celsius and Kelvin have the same increments but different reference points, with 0°C being the freezing point of water and 100°C being the boiling point, while 0K is absolute zero
- Fahrenheit has a different increment than the other two scales, with 32°F being the freezing point of water and 212°F being the boiling point
- Conversions between the scales can be done using the following relationships:
(C − 0°C) = (F − 32°F) × 5/9 = (K − 273
O documento discute questões importantes. Fornece poucas informações sobre o conteúdo do documento original. Peço que por favor forneça mais contexto para que eu possa produzir um resumo mais útil.
O documento é um quebra-cabeça sobre o que é um amigo. Ele lista várias coisas que um amigo faz ("refresca o verão", "enxuga as tuas lágrimas", etc.), mas não é. No final, revela que a coisa com cinco letras que faz tudo isso é um "amigo".
Percents can be changed to decimal equivalents by dividing the percent amount by 100. For example, 25% would be equivalent to 0.25 as a decimal since 25 divided by 100 is 0.25. Converting between percents and decimals allows for easy calculation and comparison of fractional amounts.
Este documento define la economía según varios autores y describe su objeto y métodos de aproximación. Según Robbins y Engels, la economía estudia la producción, distribución, circulación y consumo de bienes para satisfacer necesidades humanas. El documento también describe que la economía se puede dividir en microeconomía y macroeconomía y que utiliza métodos deductivos e inductivos para analizar datos particulares y generales.
Este documento presenta varias definiciones de economía dadas por diferentes economistas, como Lionel Robbins, Federico Engels y Alfred Marshall. También describe el objeto de estudio de la economía como la distribución de bienes y servicios escasos a través de la producción, distribución y consumo. Finalmente, distingue entre los métodos deductivo e inductivo para el análisis económico, explicando que el deductivo parte de principios generales para casos particulares, mientras que el inductivo infiere leyes generales a partir de la observación de casos específ
Este documento trata sobre los primeros auxilios. Explica que los primeros auxilios son la ayuda inmediata que se brinda a una persona que ha sufrido un accidente o crisis de salud hasta que reciba atención médica calificada. Los objetivos de los primeros auxilios son salvar vidas, evitar que las lesiones empeoren y favorecer la recuperación. También describe los pasos básicos para realizar un primer auxilio como hacer un reconocimiento de la víctima, controlar las vías respiratorias, buscar la respira
O documento descreve diferentes técnicas de separação de misturas, incluindo destilação simples para separar líquidos de sólidos, destilação fracionada para separar misturas homogêneas de líquidos com diferentes pontos de ebulição, fusão fracionada para separar sólidos com diferentes pontos de fusão, e liquefação fracionada para separar gases em misturas homogêneas resfriando-os e destilando-os fracionadamente. A destilação fracionada é usada para separar componentes do petróleo e misturas gasos
Google has been running everything in containers for the past 15 years, but how do we orchestrate and manage all those containers? We've built and released the open source Kubernetes (http://kubernetes.io), which is based on years of running containers internally at Google. Join us for an introduction to containers and Kubernetes, followed by a hands-on workshop building and deploying your own Kubernetes cluster with multiple front end, database and caching instances.
Docker containers help solve the issue of process-level reproducibility by packaging up your apps and execution environments into a number of containers. But once you have a lot of containers running, you'll need to coordinate them across a cluster of machines while keeping them healthy and making sure they can find each other. This can quickly turn into an unmanageable mess! Wouldn't it be helpful if you could declare what wanted, and then have the cluster assign the resources to get it done and to recover from failures and scale on demand? Kubernetes is here to help!
Key takeaways
- Gentle introduction into containers: why and how
- Learn how Google manages applications using containers
- Intro to Kubernetes: managing applications and services
- Build and deploy your own multi-tier application using Kubernetes
Este documento deseja a alguém saúde, relações sexuais incríveis, orgasmos inesquecíveis, muito sexo, metade do trabalho pelo triplo do salário, mil noites de prazer com amigos, ganhar na lotaria, uma nova casa e um Mercedes novo. Também deseja que a pessoa continue sendo um amigo extraordinário nas boas e más horas.
Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Stress in Electrical Discharge Machining ...Mohan Kumar Pradhan
In this research the effect of input variables namely: discharge current, pulse
duration on thermal stresses has been investigated. A finite element modelling for
the EDM process and the effect of a single-pulse discharge has been presented and
results concerning the temperature distribution, the thermal stresses of AISI D2 steel
machined by EDM have been illustrated. It was found that the compressive thermal
stresses were developed beneath the crater and the tensile stresses were occur away
from the axis of symmetry however, the thermal stresses affects to a larger depth with
increasing pulse energy.
Alex Rivas - Tank Stratification Model Using MATLABAlex Rivas
This document presents a MATLAB model for simulating propellant tank stratification over a 6-month mission. The model treats the tank as a solid sphere and uses separation of variables to solve the heat equation. It calculates eigenvalues and characteristic values to determine the temperature distribution as a function of time and radius. The model was used to simulate LO2 and LCH4 tanks under different heat leak conditions. Results showed maximum stratification of 25K for LO2 with a high heat leak, but generally low stratification that does not approach boiling points. The model can help determine if active mixing is needed in propellant tanks for future space missions.
Influence of Interface Thermal Resistance on Relaxation Dynamics of Metal-Die...A Behzadmehr
Nanocomposite materials, including noble metal nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric host medium, are interesting because of their optical properties linked to surface plasmon resonance phenomena. For studding of nonlinear optical properties and/or energy transfer process, these materials may be excited by ultrashort pulse laser with a temporal width varying from some femtoseconds to some hundreds of picoseconds. Following of absorption of light energy by metal-dielectric nanocomposite material, metal nanoparticles are heated. Then, the thermal energy is transferred to the host medium through particle-dielectric interface. On the one hand, nonlinear optical properties of such materials depend on their thermal responses to laser pulse, and on the other hand different parameters, such as pulse laser and medium thermodynamic characterizes, govern on the thermal responses of medium to laser pulse. Here, influence of thermal resistance at particle-surrounding medium interface on thermal response of such material under ultrashort pulse laser excitation is investigated. For this, we used three temperature model based on energy exchange between different bodies of medium. The results show that the interface thermal resistance plays a crucial role on nanoparticle cooling dynamics, so that the relaxation characterized time increases by increasing of interface thermal resistance.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Narendra Kumar studied the 3D Ising model using the Metropolis algorithm and simulated systems of sizes 363, 403, and 443. The magnetization, susceptibility, specific heat, and Binder ratio were calculated for different system sizes and temperatures. The behavior of these quantities near T = 4.5 J/Kb suggests a phase transition around this critical temperature, consistent with literature values. Snapshots of spin orientations were taken at different temperatures, showing the transition from a ferromagnetic phase below the critical temperature to a paramagnetic phase above it. While larger system sizes would provide better results, computational limitations required the use of finite-size scaling analysis to mimic bulk behavior.
Magnetic entropy change and critical exponentsMary Oliveira
1) The document analyzes the magnetic entropy change and critical exponents in the double perovskite material Y2NiMnO6, which exhibits a second-order ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition at 86 K.
2) A maximum magnetic entropy change of -6.57 J/kg-K was measured for a field change of 80 kOe. Critical exponents were obtained from analysis of the spontaneous magnetization and inverse susceptibility, and were found to be consistent with 3D Heisenberg behavior.
3) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure confirmed the material crystallizes in a monoclinic structure with alternating Ni2+ and Mn4+ ions along the c-axis and tilted oct
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.06
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
Refrigeration technology has an important role over various areas such as medicine, food, manufacturing, and it is a very important element for a comfortable life for the society. It directly affects the people’s life by permiting to store the medicines and foods for long times, manufacturing with very high accuracy, air conditioning applications, etc.
Although refrigeration technology have lots of benefits which has been mentioned above, conventional vapor compression/expansion systems have some weaknesses. Refrigerant fluids that are used in the traditional cooling/refrigeration applications have important effects over the global warming and ozone depletion. To be able to overcome these disadvantages of the refrigeration applications, new thecnologies which does not use harmful matirals such as traditional refrigerants are investigated. One of these developing technologies is magnetic refrigeration systems.
Magnetic refrigeration systems are commonly used in the low temperature applications and it also has usage in air conditioning applications, aerospace technologies and telecommunication technologies.
Magnetic refrigeration has lots of advantages such that:
1. It uses very small amount of energy compared to compressor work inlet of a similar size vapor compression/expansion system.
2. It is highly more compact and makes less noise than the traditional systems.
3. It has a lower operating and maintenance cost.
4. It is environment friendly and does not cause the global warming or ozone depletion.
Although the magnetic refrigeration has lots of benefits which have been described above, because of its high initial cost and need of the very rare materials in the system, it is not very common recent days, however, it has a high potential for the future.
This document discusses a study on the thermoelectric effect in magnetic nanostructures. It begins with introductions to the thermoelectric effect, which involves the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It then defines magnetic nanostructures as structures with one or more dimensions between 0.1-100nm, such as nanotextured surfaces, nanotubes, or nanoparticles. The document goes on to explain the three main thermoelectric phenomena - the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect - and provides examples of their applications, such as thermoelectric generators and Peltier coolers.
The document summarizes research on simulating the surface tension of liquid nickel through molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations. It describes using embedded atom method interatomic potentials to model nickel, compares calculated density-temperature data to experimental values, and presents a molecular dynamics simulation of a molten nickel nanoparticle in good agreement with experiment. Future work is outlined on modeling nickel-aluminum alloys, oxidation effects, and temperature-dependent interdiffusion at metal-metal interfaces.
The document discusses concepts related to the quantum mechanical model of the hydrogen atom. It provides answers to conceptual problems involving energy levels, quantum numbers, and properties of atomic orbitals. Key points include:
- As the principal quantum number n increases, the spacing between adjacent energy levels decreases.
- For n=4, the orbital quantum number l can take on values from 0 to 3.
- In sodium, the 3s state is at a lower energy than the 3p state due to penetration of the 3s orbital closer to the nucleus. In hydrogen, the 3s and 3p states have similar energies.
- The Ritz combination principle, where 1/λ1 + 1/λ2
PPT on electrochemistry and energy storage systemsbk097027
This document discusses electrochemistry and energy storage systems. It defines key thermodynamic concepts like internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. It then explains how these concepts relate to electrochemical cells and redox reactions. Specifically, it discusses how the change in Gibbs free energy of a reaction relates to the maximum work output and cell potential. The document also covers topics like the Nernst equation, electrochemical series, and different types of reference electrodes.
This document provides an introduction to simulating rigid molecules in LAMMPS. It reviews rigid body dynamics and equations of motion for translation and rotation. It then demonstrates simulating a single CO2 molecule and a system of CO2 molecules in LAMMPS. However, the simulations do not achieve the correct temperature or satisfy equipartition, indicating limitations in LAMMPS' rigid body implementation.
Thermocouple temperature measurement principle and common faultsYiDan Li
Thermocouple is one of the most commonly used temperature detection elements in industry. It works based on the Seebeck effect where a thermal current is generated when two conductors with different components are connected and their temperatures differ. Thermocouples have advantages such as high measurement accuracy from direct contact, a wide measurement range from -50°C to over +2800°C, and a simple and convenient structure.
This document discusses thermoelectric materials and calculations using the Wien2K software. It describes the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect. It discusses using Wien2K to model materials like Mg2Si, calculate properties like density of states, band structure, and optimize volume. Modifying approximations, strain effects, and nanostructuring are discussed to increase thermoelectric figure of merit ZT by increasing power factor and decreasing thermal conductivity.
New Mexico State University 1
New Mexico State University
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department
Experimental Methods II
ME 445
LAB Exercise-4
TIME FOR BRIDGEWIRE BREAK
4.1 Objective
To apply the principles of heat transfer to estimate the break time of a resistive wire through
which a constant electric current is flowing.
Through this experiment, students will theoretically estimate the time using energy
balance equations.
Apply linear regression to fit manufacturer’s data with the model to deduce unknown
heat transfer parameters.
Predictions will be verified or contradicted by experimental measurement.
4.2 Theoretical Background
The physical representation of the problem is shown in the following figure:
Figure 4.0.1: Physical representation of the wire
A wire of length L and diameter D is considered. Due to the passage of electric current through
the wire, heat is generated internally. If radiation and convective heat loss are presumed as the
principal heat loss mechanisms, the energy balance for this problem, based on lumped mass for
the wire and infinite length, can be written:
Rate of change of Internal Energy (Qstored)
= Rate of Internal Energy Generation (Qgenerated) – Rate of Heat Loss (Qloss)
In the above equation, note that the heat input is not considered since no heat is being supplied
to the wire from its boundaries.
Symbolically, we can write the energy equation as:
TThATTAi
dt
dT
mc
wireswires
442
(4.1)
New Mexico State University 2
where,
m = mass of the wire = density of the wire * volume of the wire = ρV
Twire = Surface temperature of the wire
i = Current
R = Resistance of the wire
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 X 10
8
W/m
-2
K
-4
c = Specific heat capacity of the wire material
ε = Emissivity of the wire
As = Surface area of the wire
For present purposes the assumption is made that convection around the horizontal wire is fully
developed. The quantities m, c, I, , σ, As and Ts are presumed known. However, uncertainty
exists in the emissivity of the wire because of oxidized state is not precisely known, and the
convection coefficient is known to vary somewhat with size, and mean temperature across the
thermal boundary layer.
For the case of the wire which is to be used in this experiment, the manufacturer has provided
temperature versus current data for steady state. Hence, by using a multi-variable linear
regression, it is possible to use this data along with the steady state energy equation, to obtain
estimates for h and ε. However, when such an approach is taken, it is found that the value of ε
exceeds unity, an impossible condition. In order to resolv.
1. The document describes an experiment to test the validity of the Nernst equation by measuring the voltage of electrochemical cells containing varying concentrations of zinc or magnesium ions.
2. Results show cell voltage decreases with decreasing log of the concentration of zinc ions, following the linear relationship predicted by the Nernst equation.
3. A magnesium-copper cell is also constructed, producing enough voltage to power a small LED, demonstrating a spontaneous redox reaction and energy conversion.
RESEARCH ON INDUCTION HEATING - A REVIEWEditor IJCATR
This paper presents results of finite element analysis of induction heating problems considering temperature dependence of
material characteristics. In this analysis, we have used the three-dimensional finite element method in order to correctly express
induction heating coil’s shapes and to make clear its effects on temperature distributions. The heat-conducting problem and the eddy
current problem are coupled, and solved by using the step-by-step calculations.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
1. Course: Computational condensed matter
2nd
Assignment
__________________________________________________________________
Q. Find the melting point of silver by using Monte-carlo (MC) or Molecular dynamics (MD)
simulation. In the simulation use the potential obtained by DFT calculation in 1st
assignment.
Ans.
I have used MD simulation to find melting point. Under NPT ensemble simulation I have measured
many quantities that characterizes the liquid-solid transition (melting). e.g; density, internal
energy,enthalpy, specific heat(Cp), radial-distribution function (g(r)) etc. and also took snapshot of
atomic positions of atoms at different temperatures. I will describe these results one-by-one later. I
have used EAM (Embedded atomic model) potential of silver as force-field(1)
. My results show that
melting point of silver (2048 atoms) is (1350-1400) K and experimental value is 1281K(2)
. This
assignment is described into three sections: (1) simulation details , (2)results , and (3) analysis and
discussion.
(1) Simulation details:
The crystal structure of crystalline silver is face-centred cubic (fcc) with lattice constant (a)4.084 Å.
I have taken an 8a×8a×8a size box and generated 2048 lattice points where silver atoms are sitting
in and on the box in an FCC fashion. Then I started MD simulation. I injected Gaussian random
velocities to the atoms at a desired temperature. As in MD simulation temperature is determined by
velocities of the particles [equipartition theorem of energy (E=1/2 Kb*T)] so here the given
temperature will fluctuate. We minimize the fluctuation in temperature by applying some damping
force and this method is called “thermostatting” (fixing temperature). I have used Nose-Hover
thermostat throughout my simulation. In NPT ensemble we have to keep constant pressure too and
the fixing of pressure is called “barostatting”. The main aim of my work is to determine melting
point of silver. Melting (and boiling too) point is defined as the temperature at which solid phase of
a matter changes to liquid phase at 1 atmospheric (atm) pressure. So I have fixed the pressure of the
system at 1 atm. First I tried to choose suitable parameters for thermostatting and barostatting such
that temperature ,pressure ,energy, density etc. should equilibrate around chosen value. I took
integration time-step equal to 0.001 picosecond and ran 100000 MD steps. Then I collected the
desired quantities in a temperature range 800K-2000K for fixed pressure (1 atm) on 81000 MD
steps (from 20000-100000).
2.
3.
4. (2) Results:
Thermodynamic quantities showing abrupt change in their value at melting point.
This plot has been generated after collecting data after each 100 MD steps.
5. All the following thermodynamic quantities plot has been generated by collecting data after each
1000 MD steps. We see a sharp change in these quantities at melting temperature.
Density of silver at room temperature is 10.49 gm/cc. We see that with
increase in temperature the density decreases (due to volume expansion)
and it is in agreement with ρs
> ρl
. ρs
is the density of solid and ρl
of liquid.
6.
7. Structural quantities showing difference between pre -melting and post-melting temperature. e.g;
g(r) and structures. The below figures are structures (atomic position details) at different
temperatures. The first figure is the perfect fcc crystal structure of silver at absolute temperature
(0K).
8. These three given pictures show the snapshot of atomic positions at temperatures 1000K, 1200K
and 1350K respectively(in the given order).
T = 1000K
T = 1200K
T = 1350K
9. This figure is the snapshot of atomic positions of bulk silver (2048 atoms) at 1400K. If we compare
this with the above snapshots (taken at T<1400K) then we found that it is in liquid phase. Here
there is no any order in arrangement (as we see in above images). Till 1350 K temperature the
system is maintaining structure and in 1350K-1400K range melting happened and atoms became
free and moving randomly(not as random as gas molecules). After melting the system is dense-fluid
and we see very few peaks in g(r) and becomes constant as r increases. In this force field (EAM
potential) the cut-off distance(rc) is 5.85 Å . In crystalline form g(r) shows sharp peaks. In perfect
crystal these peaks are δ-function peaks but at finite temperature the broadening of peaks happen
due to anharmonic effect (defects, electron-phonon coupling etc.).
T = 1400K
10. (3) analysis and discussion: We can say that the melting point of silver is in temperature
range 1350-1400 K by looking the snapshots of atomic positions taken at different temperatures but
NPT simulation shows it should be around 1430K. The experimental value is 1281K. I visualized
the atomic positions in VMD (visual molecular dynamics) software. This difference in melting point
may be due to not an exact known potential for silver. Embedded Atomic Model (EAM) potential is
an approximation describing the interaction energy between two atoms of metal. EAM is related to
the 2nd
moment approximation to tight-binding theory. This potential is not universal and applicable
only for some metals. In previous assignment (assignment 1) I tried to find out the interaction
11. potential form for bulk silver but couldn’t guess suitable parameter to plot this. That’s why I used
EAM potential.
References:
(1)The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications (Murray S. Daw et.al)
(2)An embedded-atom potential for the Cu–Ag system: P L Williams 1 , Y Mishin 1 and J C
Hamilton 2 doi:10.1088/0965-0393/14/5/002
(3)Simulation of molecular dynamics of silver subcritical nuclei and crystal clusters during
solidification : JIAN ZengYun et.al doi: 10.1007/s11431-010-4171-5
(4) [BOOK]
Intermolecular and surface forces : Jacob N. Israelachvili
(5)[BOOK]
Computer simulation of Liquids : Allen & Tildesley
(6)[BOOK]Understanding molecular simulation : Frenkel & Smith