1) Diseases of the spinal cord can be categorized as intramedullary (intrinsic) or extramedullary (extrinsic). Common causes of acute transverse myelopathy include trauma, tumors, infections, vascular disorders, and demyelination.
2) Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative condition that can compress the cervical cord, resulting in neck pain and stiffness as well as arm and leg symptoms.
3) Multiple sclerosis is a frequent cause of symmetric or asymmetric paraparesis in young adults, presenting with hyperreflexia and sensory ataxia.
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Blockage of the Spinal Cord’s Blood Supply
Cervical Spondylosis
Compression of the Spinal Cord
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Syrinx of the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Conus Medullaris syndrome (CMS) majorly arises from a spectrum of clinico-pathologic entities representing dysfunction of the lowest level of the spinal cord termed the Conus Medullaris, which consists of the sacral segments. There is a subset of spinal cord injuries clinically referred to as spinal cord injury syndromes, to which Conus Medullaris syndrome belongs, that are grouped by their respective symptomatology, encompassing central cord syndrome [2].
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Blockage of the Spinal Cord’s Blood Supply
Cervical Spondylosis
Compression of the Spinal Cord
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Syrinx of the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Conus Medullaris syndrome (CMS) majorly arises from a spectrum of clinico-pathologic entities representing dysfunction of the lowest level of the spinal cord termed the Conus Medullaris, which consists of the sacral segments. There is a subset of spinal cord injuries clinically referred to as spinal cord injury syndromes, to which Conus Medullaris syndrome belongs, that are grouped by their respective symptomatology, encompassing central cord syndrome [2].
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: Spinal Tumorswalid maani
A comprehensive presentation about spinal tumors. Some concentration on anatomy. Discussion of presentation, diagnosis and management. Plenty of images.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Anatomy
External Structure:
• The spinal cord is a cylindrical elongated
structure flattened dorsoventrally, having a
length of 42–45 cm. It lies within the vertebral
canal extending from the atlas, continuous
with the medulla through the foramen
magnum, to the level of the 1st and 2nd lumbar
vertebra. Here it tapers into the conus
medullaris and terminates as the cauda equina.
3. • The cervical and lumbar enlargements of the
spinal cord provide the nerve roots innervating,
respectively, the upper and lower limbs.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each having
dorsal sensory and ventral motor roots that exit
the cord (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5
sacral, 1 coccygeal).
• Three protective membranes, the meninges
including the dura mater, being the outer layer,
then the arachnoid, and the most inner one, the
pia, surround the cord .
4. • Cerebrospinal fluid flows between the
arachnoid and pia. Epidural fat is present in the
epidural space between the spinal canal and
dura mater.
5. • When clinical myelopathies develop, these
various disorders are classically categorized as
intramedullary, that is, intrinsic to the cord, or
extramedullary, occurring secondary to
disorders extrinsic to the cord.
• Extramedullary disorders are further
subdivided into those with either an intradural
extramedullary locus or a purely extradural site
of pathology.
6.
7. Internal Structure:
• White matter, consisting of myelinated fibers,
surrounds the butterfly or H-shaped gray
matter that contains cell bodies and their
processes within the cord’s center. These
include both primary ascending sensory fibers
and descending motor fibers.
8.
9. Vascular Supply
• One anterior and two posterior spinal arteries course the
length of the cord supplying the anterior two thirds and
posterior one third of the cord, respectively .
• Anterior spinal artery supplies the anterior horn,
spinothalamic tract, and corticospinal tract.
• Posterior spinal artery supplies the dorsal column and
dorsal gray matter
• Vertebral artery joins the anterior and posterior spinal
arteries to supply the cervical cord.
• Aortic segmental arteries provide the supply for the
remainder of the cord
10.
11. Spinal Cord Trauma
• This is the most widely studied example of
complete spinal cord transection and the
prototype of other acute transverse lesions
(vascular, demyelinative, compressive) giving rise
to paraplegia or quadriplegia with sphincteric
paralysis and sensory loss below the level of the
lesion.
• In cases of cervical spondylosis and/or a
congenitally narrow canal, an abrupt, forceful
extension of the neck can also severely damage
the cervical cord
12.
13. • The immediate effect of an acute transverse
lesion is dependent on its level. If at C1–C3,
death from respiratory paralysis is immediate.
• If it is lower, there is loss of all motor,
sensory, autonomic, and sphincteric function
below the level of the lesion. Or if at first the
loss of function is not complete, edema and
other secondary changes makes it so in a few
hours.
14. • The subsequent effects are divided into two
stages: the stage of spinal shock and the stage
of heightened reflex activity.
• Spinal shock is expressed by a loss of all reflex
activity below the level of the lesion, an atonic
bladder with overflow incontinence, atonic
bowel (paralytic ileus), gastric dilatation, and
loss of genital reflexes and vasomotor control.
15. • After 1 to 2 weeks, sometimes longer, spinal
flexor reflexes (Babinski signs, flexor spasms of
the legs) and then tendon reflexes begin to appear
in parts of the body supplied by the intact but
disconnected lower spinal cord segments.
• Simultaneously, bladder tone and gastric and
bowel function begin to recover. Gradually the
tendon reflexes become hyperactive, and the
bladder becomes spastic (frequency and urgency
of urination, small capacity of bladder with
automatic emptying).
16. • The paralyzed legs tend to remain in flexion or, if
the cord lesion is not complete, in extension. In
the latter case, there may be some return of motor
and sensory function below the lesion.
• The treatment of spine fracture and dislocation is
mainly orthopedic to reduce subluxation, assure
fixation of the spine, and by the immediate
administration of high doses of corticosteroids
17. Nontraumatic AcuteTransverse
Myelopathies
• Compressive: Tumor, Hemorrhage into the
spinal cord (hematomyelia) from an
arteriovenous malformation or epidural or
subdural hemorrhage(e.g from anticoagulant
drugs), or venous compression of the lower
cord by a dural fistula or AVM , Epidural
abscess( more often subacute in evolution),
spondylosis, acute disc herniation,…..etc
21. Cervical Spondylosis with Myelopathy
• This is perhaps the most frequently observed
myelopathy in general practice. It is essentially
a degenerative disease of the middle and lower
cervical vertebrae in which some combination
of degenerating and bulging disc(s), vertebral
and facet joint exostoses, and thickening of the
posterior longitudinal and yellow ligaments are
often engrafted on a congenitally narrow spinal
canal
22. • it compromises the cervical cord and roots by
compression and possibly by reduction of the
blood supply.
• Clinically, the syndrome consists of a triad of (1)
painful, stiff neck with limitation of the range of
movement; (2) radicular pain and numbness and
reduced reflexes in an arm; and (3) symmetric or
asymmetric spastic paraparesis and ataxia with
signs of lateral and posterior column affection.
23. • Diagnosis is made by MRI or CT
myelography and by the exclusion of other
spinal cord diseases.
• The main differential diagnostic considerations
are demyelinative disease and subacute
combined degeneration and there is a
superficial resembance to amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis.
• Treatment: analgesia, soft collar and surgery
24.
25. Demyelinative Myelopathy
• Among young adults in northern climates, multiple
sclerosis is the most frequent cause of symmetric or
asymmetric paraparesis with hyperreflexia and
sensory ataxia. About one-third of patients with
multiple sclerosis, including older adults, exhibit
this essentially spinal form of the disease. A history
of earlier attacks of neurologic disorder and the
presence of nonspinal findings referable to white
matter (optic atrophy, nystagmus, internuclear
ophthalmoplegia, ataxia) and cerebral white matter
lesions on MRI are helpful in diagnosis.
26.
27. Spinal Cord Tumors
1. Intramedullary: are mostly ependymomas,
less often astrocytomas
2. Extramedullary intradural: are most often
neurofibromas or meningiomas
3. Extradural tumors usually prove to be
metastatic carcinomas, lymphomas,
plasmacytomas, or chordomas
28. • Radicular pain in combination with
asymmetric or symmetric sensory and motor
tract involvement and variable sphincteric
dysfunction, evolving over weeks or months,
constitutes the prototypical syndrome.
• Some of the ependymomas progress slowly
over months or years, whereas the time course
of epidural lymphomas and metastatic
carcinomas is measured in days or weeks.
29. • Radicular symptoms are prominent with
neurofibromas but may occur also with
meningiomas and other tumors. Back pain and
percussion tenderness are the usual features of
compression by metastatic tumor.
• The treatment of most spinal tumors, even the
intramedullary ones, is surgical excision with
radiation therapy.
33. Epidural Abscess
• Skin infection in the region of the back or a bacteremia
may permit seeding of the epidural space or a vertebral
body, which in turn gives rise to an osteomyelitis with
extension to the epidural space.
• Rarely, infection is introduced by a lumbar puncture
needle or laminectomy.
• Fever and local pain and tenderness in the back, not
necessarily confined to the lumbar spine, are followed
within a few days by radicular pain and a rapidly
progressive paraparesis and sensory loss in the lower
parts of the body, with sphincteric paralysis.
34. • These clinical findings call for immediate
investigation with MRI or CT myelography,
followed by laminectomy and drainage, and
the administration of appropriate antibiotics in
high doses.
• Laminectomy must be performed before
paralysis becomes established if permanent
damage to the cord is to be avoided.
35.
36. Subacute Combined Degeneration
(SCD) of the Cord
• This is the name applied to the spinal cord disease
resulting from a deficiency of cobalamin (vitamin
B12)
• It begins with symptoms and signs of posterior
column disorder (paresthesias of hands and feet,
instability of stance and gait, impaired vibratory
and position senses), followed after some weeks
by a symmetric ataxic paraparesis with either
increased or decreased tendon reflexes and
Babinski signs
37. • The spinal cord lesion may precede the macrocytic
anemia by months or a year or more, particularly in
patients taking folic acid or those with iron deficiency.
• A megaloblastic anemia is an important clue to the
diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency.
• Diagnosis is straightforward when vitamin B12 levels
are low
• In the early and moderate deficiency state, the
administration of parenteral vitamin B12 (initially 1000
μg every 1–2 weeks and later monthly) can reverse the
disorder.
38.
39. Syringomyelia
• This syndrome is central cavitation of the spinal
cord, predominantly cervical, and often of
undetermined cause or occurs as a late
complication of spinal cord trauma.
• Clinically, syringomyelia is distinguished by
segmental weakness and atrophy of the hands and
arms with loss of tendon reflexes and a segmental
loss of sensation of dissociated type (i.e., loss of
pain and temperature sense and preservation of
the sense of touch and pressure) in a “cape”
distribution over the neck, shoulders, and arms.
40. • Later in the illness there is weakness and
ataxia of the legs from involvement of
corticospinal tracts and posterior columns.
Pain in the neck and arms, kyphoscoliosis, and
lower brainstem signs (syringobulbia) are
frequently associated.
• Tratment is surgery
41.
42. Ventral (Anterior) Cord Syndrome
• With infarction in the territory of the anterior
spinal artery (occlusion of the anterior spinal
artery itself or, more often, its extraspinal
tributaries), damage is limited to the anterior two-
thirds of the spinal cord. Tumor invasion and
inflammatory myelitis may have a similar effect.
There is paraplegia or quadriplegia, bilateral loss
of pain and temperature sensation below the
lesion, and sparing of posterior column (joint
position and vibration) sense.