INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, TYPES, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL COURSE, CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS

1. MRS. M.PRADEEPA MPT (Neuro)
VICE PRINCIPAL
PPG COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
COIMBATORE, TAMILNADU, INDIA

2.  Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is an inflammatory
condition affecting both halves of the spinal cord and
associated with rapidly progressive motor, sensory,
and autonomic dysfunction.
 Spinal cord involvement is usually central, uniform and
symmetric
 Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is
defined as a TM with a spinal cord lesion that extends
over three or more vertebral segments. The causes of
LETM are also heterogeneous and the presence
of MOG auto-antibodies has been proposed as a
biomarker for discrimination.

3. 1-4 /million/per
Affecting all ages, peaks at ages 10 – 19
years and 30 – 39 years
No sex or familial predisposition

4.  Acute infection – mostly viral, bacterial, fungal
and parasities
 Post infectious – respiratory or
gastrointestinal infections within 3 to 8 weeks
 Post vaccination
 Direct invasion of spinal cord
 Systemic autoimmune diseases – SLE, MS
 Systemic malignancy
 Atopy and allergy (atopic myelitis)
 Vascular disorders – AVM, disk embolism,
intra spinal cavernous malformations.

5.  Complete or Incomplete/Partial TM:
1. Complete involvement of spinal cord
segment leading to severe paralysis
2. Partial involvement or section of the spinal
cord involvement
 Acute or subacute TM:
1. Depends on progression – time of
occurance to maximal disability is more than
4hr and fewer than 21 days
2. Acute TM – Over minutes to hours
3. Subacute TM – Over days to weeks

6. Progressive loss of the fatty myelin
sheath surrounding the nerves in the
affected spinal cord which may be due to
1. Cell mediated autoimmune response
2. Autoimmune vasculitis
3. Direct viral invasion of the spinal cord
Inflammation may lead to presence of
perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates,
necrosis, and demyelination

8. Lesions may occur anywhere within the
cord, with the thoracic cord being the most
frequently involved site.
Three phases
1. Initial phase – motor and sensory
preceding sphincter dysfunction usually
over 2 to 3 days
2. Plateau phase – mean duration 1 week
3. Recovery phase

9.  Four classic features
1. Motor
2. Pain
3. Sensory alterations
4. Bladder and bowel dysfunction
5. Later stages ANS involvement
 Disturbances in sensory, motor and
dysfunction of the autonomic nervous
system at the level of the lesion or below, are
noted.

10.  Weakness of the legs and arms:
 Weakness in the legs progresses rapidly.
 If the myelitis affects the upper spinal cord it
affects the arms as well.
 Individuals usually may develop paraparesis that
may progress to paraplegia.
 If high cervical lesion – respiratory failure
companies
 UMN Lesion – increased tone, spastic weakness
usually symmetric, legs more than arms
 Reflexes – brisk, positive Babinski sign

12. Initially lower Back pain – sharp, shooting
pain can occur at the site of inflammed
spinal cord
Radiating down the legs or arms or around
the torso

13.  The degree and type of sensory loss will depend
upon the extent of the involvement of the spinal
cord and various sensory tracts
 Paraesthesias - abnormal sensations such as
burning, tickling, pricking, numbness, coldness, or
tingling in the legs.
 Abnormal sensations in the torso and genital
region are common.
 Lhermitte’s phenomenon
 Sensory ataxia – posterior column involvement
 Spinothalalmic tract – contralateral pain and
temperature loss

14. Initially – Urinary retention
Later – Incontinence, constipation

15.  Autonomic dysreflexia
 Hypertension
 Bradycardia
 Headache(severe and pounding)
 Profuse sweating
 Increased spasticity
 Restlessness
 Vasoconstriction below the level of lesion
 Vasodilation(flushing) above the level of the lesion
 Constricted pupils
 Nasal congestion
 Pilo erection (goose bumps)
 Blurred vision

16.  CT
 variable enlargement of the spinal cord and contrast
enhancement patterns
 MRI
 Up to 40% of cases have no findings on MRI and in 60 % of
cases the appearance is variable and non-specific:
 Large variation in lesion size occupy greater than two-thirds of
the cross-sectional area of the cord, most commonly extend
for 3-4 spinal segments
 Typical signal characteristics include:
 T1: isointense or hypointense
 T2: poorly delineated hyperintense signal
 T1 C+ (Gd): variable enhancement patterns (none, diffuse,
patchy, peripheral)

18. Blood test:
Presence of autoantibodies – (anti-
aquaporin-4, anti-myelin oligodendrocyte)
and a host of antibodies associated with
cancer (paraneoplastic antibodies) may be
found
Lumbar puncture:
More protein and leukocytes in CSF and
elevation of IgG index

20.  Multiple sclerosis
• plaques are shorter than two vertebral body segments in length and involve less
than half the cross-sectional area of the cord
• plaques are characteristically peripherally located in the dorsal and lateral
columns
 ADEM
• similar appearance to spinal MS plaques (however younger age at presentation,
monophasic clinical course and more often associated with thalamic lesions)
 Spinal cord infarct
• spinal cord is usually enlarged
• abnormality typically extends over multiple vertebral body segments
• can occur at any location in the cord but has a propensity for the upper thoracic or
thoracolumbar regions
 Intramedullary neoplasm
• invariable spinal cord expansion
• commonly associated with cysts and syringohydromyelia
• may have evidence of prior hemorrhage
• slowly progressive clinical course

21.  Intravenous corticosteroid drugs :
 Decrease swelling and
inflammation. Methylprednisolone or
dexamethasone usually administered for 3 to 7
days and sometimes followed by a tapering off
period.
 Plasma exchange therapy (plasmapheresis) may
be used for people who don’t respond well to
intravenous steroids.
 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a
treatment thought to reset the immune system.

22.  Analgesics: Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and
naproxen. Nerve pain may be treated with certain
antidepressant drugs (such as duloxetine), muscle
relaxants (such as baclofen, tizanidine, or
cyclobenzaprine), and anticonvulsant drugs (such as
gabapentin or pregabalin).
 Antiviral medications may help those individuals who
have a viral infection of the spinal cord.
 Medications can treat other symptoms and
complications, including incontinence, painful muscle
contractions called tonic spasms, stiffness, sexual
dysfunction, and depression

23. Physical therapy
Occupational therapy
Vocational therapy
Psychotherapy

24.  Spontaneous recovery in 40 – 50 % of cases.
 Children recovery is better than adults
 Most people have partial recovery taking place within the first
3 months after the attack.
 For some people, recovery may continue for up to 2 years
 Individuals may have moderate disability such as trouble
walking, nerve sensitivity, and bladder and bowel problems or
may have permanent weakness, spasticity, and other
complications.
 May people experience only one episode although recurrent
or relapsing transverse myelitis does sometimes occur,
particularly when an underlying cause such as MS or NMOSD
can be found.
 Some people recover completely and then experience a
relapse. Others begin to recover and then suffer worsening of
symptoms before recovery continues.