This document lists and describes various common medical instruments. It discusses endotracheal tubes, airways, Ambu bags, Foley catheters, nasogastric tubes, intravenous cannulas, lumbar puncture needles, liver biopsy needles, laryngoscopes, chest tubes, bone marrow needles, ESR tubes, ophthalmoscopes, and provides information on their features, indications, contraindications and complications.

1. MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
M u 1

2. LIST
 ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE
 AIR WAY
 AMBU BAG
 FOLEYs CATHETER
 NASOGASTRIC TUBE
 INTRAVENOUS CANNULA
 LUMBER PUNCTURE NEEDLE
 LIVER BIOPSY NEEDLE

3.  LARYNGOSCOPE
 CHEST TUBE
 BONE MARROW NEEDLE
 ESR TUBE
 OPHTHALMOSCOPE

4. ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE
ETT

6.  INDICATIONS
Protection of airway
Removal of secretions
Mechanical ventilation
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation
During general anesthesia
 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Cervical spine fracture

7. AIR WAY

8.  FEATURES
It is a curved instrument
The proximal end has a collar
These are available in all sizes to be
used
in infants and children
 INDICATIONS
Use to keep airway patent in
unconscious patients
Helps to prevent backward falling of the
tongue

9. Helps to prevent tongue bite in patients
with convulsions
Helps removal of secretions from the
mouth
It is used in patients during general
anesthesia
It is used in patients during post
anesthesia recovery period

10. NASOGASTRIC TUBE

11.  FEATURES
Soft plastic tube
It is available in different diameters
measured
in french unitsa
It has marking at 18,22,26,and 30
inches
There are two to three holes few mm

12.  INDICATIONS
Diagnostic
Intragastric bleed
Pyloric stenosis
Collection of gastric lavage for AFB
Achlorhydia
Therapeutic
Gastric lavage in cases of poisoning
Decompression in cases of acute
pancreatitis , acute peritonitis , intestinal
obstruction and gastric surgery

13. Feeding
Unconscious patient
In cases of dysphagia:
stricture esophagus
tumour esophagus
bulbar palsy
 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Corrosive poisoning
 COMPLICATIONS
Stricture esophagus

14. FOLEY CATHETER

16. FOLEY CATHETER
 FEATURES
Soft tube of latex
Has a rounded tip and two holes
proximal to the tip
The size is measured in french unit
Proximal end may have two or three
channels in two or three way cathter
respectively

17. INDICATIONS
Acute retention of urine
Chronic retention of urine with overflow
In cases of neurogenic bladder
In surgery involving bladder and prostrate
In all perineal operations
In management of incomplete rupture of
urethra
Intra vesical chemotherapy
To carry out urethrography
To monitor urine output

18. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Blood at meatus
Acute urethritis
COMPLICATIONS
Blockade
Cathter leak
Bacteriuria

19. INTRAVENOUS CANNULA

21.  FEATURES
PARTS
Cannula
Stylet
Wings
Lock
The cannulas are color coded for different sizes
Grey:14 G
Orange: 16G
Green:18G
Pink:20G
Blue:22G
Yellow:24G

22.  IV cannulas are used to cannulate the veins
for intravenous injections, infusions and
transfusions
 Adequate aseptic measures are taken before
the cannulas are inserted

23. OPHTHALMOSCOPE

25.  FEATURES
Handle
System of lenses
Illuminating part
It is a self illuminating type of direct
ophthalmoscope
It is used to examine the fundus of the eye
Following structures are seen:
Optic disc
Macula lutea
Retinal vessels

26. To examine the right eye of the patient
instrument is held in the right hand and the
examiner looks with the right eye keeping
it as close to the patient as possible
Various parts of the ratina can be visualised
by changing the direction of the light beam

27. LARYNGOSCOPE

29.  FEATURES
It is a metallic instrument used for visualization
of larynx and vocal cords
PARTS:
Main body handle
Blade
Blades are made of curved steel and have blunt
distal end
 USES:
To perform direct laryngoscopy
To intubate the patient with ETT
To clean the upper respiratory tract for
removal of
blood or secretions

30. LP NEEDLE
LUMBER PUNCTURE NEEDLE

32.  INDICATIONS
A. DIAGNOSTIC
Meningitis and its etiology in some cases.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Encephalitis
Guillain – Barre Syndrome
Multiple Sclerosis
Neurosyphilis
For Myelography
For Pneumoencephalography
Unexplained Coma
Cases of pyrexia of unknown origin.

33. B. THERAPEUTIC
Intrathecal administration of drugs:
Methotrexate
Certain immunoglobulins
C. ANESTHESIA
Spinal anesthesia
 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Raised ICP as indicated by papilledema
Suspicion of tumor or mass lesin of brain or
spinal cord
Shock
Local sepsis
Bleeding disorder e.g thrombocytopenia
Gross spinal lesion

34.  COMPLICATIONS
Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through
foramen magnum
Headache
Hypotension
Chronic adhesive arachdonitis

35. LIVER BIOPSY NEEDLE
 INDICATIONS
Cirrhosis
Chronic active hepatitis
Unexplained hepatomegaly
Infiltrative disorders
Haemochromatosis
 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Gross ascities
Prolonged PT
Thrombocytopenia
Extrahepatic cholestasis

36.  COMPLICATIONS
Intraperitonial bleed
Biliary peritonitis
Haemobilia
Septicemia

37. CHEST DRAIN
CHEST TUBE

39. PARTS
It’s a plastic tube about 30 _ 50 cm long
It is avilable in various diameters measurable in
french unit
Commonly used sizes are 28 to 32 fr
It’s a thick and stiff tube
It has a rounded, blunt end
It has 2_3 holes on the side at distal end
INDICATIONS
To drain intrapleural cavity
Haemothorax
Pneumothorax

40. Haemopneumothorax
Pyothorax
Pleural effusion
After thoracotomy
After the diaphragm injuries and repair

41. BONE MARROW BIOPSY
NEEDLE

42. BONE MARROW ASPIRATION BIOPSY
NEEDLE

43. TREPHINE BIOPSY NEEDLE

44. INDICATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC:
Megaloblastic anemia
Dimorphic anemia
Iron defeciency anemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Pancytopenia
Leukemia
Multiple myeloma
Chronic malaria
P.U.O
PROGNOSTIC:
Aplastic anemia
Agranulocytosis

45. SITE
Posterior iliac crest
First piece of body of sternum
Lumber spinous process
Medial aspect of the upper end of the
tibia
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Derranged coagulation profile
Local sepsis at site of biopsy

46. E.S.R TUBE
ERYTHROCYTE
SEDIMENTATION RATE

47. E.S.R TUBE WITH STAND

48. E.S.R is the time taken by the blood corpuscles to
settle down in a glass tubeof uniform bore when
it is kept undisturbed and uncoagulated
This is due to
The force of gravity
The phenomenon of rouleaux formation
It is graded in millimeters from 0 at the upper end
an d200 at the lower end
Tube is fitted in the stand and left undisturbed for 1
hour
Reading is taken after 1 hour
Normal value :

49. Male upto 7 mm
Female upto 10 mm
RAISED E.S.R:
Tuberculosis
Malignancy
Multiple myeloma
Anemia
Pregnancy
Rheumatoid arthritis
Connective tissue disorder
DECREASED E.S.R
Dehydration
CCF
Polycythemia

50. AMBO BAG

51. FACE PIECE BAG

52. Ambu bvag is the most commonly used manual
resuscitation kit and consist of
. A bag
. A valve
. A facepiece
The bag is made up of rubber.When the bag is
squeezed the valve closes and allows the air to
pass to the face piece
The air in the bag is enriched with oxygen via a
tube
When the pressure is released the bag fills
automatically.

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