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Tonsil
Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue located in the aerodigestive tract that form Waldeyer's ring and act as the immune system's first line of defense. Waldeyer's ring includes the adenoid tonsils, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil. Tonsils contain specialized cells called M cells that capture pathogens and alert the immune system, stimulating B cells and T cells to respond. This leads to the production of antibodies and memory B cells in germinal centers within the tonsils. Tonsils can also become inflamed or infected, leading to tonsillitis, or develop calcified material known as tonsilloliths.
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Tonsil
- 1. TONSILFirst Line OfDefense Against Ingested Or Inhaled Foreign Pathogens.
- 2. What is Tonsil? • Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue facing into the aerodigestive tract.
- 3. Waldeyer’s Ring • Waldeyer'stonsillar ring includes 1. Adenoid tonsil 2. Two tubal tonsils 3. Two palatine tonsils 4. Lingual tonsil.
- 4. Type Epithelium capsuleCrypts Location Adenoids Ciliated pseudostratified columnar Incompletely encapsulated No crypts, but small folds Roof of pharynx Tubal tonsils Ciliated pseudostratified columnar Roof of pharynx Palatine tonsils Non-keratinized stratified squamous Incompletely encapsulated Long, branched Sides of oropharynx between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches Lingual tonsils Non-keratinized stratified squamous Incompletely encapsulated Long, branched Behind terminal sulcus (tongue)
- 5. Functions • Immune system'sfirst line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens. • Tonsils have on their surface specialized antigen capture cells called M cells that allow for the uptake of antigens produced by pathogens. These M cells then alert the underlying B cells and T cells in the tonsil that a pathogen is present and an immune response is stimulated. • B cells are activated and proliferate in areas called germinal centres in the tonsil. These germinal centres are places where B memory cells are created and secretory antibody (IgA) is produced. • Tonsils produce T lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, in a manner similar to, but different from, the way the thymus does.
- 6. Clinical • Tonsilitis :Tonsils can become enlarged or inflamed. • Tonsillolith : It is material that accumulates on the tonsil. They can range up to the size of a peppercorn and are white/cream in color. o The main substance is mostly calcium. o Have a strong unpleasant odor because of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan and other chemicals.
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