Mechanical properties of materials
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This document defines and describes several key mechanical properties of materials: - Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under stress but return to its original shape when stress is removed. Plasticity is a permanent deformation under stress beyond the elastic limit. - Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo deformation before fracturing, allowing it to be drawn into wires. Brittleness is the tendency to fracture without deformation. - Other properties discussed include hardness, toughness, stiffness, resilience, endurance, and different types of strength. The document provides brief definitions of each property.
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This document summarizes a study analyzing the physicochemical properties of pond and borewell water samples in Thethi village, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India. Water is essential for life but 70% of India's surface water is polluted. The study measured color, pH, conductivity, TDS, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, and sulfate levels. Pond water samples met standards for construction use but borewell water exceeded limits for hardness, chloride, and other parameters, making it unsatisfactory and unfit for drinking. The borewell water is highly polluted while pond water is only suitable for construction based on analysis of their physicochemical profiles.
Affecting mechanical properties
Factors that affect the mechanical properties of materials include grain size, heat treatment, temperature, and atmospheric exposure. Heat treatment operations like hardening, annealing, and tempering can increase properties like tensile strength, hardness, and wear resistance. These properties are also influenced by factors like grain size, recovery, recrystallization, work hardening, phase transformations, and residual stresses induced during forming processes like hot working and cold working. Hot working allows deformation with reduced energy at high temperatures and improves properties like ductility and impact strength, while cold working enhances properties like hardness and strength but reduces ductility.
Fracture
This document discusses different types of material fractures: brittle, ductile, fatigue, and creep. Brittle fractures occur with little plastic deformation, while ductile fractures involve significant plastic deformation. Fatigue fractures result from repeated cyclic stresses below the material's tensile strength. Creep fractures happen due to excessive deformation over time under steady loads. The mechanisms of each type are also described, such as Griffith's theory of stress concentrations leading to brittle fractures or dislocation movement causing creep fractures.
Technological properties
This document discusses various technological properties of materials:
Machinability is defined as how easily a material can be cut or shaped by tools. It depends on properties like hardness, grain size, lubricants used. White cast iron is not machinable while grey cast iron is easy to machine.
Weldability is how easily a material can be joined to itself or other materials through welding. It depends on properties like composition, strength at high temperatures, and thermal properties.
Workability/formability is how easily a material can be shaped while solid through processes like forging and extrusion without cracking. Cold workability refers to shaping cold materials while hot workability is shaping hot materials.
Castability is how easily
Metal forming processes
This document summarizes several common metal forming processes. It discusses extrusion, which involves forcing metal through a die to reduce its cross-section. It also covers wire drawing, which reduces the cross-section of a metal rod by pulling it through successively smaller die holes. The document describes forging as shaping heated metal using compressive forces in dies or hammers. Rolling is defined as shaping metal by passing it through rotating rolls. Finally, casting and welding are summarized as processes for pouring molten metal into molds and joining metal pieces with heat respectively.
Mechanical tests
This document discusses various mechanical tests used to evaluate material properties including tensile tests, compression tests, hardness tests, impact tests, creep tests, and fatigue tests. Tensile tests are used to determine properties like yield point and ductility. Compression tests are similar but for brittle materials. Hardness tests evaluate effects of processing and determine machinability. Impact and creep tests evaluate material behavior under sudden loads and prolonged high-temperature loading. Fatigue tests determine how materials fail under repeated cyclic stresses. These standard tests are important for understanding and predicting material performance in applications.
Deformation of metals
The document discusses deformation of metals. There are two types of deformation - elastic and plastic. Elastic deformation is reversible and occurs at low stresses, while plastic deformation is permanent and occurs at higher stresses after the yield point. Plastic deformation occurs through slip and twinning. Slip involves shear displacement of crystal planes, while twinning results in a mirrored portion of the crystal. Single crystal metals have strengths approaching theoretical values, while polycrystalline metals are weaker due to dislocations and grain boundaries, but can deform plastically through dislocation movement.
Creep
The document discusses the concept of creep, which is the slow plastic deformation of a material under a constant load below its proportional limit. Creep can continue until fracture and usually occurs at high temperatures. It is an important property to consider in designing engines, boilers, and turbines. Creep occurs in three stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary. The secondary stage where creep occurs at a constant rate is used to estimate service life. Creep resistance depends on factors like heat treatment, grain size, strain hardening, and alloying elements. Theories describe creep rate increasing with stress and temperature according to specific equations.
Vicker hardness test
The document describes the Vickers hardness test. It uses a diamond pyramid indenter to make an indentation on the material being tested under a specified load ranging from 5 to 120 kg. The indentation left has a square shape regardless of load. The diagonal lengths of the indentation are measured under a microscope and used to calculate the Vickers hardness number, providing a continuous scale of hardness values. Factors like load, indentation shape, and temperature can affect the results. Advantages include consistency of indentation shape and suitability for testing a range of materials and surfaces. A disadvantage is it takes more time than other hardness tests.
Nuclear engineering matreials
This document discusses key materials used in nuclear engineering. It describes fuel materials like uranium, plutonium, and thorium. It notes their properties and how they are used. It also discusses moderator materials like deuterium, graphite, and beryllium. Additionally, it covers fuel cladding materials and their purpose, mentioning examples like aluminum and zirconium. Finally, it briefly discusses control materials used in control rods, such as boron, silver, and cadmium.
Transmission electron microscope
The document describes the transmission electron microscope (TEM). It begins by stating that TEM can be used to examine samples as small as 0.2nm, smaller than what a scanning electron microscope can view. The principle of TEM is that electrons are transmitted through a specimen and the image is formed based on the transmitted or diffracted electrons. Key components include the electron gun, magnetic lenses, and fluorescent screen. TEM works by firing electrons through a specimen using lenses, with transmitted electrons forming an image and diffracted electrons eliminated to increase contrast. TEM provides high resolution imaging down to the atomic scale and is used in nanoscience and viewing internal structures of cells and viruses.
Scanning electron microscope
This document provides an overview of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It describes that the SEM uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample to produce images of its surface topography and composition. The key components of an SEM include an electron gun, magnetic lenses, scanning coils, electron detectors, and a cathode ray tube display. SEMs offer higher magnification, greater depth of field, better resolution, and compositional analysis compared to optical microscopes. Example applications of SEMs include examining the structures of large specimens and samples across various fields like biology, materials science, and engineering.
Stm
This document discusses the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). It begins by introducing STM and its ability to image surfaces with atomic resolution. It then explains the principle of STM, which uses a voltage applied between a metal tip and sample surface to create a tunneling current that is exponentially dependent on tip-sample separation. The document outlines the tip positioning system, describes the constant current and variable current imaging modes, and notes STM's advantages of high resolution and ability to study various environments and its disadvantage of requiring precise tip positioning and stable/clean surfaces.
Hamiltonial principle
The document discusses cyclic coordinates, generalized momentum, and the Hamilton variational principle in classical mechanics. It defines a cyclic coordinate as a coordinate that does not appear in the Lagrangian of a system, and generalized momentum as the conjugate or canonical momentum associated with each generalized coordinate. It also presents Lagrange's equations of motion and notes that the generalized momentum can be recognized as the linear momentum associated with each particle in a conservative system.
Waching machine[1]
The document discusses washing machines and their components. It begins by showing a block diagram of the input and output devices connected to the controller in an electronic washing machine. It then discusses various aspects of washing machines such as the types of sensors and actuators used, fuzzy logic control, different washing programs, and miscellaneous features. The key components discussed are the controller, motor, sensors to measure speed and detect water level, and actuators like the water valve and heater.
Atomic force microscope
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) uses a sharp tip attached to a flexible cantilever to scan the surface of a sample and map its topography with nanoscale resolution. As the tip is scanned across the surface, interactions between the tip and sample cause the cantilever to deflect, and these deflections are used to construct a 3D image of the surface. AFM can operate in contact, non-contact, or tapping mode and is capable of measuring properties like roughness, elasticity, and adhesion in addition to topography. It provides magnification from 100X to over 100 million X with nanometer scale resolution and does not require complex sample preparation, making AFM a versatile high-resolution imaging tool.
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
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办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
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-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
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-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
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Mechanical properties of materials
- 1. Mechanical Properties Of Materials BY Dr. K. SENTHILARASAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS E.G.S.PILLAY ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE NAGAPATTINAM-611002
- 2. • Elasticity: Elasticity is defined as the tendency of a body by virtue of which it suffers a change in shape or size under the action of external deforming forces or loads and regains its original shape or size after the removal of the deforming. • Plasticity: Plasticity is defined as the property of a material by virtue of which a permanent deformation takes place, whenever it is subjected to the action of external deforming forces or load. Thus after the elastic limit, if the load is increased the material is no longer capable of regaining its original shape or size and a permanent set or permanent deformation force.
- 3. • Ductility: Ductility is the property of a material by virtue of which it can undergo considerable plastic deformation before rupture. A ductile material can be drawn into a wire or considerably elongated before rupture take places. • Brittleness: Brittleness is the property of a material by virtue of which it will fracture without any appreciable deformation. Thus, it is the opposite of ductility.
- 4. • Hardness: Hardness is the property of a material by virtue of which it is able to resist abrasion, indentation, deformation and scratching. • Toughness: Toughness is the property of material by virtue of which it can be absorb maximum energy before fracture take place.
- 5. • Stiffness: Stiffness is the property of a material by virtue of which it resists deformation. Modulus of elasticity is a measure of stiffness of a metal. • Resilience: Resilience is the property of a material by virtue of which it stores energy and resists shocks or impacts. Resilience is the important property to be considered when we select materials for making springs.
- 6. • Endurance: The endurance is the property of a material by virtue of which it can be withstand varying stresses or repeated application of stress. It is the important property in the design and production parts in a reciprocating machines and components subjected to vibrations. • Strength: Strength is the property of a material by virtue of which it resists or with stand the application of an external force or load without rupture. A metal has different types of strengths. Depending upon the value of stress, the strength of a metal may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending and torsional.
- 7. THANK YOU