An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Unstable isotopes are called Radioisotopes.
uses of radioisotopes are many which are discussed in this slide.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- by sivasangari Shanmugam. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens.
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
It is an important tool in biochemical research. Which through rapid spinning imposes high centrifugal forces on suspended particles, or even molecules in solution, and causes separations of such matter on the basis of differences in weight.
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. When incident light strikes matter it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The absorbance of radiation in the UV-Vis range causes atomic excitation, which refers to the transition of molecules from a low-energy ground state to an excited state.
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Unstable isotopes are called Radioisotopes.
uses of radioisotopes are many which are discussed in this slide.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- by sivasangari Shanmugam. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens.
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
It is an important tool in biochemical research. Which through rapid spinning imposes high centrifugal forces on suspended particles, or even molecules in solution, and causes separations of such matter on the basis of differences in weight.
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. When incident light strikes matter it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The absorbance of radiation in the UV-Vis range causes atomic excitation, which refers to the transition of molecules from a low-energy ground state to an excited state.
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
general introduction of radioactivity, it include discovery of radioactivity, types of radiation, isotopes and radioactive isotopes difference, half life, prevention and precaution from radiation. detecting devices used in laboreatory for radiation spillage and protection.
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses or it can be defined as it is used to detect gamma rays and the presence of a particle. It can also measure the radiation in the scintillating medium, the energy loss, or the energy gain. The medium can be solid and liquid.
The phenomenon in which the nucleus of the atom of an element undergoes spontaneous and uncontrollable disintegration or decay and emit alpha, beta, or gamma rays
It is the property of some unstable atoms to spontaneously emit nuclear radiation to gain stability.
The heavy elements are called radioactive elements and rays emitted these elements are called radioactive rays.
The phenomenon of radioactivity is discovered by HENRI BACQUEREL IN 1896.
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay (α-decay), beta decay (β-decay), and gamma decay (γ-decay), all of which involve emitting one or more particles.
radiopharmaceuticals introduction isotopes types of radioisotopes measurement of radioactivity handling and storage of radioactive material applications
Radio activity
Measurement of radioactivity
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half life, radio isotopes
Study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131,
Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances
QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE - KERNEL COLOR IN WHEATNethravathi Siri
Nilsson-Ehle (1909) and East (1910, 1916) documented first significant evidence of
quantitative inheritance by their individual works in wheat.
Their analysis started from one-locus control which continued to two locus control
and concluded at three-locus control.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
RNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (COPIA) IN Drosophila
within host genomes.
As TEs comprise more than 40% of the human genome and are linked to
numerous diseases, understanding their mechanisms of mobilization and
regulation is important.
Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for the study of eukaryotic
TEs as its genome contains a diverse array of active TEs.
Also referred to as “jumping genes,” TEs move, or transpose, to different locations
throughout the genomes in which they reside.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
One of the first plausible models to account for the preceding observations was
formulated by Robin Holliday.
The key features of the Holliday model are the formation of heteroduplex DNA; the
creation of a cross bridge; its migration along the two heteroduplex strands,
termed branch migration; the occurrence of mismatch repair; and the
subsequent resolution, or splicing, of the intermediate structure to yield different
typesof recombinant molecules.
A Vitamin is an organic compound by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited
amounts.
• We need vitamins in our diet, because our bodies can’t synthesize them quickly
enough to meet our daily needs.
• The term vitamin was derived from ‘vitamine’ meaning vital and amine.
• It was coined by K FUNK (1912).
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Supernumerary chromosomes are the additional or extra chromosomal set present in a
cell, which are dissimilar to normal A-Chromosomal set in the species.
They are also called as Accessory Chromosomes and lack homologous chromosome part.
In wild populations, around 100 animal species, 600 plant species especially fungi
contain supernumerary / B-chromosomes
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Paired chromosome in meiosis in immature amphibian eggs, in which the chromatin
forms large stiff loops extending out from the linear axis of the chromosome
The lampbrush chromosomes derive their name from the lateral loops that extrude from
the chromomeres at certain point.
They are very transcriptionally active DNA, where loops of DNA emerging from an
apparently continuous chromosomal axis are coated with RNA polymerase.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Since, these chromosomes were discovered in the salivary gland cells, they are called
as "Salivary Gland Chromosomes".
The present name polytene chromosome was suggested by kollar due to the
occurrence of many chromonemata (DNA) in them.
Bridges (~1936) 1st constructed a salivary chromosome map of D melanogaster and
found 5000 special bands in polytene chromosomes.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
In some organisms, there are special tissues in which chromosomes undergo structural
specializations.
Such specialized chromosomes are generally termed as SPECIAL TYPES OF
CHROMOSOMES
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Crossing over is exchange of strictly homologous segments of a genome between their
respective non-sister chromatids during cell division, which results in chromosomal
recombinations of linked genes in daughter cells.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Nucleosome model of chromosome is proposed by ROGER KORNBERG (son of Arthur
Kornberg) in 1974.
It was confirmed and crystalised by P. Oudet et al., (1975).
Nucleosome is the lowest level of Chromosome organization in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleosome model is a scientific model which explains the organization of DNA and
associated proteins in the chromosomes.
Nucleosome model also explains the exact mechanism of the folding of DNA in
thenucleus.
It is the most accepted model of chromatin organization.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Epistasis is a Greek word that means standing over.
BATESON used term epistasis to describe the masking effect in 1909
The term epistasis describes a certain relationship between genes, where an allele of
one gene hides or masks the visible output or phenotype of another gene.
When two different genes which are not alleles, both affect the same character in such
a way that the expression of one masks (inhibits or suppresses) the expression of the
other gene, the phenomenon is said to be epistasis.
The gene that suppresses other gene expression is known as Epistatic gene.
The gene that is suppressed or remain obscure is called Hypostatic gene
The classical phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 F2 ratio becomes modified by epistasis.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
In supplementary gene action, the dominant allele of one gene is essential for the
development of the concerned phenotype, while the other gene modifies the expression of the first gene.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Complementation between two non-allelic genes (C and P) are essential for production
of a particular or special phenotype i.e., complementary factor.
Two genes involved in a specific pathway and their functional products are required
for gene expression, then one recessive allelic pair at either allelic pair would result in
the mutant phenotype.
When Dominant alleles are present together, they complement each other to yield
complementary factor resulting in a special phenotype.
They are called complementary genes.
When either of gene loci have homozygous recessive alleles (i.e., genotypes of ccPP,
ccPp, CCpp, Ccpp and ccpp), they produce identical phenotypes and change F2 ratio
to 9:7.
Basics for undergraduate/university students
The phenomenon of two or more genes affecting the expression of each other in various
ways in the development of a single character of an organism is known as GENE
INTERACTION.
5. Microsocope ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM & SEM ) - BasicsNethravathi Siri
Basics only
Electron beam is the source of illumination.
Image is produced by magnetic field.
Contrasting features between light microscope and electron microscope are
construction, working principle, specimen preparation, cost-expenses and designed
room (vacuum chamber).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. ISOTOPES 1
ISOTOPES
In ISOTOPES;
1. Atomic number (Z) = Number of Protons = Constant
2. Atomic mass number = Number of Protons + Neutrons = Shall vary
Isotopes are the elements containing same atomic number (Protons), but a different
mass number (Protons + Neutrons=Nucleon number).
81 stable elements have 275 different isotopes.
Isotopes have similar chemical properties, but have different physical properties
(Expect: Hydrogen)
Atomic Mass←1H1→Atomic Number
IMPORTANCE IN BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Radio Isotopes facilitates new discoveries and disease profiling
Radio-Tracing unblocks various sectors enabling elucidation of in-vivo processes.
Non-Invasive mode of therapy using nuclear medical kit and radio pharmaceuticals.
To elucidate the metabolic pathway, metabolic turn over time of a molecule.
Radioactive hybridizationis also utilized vaccine production.
ELEMENTS ISOTOPES
Hydrogen 1H, 2H,3H
Carbon 12C, 13C, 14C
Oxygen 16O, 17O, 18O
Uranium 235U, 238U
Chlorine 35Cl, 37Cl
Fluorine 17F,18F, 19F
Classification of Isotopes based on Stability
1. STABLE ISOTOPE 2. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE
Example 12C 13C, 14C
Proton + Neutron Stable Unstable
Decay effect Absent Present - Radioactive Decay
Reason for the
stability
Number of Neutrons are
balanced
Neutrons disintegration is
documented
Radiation emission No 3 types of radiation are emitted
1. Alpha - α
2. Beta - β
3. Gamma - γ
Energy release No Yes
Impact on human
health
No much significant affect Increased health risk
Uses Identification of ancient
rock & minerals
Important tool in field of science
especially in medicine and
industrial applications
Classification of Isotopes based on their origin
1. Long lived
Isotopes
2. Cosmogenic
Isotopes
3. Anthropogenic
Isotopes
4. Radiogenic
Isotopes
Origin During solar
system genesis
During Star
formations
During human
led nuclear act
ivies
During
radioactive
decay
Approximate
duration
447 billion
years ago
10,000–30,000
years ago
50-100
years ago
_ _ _
2. ISOTOPES 2
In clinicaldiagnosis to detect tumor, blood clots, infection.
Neuro imaging, pharmacological studies, non-invasive therapies for hyper-thyrodism
and cancer (Radio-immunotherapy).
Based on the radioactivity of the elements in the nature, evolutionarist speculate the
phyllogenetic tree.
Radiation is used as a mutagen to produce mutants for scientific studies.
OTHER USES
Sterilization and food irradiation in Industries.
Geochemists use radio isotopes to analyze the composition of geological materials.
MEASURE OF RADIOACTIVITY
It is not in range of human senses or un-aided detection for measurement.
Unit for measurement of Radioactivity
For Chemicals For Human For Risk Assessment
S.I unit Becquerel (Bq) Gray (Gy) Sievert (Sv)
Conventional unit Curie (Ci) Radiation absorbed
dose (rad)
Roentgen equivalent
man (rem)
Comparison Amount of Rain fall Amount of rain drops
on any object
Amount of rain drop
precipitating on object
Basic general principle for measurement of Radioactivity
Measurement of Radioactivity
1. Gas-filled Counters (example: Geiger Muller [GM] Counter)
2. Scintillation Counter
3. Semi-Conductor Detectors
1. Geiger Muller [GM] Counter
Nuclear physicist Hans Geigeris the co-inventor of Geiger-Muller counter (GM tube), a
device used for the detection and measurement of all types of radiation: alpha, beta
and gamma radiation.
GM tube is a gas filled device used to detect ionising radiation, monitor and counted
by electric circuit.
Output is reported as counts per second or Rontgens per hour.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
GM tube filled with inert gas (Helium, Neon & Argon) at low pressure connected to
High voltage source conducts electrical charge on particles or photons, ionising the gas
conductives followed by amplification and according to discharge effect electrical
charge released are counted as pulse, displayed as digital output in the meanwhile
generates audio beeps in the speaker confirming the presence of radiation.
3. ISOTOPES 3
APPLICATIONS
1. To detect alpha, beta and gamma radiation from given sample.
2. To check for environmental levels of radioactivity.
3. In risk assessment in various working places.
4. To identify radioactivity in rocks and minerals.
ADVANTAGES
1. Relatively less expensive
2. Durable
3. Easily portable
4. Detect all types of ionising radiation
DISADVANTAGES
1. Fails to differentiate between or β or γ radiation.
2. Cant estimate exact energy level.
3. Very low efficiency.
SCINTILLATION COUNTER
It is one among the oldest and commoniest methods of particle detection.
In 1945, photomultiplier tubes were invented to detect slightiest light particles.
Scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation
by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material, and
detecting the resultant light pulses.
It consists of a scintillator which generates photons in response to incident radiation. a
sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT) which converts the light to an electrical signal and
electronics to process this signal.
4. ISOTOPES 4
WORKING PRINCIPLE
When radiation is passed on fluroscent material (example: Zinc sulfide, thallium-activated
sodium iodide), Scintillations (flashes of light) are produced and are converted into electric
pulses by Photoelectric alloy (either of cesium and antimony), amplified about million
times by photomultiplier tube and counted in the counter.
Applications of Scintillation Counter
1. Scintillation Counters are widely used in radioactive contamination, radiation survey
meters, radiometric assay, nuclear plant safety and medical imaging, that are used to
measure radiation.
2. There are several counters of mounted on helicopters and some pickup trucks for
rapid response in case of a security situation due to radioactive waste or dirty bombs.
3. Scintillation counters designed for weighbridge applications, freight terminals, scrap
metal yards, border security, contamination monitoring of nuclear waste and ports.
4. It is widely used in Screening technologies, In vivo and ELISA alternative technologies,
cancer research, epigenetics and Cellular research.
5. It also has its applications in Protein interaction and detection, academic research
and Pharmaceutical.
6. Liquid Scintillation Counter is a type of scintillation counter that is used for measuring
the beta emission from the nuclides.