This document discusses various applications of radioisotopes and radiation technology in industry, healthcare, and agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are produced through reactors, accelerators, and chemical separation. It then explains the properties and uses of different types of radiation. Applications discussed include using isotopes to determine the age of water sources, thickness measurement in industry, friction testing, radiography of castings, and using tracers to study fertilizer uptake in plants. Medical uses covered are thyroid disease treatment, brain tumor localization, blood volume measurement, and studying dopamine pathways. The document also discusses radioimmunoassay, radiation sterilization, genetic modification of crops, and radiation therapy for cancer. Associated radiological safety practices are also mentioned.

1. APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPE AND
RADIATION TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSTRY,HEALTH CARE,AND AGRICULTURE
KALYANA KRISHNAN.A.V
B.Sc CHEMISTRY

2. “Science makes us wonder”
Henry Becquerel
Madam Curie

3. Production of Radioisotopes
 Production with Reactors
 Production via accelerators
 Production via chemical separation
 Electromagnetic Enrichment and Purification

4. Properties of Radiation
Type of rays Alpha Rays Beta Rays Gamma Rays
Nature Positive charge Negative charge Chargeless
Velocity 160,000 km/s
160,000-
240,000km/s Equal to that of
light
Penetration power Low power Greater than alpha Larger than others
Ionizing power Larger than others Greater than
Gamma
Low power

5. GEIGER MULLER COUNTER

6. Isotopes in hydrology and water
resources management
Isotope Hydrology is a field of hydrology that uses
isotopic dating to estimate the age and origin of water.
Carbon 14 dating is also used in isotope hydrology since
all natural water contains dissolved carbon dioxide.

7. Application of isotope in hydrology
 Determining the age of snow and ice:
Use of stable isotope can indicate the conditions of
the climate in the past:
Higher average global temperature indicates the
increase in atmospheric (18)O water.
While lower than normal (18)O in groundwater or an
ice layer would imply the cooler climatic or ice ages.

8. Application of sealed radioisotopes/radiation in
industry
 THICKNESS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL:
The 0.54 MeV beta of Sr (90) is used for measuring
thickness- back scattering technique.
 FRICTION AND WEAROUT:
When the 2 surfaces are rubbed, one is neutron activated
so that it becomes radioactive, without a lubricant the other
surface is auto-radio graphed. This indicate the amount of
matter transferred (wear out of piston rings).

9.  Gamma Radiography
 Technique of examining industrial castings and
machine parts for micro cracks is well known.
 Diesel locomotive works, Varanasi are using 8Ci of
(192)Ir for testing by gammography steel plates in
manufacture of locomotives.
 The metal casting are tested for cracks by putting in
radioactive salt baths. Absence of salt-penetration
obviously indicates absence of cracks.

10. Radiotracers application in industry
Optimum use of fertilizers-Agricultural industry
 Ca (45)as a tracer, it has been found that the uptake by
plants of Ca from the soil is nearly same for CaO and
CaCO3.
 Adding (NH4)3PO4 labeled with p(32) of known
specific activity the uptake of phosphorous is
measured.

11.  Surgery-medical industry:
To find out if blood is circulating to a wound or not a
radioisotope is injected, afterwards blood from the wound is
examined by GM counter.
 Similarly phosphate containing isotope of phosphorus (32)
is given to patients suffering from bone fracture.

12. Radiopharmaceuticals as diagonstic
and therapeutic agents in medical care
 Thyroiditis (Goiter):
 Diagnosed the treatment is possible by radioiodine (131)I or
better (125)I.
 Energetic radiation destroy the, hyperthyroidisms, followed
by auto-radio graphic of the gland in Scintillation counter.

13. Brain tumor location
Certain dyes as fluorescein, Rose Bengal are preferentially
adsorbed by cancerous cells. The technique is to label the
dye with (131)I as diiodofluroscein or Rose Bengal.
Accessing the volume of blood
 The technique isotope dilution is used for this(Na-24 as
NaCl solution).
 5-6 liters of blood is present in human beings.

14. Use of (18)F in the study of neurotransmitter
dopamine pathway in the brain
Absence of dopamine leads to the Parkinson's disease.
6-Fluorodopa labeled with (18)F has successfully used
to trace the pathway of dopamine in brain by Positron
Emission Tomography (PET).

15. Radio Immuno Assay (RIA)
RIA technique was developed by Yalow and Berson.
 Technique for assessing the concentration levels of
biological ingredients in the body fluids.
 RIA technique is used in the estimation of the Human
Placental Lactogen (HPL) in the pregnancy, it gives the
information regarding the risk of pregnancy.

16. Radiation processing application
 Radiation Sterilization:
Convient way to sterilize surgical instruments, gloves and
ampoules by the exposure to a high gamma dose of few
megarads.
 Radiation energy for chemical synthesis:
1. Ethyl Bromide:
C2H4 +HBr C2H5Br
 Passing ethylene and HBr into the Co(60) source.

17.  Gammexane:
 Stereoisomer's of BHC by the chlorination of benzene.
C6H6 +3Cl2  C6H6Cl6.
 It is used with other isomers as a powerful insecticide.
 Cyclohexane sulphonyl chloride:
 Mixture of cyclohexane, Cl2 and SO2 are exposed to
gamma radiation.
C6H6 +SO2 + Cl2 C6H6SO2Cl + HCl
 Spent fuel rods are used as a source of gamma
radiation.

18. Genetic engineering for crop
improvement
Frequency of mutation can be enhanced by exposing
the plants to high dose of gamma radiation. Usually 10-
100KCi of (60) Co sources are used.
Other gamma – induced reaction:
 Preparation of silicon lubricants, ergo sterol from yeast,
ethylene glycol from methanol.
 Polymer of MMA i.e. PMMA

19. Radiation therapy in cancer treatment
Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor.
 Systemic radioisotope therapy is a form of TARGETED THERAPY.
Radiation Oncology (study of tumors) is medical specality
concerned with radiation.

20. Associated radiological safety aspects:
ICRP:International Commission on Radiological Protection

21. Radioactive Lab rules:
 Lab coat should be used in active sites radioactivity.
 Rubber gloves should be worn when doing chemical action
with radioisotopes.
 Mouth operation are strictly forbidden.
It is preferable to carry out radioactive experiments in
shallow trays.

22. Guided by:
Dr. GEETHA.V Sri.Vinod Kumar. T
Associate Professor Asst. Professor
Department of chemistry Department of Physics
Payyanur College, Payyanur Payyanur College, Payyanur
Sincere Thanks To:
Dr. Santhosh K.P. Principal
Department of Physics &
Kannur University Staff Members
Payyanur Campus, Payyanur. Payyanur College, Payyanur.

23. References:
Essentials of Nuclear chemistry-H.J.ARNIKAR, fourth
edition, published by NEW AGE INTERNATINAL(P) Ltd.
 Nuclear Chemistry-MAHESHWAR SHARON &
MADHURI SHARON, published by ANE BOOKS (P) Ltd.
 Nuclear Physics- S.N. GHOSAL, second edition, published
by, S.CHAND.
http:/www.wikipedia.org/isotopes in hydrology/preserved
articles.