Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Radioactivity, Alpha radiation, Beta radiation, Gamma radiation, Types of radiation, properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations, Half-life of radioactive substances, Methods to measure radioactivity, Radioactive isotopes, Isotopes of Hydrogen, Isotopes of Carbon, Sodium Iodide -131, Medicinal uses of Sodium Iodide - 131, Storage of radioactive substances, Precautions in the handling of Radioactive substances, Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Radioactivity, Alpha radiation, Beta radiation, Gamma radiation, Types of radiation, properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations, Half-life of radioactive substances, Methods to measure radioactivity, Radioactive isotopes, Isotopes of Hydrogen, Isotopes of Carbon, Sodium Iodide -131, Medicinal uses of Sodium Iodide - 131, Storage of radioactive substances, Precautions in the handling of Radioactive substances, Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
Radio activity
Measurement of radioactivity
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half life, radio isotopes
Study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131,
Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances
Radiations classified as ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. ionizing includes ultraviolet, alpha, gamma and x-ray radiations. non-ionizing consists of infrared, microwave, radio wave and power line electromagnetic radiations
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL
Radiopharmaceutical ~ radiopharmaceutical is a branch of
pharma in which radioactive compound used for The diagnosis &
therapeutic treatment of Human diseases.
Radiopharmaceutical composed Of
Radionuclide + pharmaceutical
• A Pharmaceutical that Target a specific oragan &Tissue and A
radioactive material (radio nuclide ) That Gives of small amount
of radiation.
3. RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION
• Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulation contains radioisotopes (Emit particular types of ionizing
radiation Which are safe for administration in Human for Diagnosis or for Therapy .
4. STRUCTURE OF ATOM
• Atoms may contain many sub-atomic particles :-
1. Proton:- proton are positively charged heavy particals found in nucleus of an atom.
2. Electrone :- electrons are negatively charged,light particals , Orbiting around The nucleus. The charge of
an element is equal (but opposite ) to The charge of proton.
3. Nutron:- These are The heavy particles found in the nucleus . These do not posses any charge. The mass
of nutrone is almost equal to the mass of proton.
5. ISOTOPES
• Isotopes :- Isotopes are atoms of the same element which contain the same number of proton but different
number of neutrone. Means They have Same atomic number but different atomic mass.
• Isotops have same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties..
• E.g. Isotope of Hydrogen which has 3 isotopes
• Protium:- protium consists one proton & one electrons in their nucluse
• Deuterium:- deuterium Consists one proton
One neutron & one electrone in their nucleus.
• Tritium :- tritium atom contain one proton
two neutrons and one eletrone.
7. RADIO ACTIVITY
• ‘’the phenomenon of emitting raditions by the unstable isotopes (radioactive isotope) is known as
radioactivity’’
• *Unstable isotopes (nucleus) In order To become stable The make ‘decay’. This decay causes the
nucleus to emit ionising radiation and an atom of a different element is formed. These isotopes are
called ‘’radioisotops’’ or radio include.
• *a Unstable atomic nucleus emit a form of radiation (alpha , beta ,or gamma ) to became stable
8. ALPHA PARTICLE
• these particles are composed of two protons & two neutron.identical to the nucleus of a
helium.
• When the nucleus of element in process to become stable, emit an alpha particle it’s atomic
number decrease by 2 & it atomic mass decreases by 4
• these particles are heavy weight & high ionization power but reletively slow & because the
have heavy weight &high ionization power these particle low penetrating power.
• These can be stopped by a piece of thin pepar.
9. BETA PARTICLE
• These particals simply high energy electrons emitted by nuclues & having a negative charge
• These particals have low mass but their energy is too high.because they have high energy the
range of beta particles in air is 1 metre.
• Beta particle being less ionising then alpha particle so beta particle has more penetrating
power then alpha.
• Beta particals can penetrate a tissue to the extent of 1 centimetre or slightly more.
10. GAMMA PARTICLE
• Gamma rays is a form of ‘electromagnetic ‘ (high energy photon ) radiation like visible light e.g
x-rays
• Gamma rays are neutral do not have any positive & negative charge.
• Gamma rays have much more energy &much greater penetrating power about 100
centimetres.
• Gamma rays stopped by a sheet of lead or concrete .
11. HALF LIFE OF RADIOACTIVITY
• the rate in which a radioactive isotops decays is Mesured in half life
• Half life is defined as The time it takes for one half of the atoms of radioactive material to
disintegrate
• E.g Half life affect on isotops
• Suppose you have 10 gram of Barium139. It has a half life of 86 minutes.
• After 86 minute half of the atoms in the sample would have decayed into another
element ‘’lanthanum139’’
• After Half life you would have 5 gram of lanthanum139 & 5 gram of Barium139.
12. HALF LIFE MATHEMATICAL FORMULA
Here , T1/2 is half life of radioactive sample
λ.(lemda) is decay constant
λ.(lemda ):- is the probability of decay per nucleus
per second
13. HALF LIFE OF SOME COMMON RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Name
1. Ferric citrate (59Fe) solution
Half life
45 days
Major use (application)
Study of iron metabolism and RBC
formation
2. Sodium Iodide(131 I) solution
3.Sodium phosphate (32P )
injection
8.06 days
14.2 days
Thyroid scanning and study of
thyroid uptake
Treatment of polycythemavera
(over production of RBC)
4. Calcium chloride (45ca )
solution
5. Ammonium Bromide (82Br)
injection
160 days
36 hours
Study of calcium metabolism
disorders ,bone Cancer.
Extracellular water measurement.
14. MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY
• Radioactivity of an element is measure in term of dps (disintegrate per second) which is raTe at which
an elements radioactive nuclei disintgrate.
• The rate is called activity of the radioactive sample
If In elementel time duration is ‘’dt’’, No of nuclei disintegrated an ‘’dN’’. The activity of that element is
given us as
Ac = - dN/dt
• N is number of undecay nucleus in a radioactive sample remaining after some time.
Unit of measurement radioactivity is the ‘’curie ‘’ (ci).
• One Curie is the amount of radiation produced by 1 gram of radium (Ra226) that is
equivalent to 2.7× 1011 decays per seconds.
15. IMPORTANT NOTES
1. The activity of a source is measured in ‘’Becquerels’’ (Bq ).One Bq is ‘’One decay per second’’.
2. The amount of radiation that our cell absurb during therapy is measured in Gray’s(gy)
One gray is one Joule of energy absorbed by 1 kg of our body.this is the dose we received during
treatment.
• A dose of 1 gray of β-particles, γ-rays or X-rays will give you a dose equivalent of 1
sievert. A dose of 1 gray of α-particles will give you a dose equivalent of 20 sieverts Sievert is quite
a large unit so we are usually work in millisieverts (msg) or microsurgery (use).
16. RADIOACTIVITY MEASURING DEVICES
• For measuring radioactivity three types of devices are available
1. Gas filled tube counters (e.g the Geiger counter)
2. Scintillation counters
3. Semi conductor detectors
17. THE GEIGER COUNTER
In this Geiger mular counter we applied a potential difference just below that required to produce
discharge. Any atom of the gas struck by the rays entering the tube the becomes ionized causing a
discharge
Discharge are monitored and counted by electric circuits and the output reported as counts /sec
18. SCINTILLATION COUNTERS
• Crystals of certain substances e.g. cesium fluoride, cadmium
• tungstate, anthracine and sodium iodide emit small flashes of light when bombarded
• by γ-rays. The most commonly used phosphor in scintillation counters is NaI.
• In the instrument, the crystal is positioned against a photocell.
• which in turn is linked to a recording unit. The number of flashes produced per unit time is proportional
to the intensity of radiation.