The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
Review of Effective Parameters of Stir Casting Process on Metallurgical Prope...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Composite Materials are widely used in day today life and as well as in automotive and aerospace industry which are monolithic composites.but most of the monolithic composites are not able to achieve required mechanical properties,so to achieve those mechanical properties Metal Matrix composites widely used in different sectors.some of Compiled information on MMC are presented in this presentation.
Review of Effective Parameters of Stir Casting Process on Metallurgical Prope...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Composite Materials are widely used in day today life and as well as in automotive and aerospace industry which are monolithic composites.but most of the monolithic composites are not able to achieve required mechanical properties,so to achieve those mechanical properties Metal Matrix composites widely used in different sectors.some of Compiled information on MMC are presented in this presentation.
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
REINFORCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITE (RPC) MATERIALSSameer Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
A microscopic mixture of two or more different materials. One typically being the continuous phase (matrix), and the other being the discontinuous phase (reinforcement).
Its properties are strongly dependent on the composite structure. Composites could be natural or synthetic.
Constituents of composite materials.-
Image result for metal matrix composites
www.slideshare.net
A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite.
Evaluation of Mechanical properties of Aluminium based MMCBishal Bhandari
The aluminum 6061 MMC with Graphite,Fly ash and Magnesium used as reinforcement has got the higher value of hardness, toughness,less wear rate and less ductility compared to pure aluminium. Hence this composite can be deployed to make an piston rods,bush,aircraft body and automotive body parts.
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
REINFORCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITE (RPC) MATERIALSSameer Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
A microscopic mixture of two or more different materials. One typically being the continuous phase (matrix), and the other being the discontinuous phase (reinforcement).
Its properties are strongly dependent on the composite structure. Composites could be natural or synthetic.
Constituents of composite materials.-
Image result for metal matrix composites
www.slideshare.net
A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite.
Evaluation of Mechanical properties of Aluminium based MMCBishal Bhandari
The aluminum 6061 MMC with Graphite,Fly ash and Magnesium used as reinforcement has got the higher value of hardness, toughness,less wear rate and less ductility compared to pure aluminium. Hence this composite can be deployed to make an piston rods,bush,aircraft body and automotive body parts.
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Evaluation Of Factors Affecting Sliding Wear Behaviour Of Al-Flyash Metal Mat...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
Generally user authentication is done using username and password that is called as login process. This login process is not more secure because, however a login session is still unprotected to impersonator when the user leaves his computer without logging off. Keystroke dynamics methods can be made useful to verify a user by extracting some typing features then, after the authentication process has successfully ended. From the last decade several studies proposed the use of keystroke dynamics as a behavioral biometric tool to verify users. We propose a new method, for representing the keystroke patterns by joining similar pairs of consecutive keystrokes. The above proposed method is used to consider clustering the di-graphs which are based on their temporal features. In this project, authentication system is provide to project management system that make more Secure management system without acknowledging unauthorized user. The Project Management System addresses the management of software projects. It provides the framework for organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a software project within defined scope, time and cost constraints. The system applies only to the management of software projects and is a tool that facilitates decision making.
Diagnosing lungs cancer Using Neural NetworksIJSRD
Artificial Neural Networks is the new technology. It is the branch of Artificial Intelligence and also it is an accepted new technology. Now a days Neural Networks Plays a Vital role in Medicine, Particularly in some fields such as cardiology, oncology etc. And also it has many applications in many areas like Science and Technology, Education, Business, Business and Manufacturing, etc. Neural Networks is most useful for making the decision more Effective. In this Paper, by the use of Neural Networks how the severe disease Lungs Cancer has been diagnosed more effectively. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. The Neural Networks has been successfully applied in Carcinogenesis. The main aim of this research is by the use of Neural Networks the Carcinogenesis can be diagnosed more cost-effective, easy to use techniques and methods. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. Sputum Cytology is used to detect the Lungs Cancer in Early stages.
A Survey on Sentiment Analysis and Opinion MiningIJSRD
In Today’s world, the social media has given web users a place for expressing and sharing their thoughts and opinions on different topics or events. For this purpose, the opinion mining has gained the importance. Sentiment classification and Opinion Mining is the study of people’s opinion, emotions, attitude towards the product, services, etc. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining are the two interchangeable terms. There are various approaches and techniques exist for Sentiment Analysis like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Maximum Entropy, etc. Opinion mining is a useful and beneficial way to scientific surveys, political polls, market research and business intelligence, etc. This paper presents a literature review of various techniques used for opinion mining and sentiment analysis.
A Defect Prediction Model for Software Product based on ANFISIJSRD
Artificial intelligence techniques are day by day getting involvement in all the classification and prediction based process like environmental monitoring, stock exchange conditions, biomedical diagnosis, software engineering etc. However still there are yet to be simplify the challenges of selecting training criteria for design of artificial intelligence models used for prediction of results. This work focus on the defect prediction mechanism development using software metric data of KC1.We have taken subtractive clustering approach for generation of fuzzy inference system (FIS).The FIS rules are generated at different radius of influence of input attribute vectors and the developed rules are further modified by ANFIS technique to obtain the prediction of number of defects in software project using fuzzy logic system.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Product Quality Analysis based on online ReviewsIJSRD
Customers satisfaction is the most important criteria before buying any product. Technology today has grown to such an extent that every smallest possible query is found on internet. An individual can express his reviews towards a product through Internet. This allows others to have a brief idea about the product before buying one for them. In this paper, we take into account all the challenges and limitations encountered while reading the online reviews and time being consumed in understanding quality of the product from the reviews. We include several methods and algorithms that help the consumer to understand the Quality of the product in better way.
Solving Fuzzy Matrix Games Defuzzificated by Trapezoidal Parabolic Fuzzy NumbersIJSRD
The matrix game theory gives a mathematical background for dealing with competitive or antagonistic situations arise in many parts of real life. Matrix games have been extensively studied and successfully applied to many fields such as economics, business, management and e-commerce as well as advertising. This paper deals with two-person matrix games whose elements of pay-off matrix are fuzzy numbers. Then the corresponding matrix game has been converted into crisp game using defuzzification techniques. The value of the matrix game for each player is obtained by solving corresponding crisp game problems using the existing method. Finally, to illustrate the proposed methodology, a practical and realistic numerical example has been applied for different defuzzification methods and the obtained results have been compared
Study of Clustering of Data Base in Education Sector Using Data MiningIJSRD
Data mining is a technology used in different disciplines to search for significant relationships among variables in n number of data sets. Data mining is frequently used in all types’ areas as well as applications. In this paper the application of data mining is attached with the field of education. The relationship between student’s university entrance examination results and their success was studied using cluster analysis and k-means algorithm techniques.
Fault Tolerance in Big Data Processing Using Heartbeat Messages and Data Repl...IJSRD
Big data is a popular term used to define the exponential evolution and availability of data, includes both structured and unstructured data. The volatile progression of demands on big data processing imposes heavy burden on computation, communication and storage in geographically distributed data centers. Hence it is necessary to minimize the cost of big data processing, which also includes fault tolerance cost. Big Data processing involves two types of faults: node failure and data loss. Both the faults can be recovered using heartbeat messages. Here heartbeat messages acts as an acknowledgement messages between two servers. This paper depicts about the study of node failure and recovery, data replication and heartbeat messages.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Review Paper on Computer Aided Design & Analysis of Rotor Shaft of a RotavatorIJSRD
The intent of this paper is to study the various forces and stress acting on a rotor shaft of a standard rotavator which is subjected to transient loading. The standard models of rotavator, having a progressive cutting sequence was considered for the study and analysis. The study was extended to various available models having different cutting blade arrangement. The study was carried on different papers and identifies the various forces acting on a Rotor shaft of a rotavator. The positions of the torque and forces applied are varied according to the model considered. The response was obtained by considering the angle of twist and equivalent stress on the rotor shaft. This paper presented a methodology for conducting transient analysis of rotor shaft of a rotavator,
A Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Crime Hotspots PredictionIJSRD
A crime is an act which is against the laws of a country or region. The technique which is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity is known as crime hotspot prediction. The technique uses the crime data which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. The motivation of crime hotspot prediction is to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation for creating a safe environment. The paper presents survey of different types of data mining techniques for crime hotspots prediction.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal Matrix Composite
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 691
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red
Mud Metal Matrix Composite
1
Puri Ajay J. 2
Dr. S. A. Sonawane
1,2
Government College of engineering, Aurangabad
Abstract— The use of different kind of Metal-matrix
composite materials is in constant growing over the years,
because they have better physical, mechanical and
tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In
automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders,
engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements.
Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the
cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the
composites, and increase the desired performance
characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an
experimental investigation on the effects of applied load,
RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding
wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal
matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste
during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-
on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear
test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to
accomplish the objective of the experimental study.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the
optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear
rate.
Key words: MMC, LM25, Red mud, Stir-casting, Taguchi,
Pin on disc
I. INTRODUCTION
Composite material is a mixture of two or morematerials or
phases of the same material, insoluble inone another,
possessing properties which are superior to any of the
component materials.
Volume fraction of component materials should be
above 5 % of total volume and their properties must be
different from one another. Usually, volume fraction of one
material is significantly higher than the volume fractions of
the others and that material is called matrix. Matrix can be
ceramic, metal and polymer[1]. The metal matrix
composites exhibit the significant increase in mechanical
strength, wear resistance and damping properties when
compared to matrix alloy [2, 3].
In many engineering applications the use of
aluminium alloy is inevitable because of its superior
mechanical, thermal property and it also possesseslow wear
resistance property. To increase the wear resistance of the
aluminium, and its alloy, it is reinforcedwith different
reinforcements.Reinforcements are usuallyfibers or particles
of different orientation and shape as shown in figure number
1. The arrangement of the particles can be random, in most
cases (Figure 1a), or preferred, in the shape of sphere, cube
or any closeto- regular geometrical form. [1]
A fibrous reinforcements are characterized by its
length and diameter so we distinguish, long (continuous)
fibers (Figures 1d and 1e) and short (discontinuous) fibers-
whiskers (Figures 1b and 1c). Arrangement can be, as well,
preferred (Figure 1b) and random (Figure 1c), and often the
direction of fibers is changed from one layer to another
(Figure 1e).
Fig. 1: Shape and Arrangement of Reinforcements in
Composite Material[1]
Among the different reinforcement particulates
reinforcement is gaining more attention because of its
excellent isotropic property during the fabrication of
composite [2].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Many researchers have been using Taguchi method to
identify the effect of parameters on dry sliding wear
behavior of the composites. There has been
experimentalinvestigation using Taguchi and ANOVA to
identify the significantfactors, while testing with Al 2219
SiC and Al 2219 SiC-graphite material shows that, the
sliding distance, sliding speed, and load are having
significant effect on wear [5].
S. Rajesh, et al. [4] investigated the effects of
applied load, sliding velocity, weight % of reinforcement
and hardness of the counterface material in dry sliding wear
studies performed on red mud-based aluminum
MMC.Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array combined with
multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis
(MOORA) is adopted to find the optimal combination of dry
sliding wear parameter. MOORA revealed that optimal
combination is load 20N, sliding velocity 3 m/s, % of
reinforcement 20%, and counterface hardness of the
material 58HRC.
Reddappa H.N et al. [6]conducted the experiments
to investigate the effect of Load, sliding distance and weight
percentage of reinforcement on sliding friction and wear of
Al6061–beryl composites using pin on disc machine. The
results reveal that wear rate and specific wear rate of the
matrix as well as composite increases as the load increases.
The composites have shown a lower rate of wear for
Al6061-10% beryl composites as compared to that observed
in Al6061-2% beryl and Al6061-6% beryl composites.
Sannino and Rack [7] reported that the particulates
composites are good for industrial applications where
performance along with cost is important. The effect of
sliding velocity on the frictional and wear behavior of
aluminium MMC sliding against ferrous counter body has
been studied by a number of researchers.
H.B. Bhaskar and Abdul sharief [8] studied
Tribological Properties of Aluminium 2024 Alloy–Beryl
Particulate MMC’s. They found that wear rate and
coefficient of friction of the composites as well as the
unreinforced material increases as the sliding distance and
2. Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal Matrix Composite
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/148)
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applied load increases and as the percentage of
reinforcement increases, the wear rate and coefficient of
friction of the composite decreases.
Huda et al. [9] reported that selection of particular
fabrication process depends on the type of the matrix and
the reinforcement materials used to form theMMC.
Particulates reinforcement can easily synthesize with matrix
material using stir casting process.
Bharat admile [10] studied the dry sliding wear
behavior of LM25 aluminium alloy containing Fly ash
reinforcement using pin on disc machine with different input
parameters viz, Load, Sliding velocity, sliding distance and
weight percentage of reinforcement on wear rate of the
composite. Results of the experiment revealed that load and
sliding velocity are most influencing factors.
Deius et al. [11] showed that aluminium based
MMCs containing hard particles offered superior operating
performance and resistance to wear and abrasion compared
to iron or nickel based alloys.
Yogesh kumar singla et al. [12] studied wear
behavior of aluminium 6061 alloy reinforced with Sic, Red
mud and Al2O3separately. Results of dry sliding wear test
revealed that wear rate of composite decreases as compared
to the matrix material.Lowest value of wear rate is observed
for 10 weight % of Sic particles and highest value of
hardness is observed for 7.5 weight % of Red mud.
Therefore it is concluded that the wear rate is independent of
the hardness.
V. Daniel Jebin et al.[13] studied wear behavior of
AL6063 Alumina metal matrix composite at different
sliding velocities (2.5,3,3.5and 4m/s) and constant load
(20N) on pin on disc machine and found that the wear rate
decreases with the increase in weight % (0%,4% and 8%) of
alumina at all the sliding velocities.
Rohatgi et al. [14] studied the dry sliding wear
behavior of Al 206 aluminium alloy containing silica sand
reinforcement using three pins on disk rib meter against
SAE 1045 steel. The result revealed that the addition of
silica sand reduces the coefficient of friction of the
composites.
Liu et al. [15] discussed the effect of fiber volume
fraction, load applied, rotating speed and wear mechanics. It
is found that the increasing weight % of reinforcement
decreases the wear rate and the increasing in applied load
increases thewear rate.
Iwai et al. [16] adopted powder metallurgy method
to fabricate SiC whisker reinforced 2024 Al composites for
varying weight % of reinforcements (0% to16%). Dry
sliding wear test result revealed that the increase in weight
% of reinforcement decreases the wear rate.
F.H. Stott [17] carried out numerous experiments
on the high temperature sliding wear of metals and
composite and found out that a transition from sever to mild
wear occurs at ambient temperatures of 20-800˚C. This
transition occurs due to compacted layers of wear debris
particles. At higher temperatures oxidation, compaction and
sintering lead to development of hard oxide glaze surfaces
on these layers.
Sahin and Ozdin [18] developed mathematical
model for the abrasive wear behavior of the SiCp reinforced
aluminium MMC. From the experimentation result it was
found that the wear rate of the composites is directly
proportional to increasing the applied load and abrasive size.
A few attempts have been made to fabricate MMC
to increase the wear resistance characteristics using low cost
reinforcement like bauxite, corundum, granites, and
sillimanite [19]. The ever-increasing demand for low cost
reinforcement stimulated the interest towards the utilization
low cost reinforcement like red mud. Red mud is the
byproduct of Bayer’s process during production of alumina
[20]. It comprises of oxides of iron, titanium, aluminum and
silica along with some other minor constituents. About 1-2
tons of red mud residues are produced for each ton of
alumina. Storing of red mud is the major issue as it ishighly
alkaline and it canlead to soil alkalization and water
pollution, storing in dry land pollute the atmosphere. So, in
this work an attempt is made to use red mud as
reinforcement material. The present investigation has been
carried out to optimize the wear rate of the red mud
reinforced aluminiummetalmatrix composite fabricated
through the stir casting process.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A. Materials:
LM25 aluminumalloy and redmudwere used as matrix and
reinforcement materials. LM25 aluminumalloy finds
application in the electrical sliding contacts, cylinder blocks,
cylinder heads, brakes, and other engine body castings.
Elem
ent
Si
M
g
M
n
Fe
C
u
Ni Zn Ti Al
Wt %
7.1
1
0.5
1
0.
2
0.1
2
0.
2
0.0
4
0.0
8
0.0
1
Balan
ce
Table 1: Chemical Composition of Aluminum LM25 Alloy.
Elem
ent
Al2
O3
Fe2
O3
Ti
O2
Si
O2
Ca
O
Mn
O
V2
O5
Other
s
Wt % 45 25 2 1.6 1.8
0.1
6
0.0
67
Balan
ce
Table 2: Chemical Composition of Red Mud
Reinforcement material is added to the LM 25
alloy to enhance the strength of the part being manufactured.
Tables1 and Table2 show the chemical composition of
aluminum alloy and red mud material. Theredmud used for
the present investigation is collected from the
NationalAluminum Company Limited (NALCO)
Damanjodi, Odisha, India. The size of the red mud particles
used for the study is in a range of 120–150 𝜇m.The weighed
quantity ofaluminum was melted in a crucible. The required
quantity of red mud17.5% of weight of aluminium was
taken in the powder container. The red mud was preheated
in the furnace up to 350˚C and maintainedthe
temperaturebefore mixing with aluminum melt. The
weighed quantityof aluminum was melted to desired
superheating temperature of 750±10˚Cusing crucible
electrical resistance furnace with temperature controlling
device. After melting was over, the temperature of the melt
was lowered up to 650˚C to form slurry at lower
temperature to have uniform mixing of red mud and to avoid
the flow of red mud outside the matrix material. Required
quantity of red mud particulates was added to the molten
metal and stirred continuously by using mechanical stirrer to
avoid segregation of the red mud particles. The stirring time
was maintained 80s at an impeller speed of 300 rpm.Good
3. Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal Matrix Composite
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/148)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 693
wetting between the solid and liquid is essential for the
formation of satisfactory bonds between them during
casting. It has been found that the addition of magnesium
improves the wetting characteristics of aluminium-based
composites because of its lower surface tension also it acts
as scavenger of oxygen, thereby increasing the surface
energy of the particles.The melt at 650˚C was poured to
prepare composite specimen. The prepared composite was
subjected to machining to produce a size of Φ 12mm and
25mm length to carry out the dry sliding wear test.
B. Characterization of Composites:
Scanning electron microscope was used to study the
distribution of red mud particles in aluminum matrix.
Figures number 1(a) and 1(b) show the SEM images of
17.5% red mud reinforced aluminum MMC at different
magnifications. From Figures number 1(a) and 1(b), it is
understood that the mixing of red mud in aluminium matrix
is uniform. Specimen was metallographically polished and
etched with Keller’s reagent prior to the microstructural
characterization.
Fig. 2: (a) SEM at Magnification × 1000
Fig. 2: (b) SEM at Magnification × 2000
C. Wear Test:
Pin-on-disc wear testing apparatus (ASTM G99-95
standard) was used for performing dry sliding wear test for
evaluating wear rate of the fabricated composites. Figure 2
shows schematic diagram of pin on disc test rig. Before
conducting the test, the testing pin and the disc surface were
polished with emery paper. En31steel disc was used as
counter face material with 60HRc hardness and surface
roughness 1.6Ra. Samples were cleaned with acetone prior
to experimental run. Prior to and after the wear tests,
samples were weighed using weighing machine of accuracy
0.0001g to measure the mass loss. The dry sliding wear
performance of the composites was studied as function of
load, RPM, Sliding Distance, and Pin Temperature.
The dry sliding wear tests were carried out at
controlled parameter levels. Parameters and levels of
parameter are asshown in the table number 3. Wear rate of
the composites was calculated from the ratio of mass loss to
sliding distance.
Where,
Wr =Wear Rate
Δm =m1-m2
L = Sliding Distance
Sr.
No.
Parameter
Level
1
Level
2
Level
3
1 Load (N) 10 15 20
2 RPM 300 400 500
3
Sliding distance
(m)
1000 1250 1500
4 Temperature (˚C) 100 125 150
Table 3: Dry sliding wear test parameters and levels
Fig. 3: Schematic Diagram of Pin on Disc Test Rig.
D. Taguchi experimental design:
The design of experiments (DOE) approach using Taguchi
technique has been successfully used by researchers in the
study of wear behavior of MMCs. A major step in the DOE
process is the selection of control factors and levels which
will provide the desired information. Taguchi creates a
standard orthogonal array to accommodate the effect of
several parameters on the output parameter and defines the
plan of experiment. Four process parameters at three levels
led to the total of 9 dry sliding wear tests. The experimental
results are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
study the influence of parameters on wear rate. A linear
regression model is developed to predict the wear rate ofthe
composites. The major aim of the present investigation is to
analyze the influence of parameters likeload, RPM, Sliding
distance and temperature of the pin on dry sliding wear rate
of aluminium LM25 Red Mud metal matrix composites
using Taguchi technique.
Sr.
No
.
Loa
d
N
RP
M
Sliding
Distanc
e m
Temperatur
e ˚C
Wear
rate×10ˆ
-7
N/m
1 10 300 1000 100 0.1300
2 10 400 1250 125 0.1560
3 10 500 1500 150 0.0800
4 15 300 1250 150 0.0400
5 15 400 1500 100 0.1800
6 15 500 1000 125 0.0200
7 20 300 1500 125 0.3310
4. Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal Matrix Composite
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/148)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 694
8 20 400 1000 150 0.3866
9 20 500 1250 100 0.1180
Table 4: Experimental Runs and Result
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:
Regression analysis is performed in order to find out the
effect of load, rpm, sliding distance and pin temperature on
wear rate of aluminum red mud composite. Statistical
analysis was performed using MINITAB 17 software. The
analyzed results are presented using ANOVA analysis and
mean effects plots.
Table 4 shows the orthogonal array and results
obtained during the experimentation. Figure 2 show the S/N
ratio main effect plot for the output performance
characteristics. From Figure 2 it was understood that the
optimal parameter combination for wear rate was as shown
in table number 5.
A. Analysis of wear rate:
Fig. 2: Main Effect Plot Wear Rate.
Sr. No. Parameter Optimum level
1 Load 15N
2 RPM 500
3 Sliding distance 1250m
4 Temperature 150˚C
Table 5: Optimum Level of Parameters
V. ANOVA FOR WEAR RATE
ANOVA was used to determine the design parameters
significantly influencing the wear rate. Table 6 shows the
results of ANOVA for wear rate. This analysis was
evaluated for a confidence level of 95% that is for
significance level 0.05. The last column of the table number
6 showsthe percentage of contribution of each parameter on
the wear rate, indicating the degree of influence on the
result. It can be observed from the results obtained that Load
wasthe most significant parameter having the highest
statistical influence (52.39%) on the dry sliding wear rate of
composites followed by RPM (36.08%) and sliding distance
(8.92%).When the P-value for this model is less than 0.05,
then the parameter can be considered as statistically
significant. From an analysis of the results obtained in Table
6, it is observed that the effect of load A & RPM B is
influencing wear rate of composites.
Source
D
F
SS MS
F
Valu
e
P
Valu
e
%
Load 2
0.1357
99
0.0678
99
197.4
9
0.00
0
52.3
9
RPM 2
0.0935
19
0.0467
60
136.0
0
0.00
0
36.0
8
Sliding
distance
2
0.0231
28
0.0115
64
33.64
0.00
0
8.92
Temperat
ure
2
0.0036
47
0.0018
23
5.30
0.03
0
1.40
Error 9
0.0030
94
0.0003
44
1.19
Total 17
0.2591
87
100
Table 6: ANOVA for Wear Rate
DF: degree of freedom, SS: sum of squares, V:
variance, F: test, P: contribution.
1) Model summary:
S R-sq. R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred)
0.0185421 98.81% 97.74% 95.22%
2) Regression equation:
Wear rate = 0.031 + 0.01723 Load - 0.000536 RPM +
0.000018 Sliding distance + 0.00046 Temperature
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out using
MINITAB 17 software to investigate difference in average
performance of the factors under test. ANOVA breaks total
variation into accountable sources and helps to determine
most significant factors in the experiment. The obtained R
square value is 98.81%.
VI. CONFIRMATION EXPERIMENT
In order to validate the result, confirmation experiment has
been conducted at the optimal setting of process parameters
as shown in table number 5.
Parameter
Model
value
Experimental
value
Error
%
Wear rate 0.1129 0.1093 3.29
Table 5: Confirmation Experiment
CONCLUSION
The use of the Taguchi method and analysis of response
variables to optimize the dry sliding wear parameters of the
red mud based aluminum metal matrix composites has been
reported in this paper.
The following conclusions were made.
1) Aluminium LM 25 matrix reinforced with 17.5% red
mud was successfully prepared by stir casting process
and the wear behavior of the composites was
investigated using pin-on-disc machine.
2) It is observed that applied load is found to be a most
significant parameter with 52.39% contribution to wear
rate. Of three, RPM was found next significant
parameter compared to sliding distance and pin
temperature. Contribution of RPM to wear rate is
36.08%.
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