Composite material
A composite material is a material that is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties, unlike the individual elements.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS
NEED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FABRICATION METHODS
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
NATURAL FIBRES
APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIALLY MADE COMPOSITES
PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
REFERENCES
SANDWICH DESIGN MODEL FOR ALUMINUM AND KENAF-POLYESTER COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
This paper presents the design and analysis of the sandwich model for casted
metal-natural fiber composite. The objective of this research is to analyze the
sandwich model of natural fiber composite to be introduced in metal matrix alloys for
engineering application purposes. The sandwich model is the hybrid material
combined with layers aluminum LM6 and kenaf composite laminated. Overall
thickness for each design is 35mm. For the sandwich design, each layer of LM6 is
10mm thickness and each layer of kenaf-polyester composites is 15mm to make it 3
layers with 35mm thickness. The dimensions for both models are referring based on
the requirement of ASTM C393, Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of
Sandwich Construction. Based on the simulation results, it is feasible to use the
sandwich model of LM6 with kenaf-polyester composite. In addition, this simulation
result strongly supports the potential for this hybrid laminate of LM6 and kenafpolyester
composite as a substitute for solid LM6, reducing the usage of LM6
substance and introducing natural fiber element into engineering application.
Composite material
A composite material is a material that is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties, unlike the individual elements.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS
NEED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FABRICATION METHODS
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
NATURAL FIBRES
APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIALLY MADE COMPOSITES
PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
REFERENCES
SANDWICH DESIGN MODEL FOR ALUMINUM AND KENAF-POLYESTER COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
This paper presents the design and analysis of the sandwich model for casted
metal-natural fiber composite. The objective of this research is to analyze the
sandwich model of natural fiber composite to be introduced in metal matrix alloys for
engineering application purposes. The sandwich model is the hybrid material
combined with layers aluminum LM6 and kenaf composite laminated. Overall
thickness for each design is 35mm. For the sandwich design, each layer of LM6 is
10mm thickness and each layer of kenaf-polyester composites is 15mm to make it 3
layers with 35mm thickness. The dimensions for both models are referring based on
the requirement of ASTM C393, Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of
Sandwich Construction. Based on the simulation results, it is feasible to use the
sandwich model of LM6 with kenaf-polyester composite. In addition, this simulation
result strongly supports the potential for this hybrid laminate of LM6 and kenafpolyester
composite as a substitute for solid LM6, reducing the usage of LM6
substance and introducing natural fiber element into engineering application.
A review on advanced ceramic processing techniquesAlokjyoti Dash
This Presentation enlists and describes most ceramic process and most parameters which affect these ceramic processing. A reader shall understand the basic of these presented process to fabricate unique ceramic materials
Presentation on Advanced Material Technology for MML (Micro Metallic lattice) material which is having a very high strength to weight ratio.
A metallic micro lattice is a synthetic porous metallic material consisting of an ultra-light metal foam. With a density as low as 0.99 mg/cm3
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
A review on advanced ceramic processing techniquesAlokjyoti Dash
This Presentation enlists and describes most ceramic process and most parameters which affect these ceramic processing. A reader shall understand the basic of these presented process to fabricate unique ceramic materials
Presentation on Advanced Material Technology for MML (Micro Metallic lattice) material which is having a very high strength to weight ratio.
A metallic micro lattice is a synthetic porous metallic material consisting of an ultra-light metal foam. With a density as low as 0.99 mg/cm3
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
2. Why Plastics?
Plastic products can be mass-produced & require less skilled
staff.
Light weight, high weight to strength ratio, particularly when
reinforced
Relatively low cost compared to metals & composites
Corrosion resistance & generally waterproof
Plastics require little or no finishing, painting, polishing etc
Low electrical and thermal conductivity, insulator
Easily formed into complex shapes, can be formed, casted &
joined.
Wide choice of appearance, colors and transparencies
3. Disadvantages of using Plastics
Low strength
Low useful temperature range
Less dimensional stability over period of time (creep effect)
Aging effect, hardens and become brittle over time
Sensitive to environment, moisture and chemicals
Poor machinability
It can harm the environment when it is not being used
properly by humans
4. Additives in polymers
• To impart certain specific properties, polymers are usually
compounded with additives.
• Additives improve polymers stiffness, strength, colour,
weather ability, flammability and arc resistance for electrical
applications.
Some examples are:
1. Fillers
2. Plasticizers
3. Colorants
4. Flammability
5. Lubricants
5. Thermosetting plastics
• The molecules of thermosetting
plastics are heavily cross-linked. Cross-linked molecules
They form a rigid molecular
structure.
• The molecules in thermoplastics
sit end-to-end and side-by-side.
• Although they soften when
heated the first time, which
allows them to be shaped they
become permanently stiff and
solid and cannot be reshaped.
• Thermoplastics remain rigid and
non-flexible even at high
temperatures.
6. Thermo sets: Behavior and Properties
During polymerization, the shape of the part is
permanently set.
Curing is irreversible.
Polymerization process takes place in 2 stages:
1) molecules are partially polymerized into linear
chains
2) cross-linking is completed under heat and pressure
Strength and hardness of thermo sets are not
affected by temperatures or rates of deformation.
7. Some examples of thermo sets are:
Polyurethanes,
Vulcanized rubber
Bakelite,
Duroplast,
Urea-formaldehyde
Melamine resin
Epoxy resin
Polyamides
8. Applications---Thermo sets:
Phenolic is commonly used for circuit boards,
automotive parts, handles for cutlery and ovens.
Epoxy is used in automotive equipment, electrical,
sports equipment and adhesives.
PU (Polyurethane) is used as car seats, mattresses,
cushions, diaphragms, gears, finishes and coatings.
9. Thermoplastics
Long chain molecules
• The molecules of
thermoplastics are in lines
or long chains
• The process of heating,
shaping, reheating and
reforming can be repeated
many times.
11. Applications---Thermoplastics
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is used in medical products, credit cards, cable
insulation, packaging film, bottles, flooring and window frames.
PS (polystyrene) is used in cups, plates, tape cassettes and dairy product
containers.
PP (polypropylene) is used in fibers, automotive parts, bottle crates,
battery cases and food containers.
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is used in food packaging, carpets and
bottles.
LDPE (low density polyethylene) is used in flexible containers, cling film
and plastic bags.
HDPE (high density polyethylene) is used in toys, bottles, automotive fuel
tanks and piping.
12. Thermoplastic polymers Thermosetting polymers
(1) These soften and melt on These do not soften on heating but
heating. rather become hard in case
prolonged heating is done these
start burning.
(2) These can be remoulded recast These can not be remolded or
and reshaped. reshaped.
(3) These are less brittle and These are more brittle and
soluble in some organic solvents. insoluble in organic solvents.
(4) These are formed by addition These are formed by condensation
polymerization. polymerization.
(5) These have usually linear These have three dimensional
structures. cross linked structures.
Ex. Polyethylene, PVC, teflon. Ex. Bakelite, urea, formaldehyde,
resin.
13. Processing of Plastics
1) Extrusion
2) Injection molding
3) Structural foam molding
4) Blow molding
5) Rotational molding
6) Thermoforming
7) Compression molding
8) Transfer molding
9) Casting
10) Process of reinforced plastics
14. Ceramics
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action
of heat and subsequent cooling.
Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline
structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass).
Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products ,
art objects & semiconductors
A wide-ranging group of materials whose ingredients are clays,
sand and felspar.