By Mr. Sandeep B Chougule

1. Civil Engineering Materials
Unit 1

2. Floor & Roofing Tiles
• Roof Tiles
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are
traditionally made from locally available materials such
as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such
as concrete,[metal and plastic are also used and some clay tiles
have a waterproof glaze.

3. Types of roof tiles
• Structural clay roof tiles
• Concrete roof tiles
• Metal roof tiles
• Ceramic roof tiles
• Polymeric roof tiles
• Solar roof tiles

4. Sr.
No
Structural Material Non Structural Material
1 structural items are more integral
components of a building, like
load-bearing walls,
Non-structural items include things
like doors, cabinet sets, flooring,
trim, windows and other finishing
materials.
2 Structural steel is utilized all over
the globe to construct building
structures, as reinforcing and
support rods, and as cladding
sheet products
Non-structural items in steel are
ductwork, stairs, rails, and shelves.
3 Ex.
Decking Roof installation
Pergolas ( if Building Permit is
required) Tuck Pointing Fencing
Retaining Walls Patio Bathrooms
-working wet areas Kitchens-
working wet areas Balcony
Rewiring Electrical Brickwork
Ex.
Cabinet joinery (separate contracts)
Wardrobe fit-out Painting
Plastering Hardware Installation
Carpeting Tiling

5. Fiber Glass
• used as insulation, cladding, surface
coating and roofing raw material in
construction and construction sector.
• this material chemically and
mechanically much more durable and
has created an effective aesthetic
image.
• FRP is used as a highly effective
insulation material due to its
waterproof properties.
• Fiberglass glasses are formed into
pieces in the form of fibers by preparing
them for use in different forms.

6. Glass Glazing
Glazing are referred to the panels that are fixed into the
aluminum or other types of frames to curtain wall
construction.
• Dry Glazed - Compression stresses are applied to fix
metal panels or glass units into the glazing pocket of
the frames. The necessary compression force can be
obtained using rubber gaskets
• Wet Glazed - the infill element is placed and attached
to the frame using proper attaching agents such as
silicone sealant.
• Point Supported Glass Systems - It consists of
strengthened or tempered glass through which holes
are provided to attach it to the structure using proper
means such as bolted fittings.
• Cable Net - does not need framing
• Double Skin Wall - Double skin wall construction is
quite complex and consist of two skin of glass or
façade, and the space between the facades is
employed to manipulate energy comes from sunlight
and ventilation are installed that employs the warm air
in the space between glass walls.

7. Unit 2
Basic Properties of Materials

8. Importance of advance materials
• The increased pressure on the construction industry to operate more
sustainably is unsurprising with the knowledge that it consumes more raw
materials than any other economic activity.
• ACM making buildings and infrastructure smarter, more sustainable,
energy-efficient, and resilient.
• ACMs, much like digital engineering as a whole, represent a move to
incorporate cutting-edge and economically-viable sustainable solutions to
increase profitability, decrease construction time, and overall favorably
impact the environment.
• Over the last hundred years or so, concrete, in particular, has largely
replaced many traditional building materials around the world, including
masonry, earth, timber, and bamboo. After water, concrete is the most
used substance on the planet.

9. Polymer Vs. Plastics
• polymers and plastics are not always the same thing. Polymers can exist
organically or be created synthetically, and consist of chains of joined
individual molecules or monomers. Plastics are a type of polymer
composed of chains of polymers which can be partially organic or fully
synthetic.
• Simply put, all plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics.

10. Polymers
Applications
• Formed and molded products
• Thin films and sheets
• Elastomers
• Adhesives
• Coatings, paints, and inks
• Yarns and other fibers
Properties
• Density.
• Thermal properties.
• Crystalline structure.
• Hardness.
• Tensile strength.
• Machinability.
• Formability.
• Solubility.

11. Plastics
Applications
• Electronic components and insulators
• Heat shields
• Motor parts and covers
• Household appliances
• Lighting components
• Energy equipment Properties
• Density
• Thermal properties
• Crystalline structure
• Hardness
• Tensile strength
• Machinability
• Formability
• Solubility

13. Composite material used in
construction and their properties
•Reinforced concrete
•Engineered wood
•Fiber reinforced plastic
•Ceramic matrix composite- ceramic matrix
composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite
materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of
ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers
and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic material,
whereby carbon and carbon fibers can also be regarded as
a ceramic material.
•Metal matrix composite-a metal matrix
composite (MMC) is a composite material with fibers or
particles dispersed in a metallic matrix, such
as copper, aluminum, or steel.

14. Nano materials used in construction
Introduction
• Materials used in construction industry can be reinforced by a variety of
nanomaterials in order to have superior structural properties, functional
paints, and coatings, and high-resolution sensing/actuating devices.
• Nanomaterials (carbon nanotube, graphene, metal oxides) with
scientifically interesting properties have attracted researchers around the
globe to come into a pursuit of applying in construction industry. The
potential applications might include mechanical improvement, energy
saving, antimicrobial and self-cleaning surfaces. This mini-review first aims
at presenting fundamental knowledge about nanomaterials such as
history and definition, classification, and fabrication. The application of
nanomaterials in construction industry issummarized in the later part.
Many studies were performed to show benefits ofnanomaterials once
they are incorporated into conventional materials used in construction
industry. However, safe design, production, reuse, and remanufacturing
should be addressed to enhance the sustainability of both the
nanotechnology and construction industry.

15. Properties of metals
• 1. Strength.
• It is the mechanical property of a metal, which provides resistance to an external
force or it is the capacity or ability to withstand various loads without deformation
or breaking.
• 2. Impact Strength.
• It is that property of the metal which gives its ability to withstand shock or impact
or sudden loads.
• 3. Elasticity.
• The property of metal and its ability to return to its shape and size after removal of
load or to regain its initial position or shape and size when the applied load is
removed is called elasticity.
• 4. Stiffness (Rigidity).
• The resistance of a material to deflection is called stiffness or rigidity, or it is the
property of a metal due to which it resists deformation when it is within the elastic
limit.
• 5. Plasticity.
• It is the property of a metal that gives the ability to deform non-elastically; without
fracture, they do not regain their original shape and size when the applied load is
removed.
• 6. Hardness.
• The hardness of a material is the measurement of plastic deformation, and it is the
resistance to any plastic deformation. Hardness indicates the strength of the
material.

16. Properties of metals
• 7. Ductility.
• It is the property of material or metal that represents plastic deformation under
tensile load, or it enables it to be drawn into wires or elongated. Without rupture
under tensile load.
• 8. Malleability.
• It is the property of material or metal that represents plastic deformation under
compressive load, or it is the property of a metal which enables it to roll into thin
sheets or plates.
• 9. Toughness.
• It is the ability to absorb energy up to failure or fracture, or toughness is the ability
of a material to resist any deformations due to bending, twisting, torsion, etc.
• 10. Brittleness.
• It is the property of a material and indicates fracture without appreciable
deformation, and is opposite to toughness and ductility.
• 11. Fatigue.
• Fatigue represents the tendency to fracture under cyclic loading, or it is the inability
to withstand repeated and/or continuous application and removal of loads or cyclic
loads.
• 12. Creep.
• Creep represents slow and progressive deformation with time at constant stress, or
it is the failure or deformation of the material under constant stress at high
temperature over a period of time.

17. Chapter 3
Composite Material

18. RCC
• Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C) is the combination
of ordinary concrete with the reinforcement to increase
its compressive and tensile strength to a great extent.
• Concrete is a versatile material for modern construction
which is prepared by mixing well-proportioned
quantities of cement (even lime in some cases), sand,
crushed rock or gravel, and water.
• It has been used from foundations to the rooftops of
buildings, in the construction of highways roads traffic,
and hydro-power tunnels, irrigation canals, drains, and
all other conceivable structures.

19. Purpose of Reinforcement in Concrete.
• As you know that, Concrete has a very high compressive strength,
but it is low in tensile strength.
• Thus, when only the compressive loads are acting on the concrete
surface, then there is no need of using reinforcement in it.
• But where tensile forces are also involved, as in, beams and slabs,
there is a very high risk of its failure when plain concrete is used.
• Steel, however, as we know, has a very high tensile strength (and
also have good compressive strength).
• Hence, when these two (concrete and steel) are combined together,
• a material of construction is obtained that is capable of
withstanding all the three types of forces likely to act upon a
structure, i.e., compressive loads, tensile stresses, and shear forces.
• Such a material is known as Reinforced Cement Concrete.

20. Nature of Reinforced Cement Concrete:
• The main principle in the preparation of the reinforced cement
concrete is to make a structural material in which
• (i) Steel serves the purpose of bearing the main tensile stresses;
• (ii) concrete bears the main compressive forces, both acting in
complete unison;
• Concrete and steel are compatible in following aspects:
• (i) Concrete is basically alkaline in nature, (the principal component
being Calcium hydroxide) and this prevents rusting of the steel
reinforcement used within it;
• (ii) The bond or ‘grip’ between the steel and concrete is established
easily;
• (iii) The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is almost
identical with that of steel.

21. Placement of Reinforcement:
• it requires very complex and careful design considerations for each member of
reinforcement concrete.
• Thus, the size, shape, spacing, and location of reinforcement will be entirely
different in a slab or beam or a column.
• In beams, for example, steel bars may be required more in the lower sections and
in fixed beams, in the end, sections as well where the tensile stresses are most
effective.
• The top section of the beam may need no reinforcement.
• The horizontal reinforcements are often tied up with square stirrups at suitable
intervals.
• These stirrups also provide additional strength to the Reinforced Cement Concrete
against shearing stresses.
• The reinforcement requires the minimum prescribed covering of concrete.
• The covering is essential to protect the reinforcement from deterioration under
attack from weathering agencies and also from casual fires.
• The concrete covering varies from 25 mm to 80 mm depending on the environment
in which the RCC member has been placed.
• It is also important that the reinforcement must be clear of rust, dust, and grease
at the time of placement.
• This will ensure a better bond between concrete and reinforcement.

22. Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
(RCC).
• (i) Structures made from Reinforced Concrete are durable.
• (ii) It has a high compressive strength (due to concrete).
• (iii) It has a high tensile strength (due to reinforcement).
• (iv) It is resistant to fire and other climate changes.
• (v) Easily available almost anywhere in the world.
• (vi) Too much expertise is not required for working on it,
normal skilled labor can also do it.
• (vii) It can be molded in any form, shape.
• (viii) It can be used in any part of the structure i.e., from
foundation to the top roofing.
• (ix) Repairing cost is almost nil.
• (x) It is more economical compared to other materials.

23. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC)
• Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing
fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly
distributed and randomly oriented.
• It includes mixtures of cement, mortar or concrete and
discontinuous, discrete, uniformly dispersed suitable
fibers. Fibers are usually used in concrete to control
cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying
shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of
concrete and thus reduce the bleeding of water.

24. Benefits
• Advantages of Fiber-reinforced concrete
• Fibers reinforced concrete may be useful where high
tensile strength and reduced cracking are desirable or
when conventional reinforcement cannot be placed
• It improves the impact strength of concrete, limits the
crack growth and leads to a greater strain capacity of
the composite material
• For industrial projects, macro-synthetic fibers are used
to improve concrete’s durability. Made from synthetic
materials, these fibers are long and thick in size and
may be used as a replacement for bar or fabric
reinforcement
• Adding fibers to the concrete will improve its freeze-
thaw resistance and help keep the concrete strong and
attractive for extended periods.

25. Benefits
• Improve mix cohesion, improving pumpability over
long distances
• Increase resistance to plastic shrinkage during curing
• Minimizes steel reinforcement requirements
• Controls the crack widths tightly, thus improving
durability
• Reduces segregation and bleed-water
• FRC, toughness is about 10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete
• The addition of fibers increases fatigue strength
• Fibers increase the shear capacity of reinforced
concrete beams

26. Different types of Fiber-reinforced
concrete
• Fibers for concrete are available in different
sizes and shapes. The major factors affecting
the characteristic of fiber-reinforced concrete
are a water-cement ratio, percentage of fibers,
diameter and length of fibers. Given below are
different types of fiber-reinforced concrete
used in construction.

27. Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• Steel fiber is a metal reinforcement. A certain
amount of steel fiber in concrete can cause
qualitative changes in concrete’s physical
property. It can greatly increase resistance to
cracking, impact, fatigue, and bending,
tenacity, durability, and others. For improving
long-term behavior, enhancing strength,
toughness, and stress resistance, SFRC is being
used in structures such as flooring, housing,
precast, bridges, tunneling, heavy-duty
pavement, and mining.

28. Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced (PFR)
Concrete
• It is a synthetic fiber, transformed from propylene, and
used in a variety of applications.
• used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic
shrinkage and drying shrinkage
• reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
the bleeding of water.
• Polypropylene is manufactured from propylene gas in
the presence of a catalyst such as titanium chloride.
• Polypropylene fiber displays good heat-insulating
properties and is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, and
organic solvents.

29. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• Glass fiber reinforced concrete is a material consisting
of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass.
• Glass fiber has roughly comparable mechanical
properties to other fibers such as polymers and carbon
fiber.
• Although not as rigid as carbon fiber, it is much
cheaper and significantly less brittle when used in
composites.
• Glass fibers are therefore used as a reinforcing agent
for many polymer products; to form a very strong and
relatively lightweight fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite material.
• This material contains little or no air or gas, is denser,
and is a much poorer thermal insulator than is glass
wool.

30. Polyester fibers
• Polyester fibers are used in fiber-reinforced
concrete for industrial and warehouse floors,
pavements
• Polyester micro- and macro-fibers are used in
concrete to provide superior resistance to the
formation of plastic shrinkage cracks
• welded wire fabric and to enhance toughness
and the ability to deliver structural capacity
when properly designed, respectively.

31. Carbon fibers
• Carbon fibers are fibers about 5–10 micrometers in
diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.
• Carbon fibers have several advantages including high
stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high
chemical resistance, high-temperature tolerance and
low thermal expansion.
• Carbon fibers are usually combined with other
materials to form a composite.
• Carbon fibers are also composited with other
materials, such as graphite, to form reinforced carbon
composites, which have a very high heat tolerance.

32. Natural fibers
• The natural fiber is directly obtainable from an animal,
vegetable, or mineral source and convertible into
nonwoven fabrics such as felt or paper or, after
spinning into yarns, into woven cloth.
• The use of natural fibers in making concrete is
recommended since several types of these fibers are
available locally and are plentiful.
• The idea of using such fibers to improve the strength
and durability of brittle materials is not new; for
example, straw and horsehair are used to make bricks
and plaster.
• Natural fibers are suitable for reinforcing concrete and
are easily available in developing countries.

33. Application of Fiber-reinforced
concrete
• Runway
• Aircraft Parking
• Pavements
• Tunnel Lining
• Slope Stabilization
• Thin Shell
• Walls
• Pipes
• Manholes
• Dams
• Hydraulic Structure
• Elevated decks
• Roads
• Bridges
• Warehouse floors

34. Sr.
No.
Reinforced concrete (RCC) Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)
1 In this concrete, steel bars are
used as reinforcement.
In this fibers are added as additional
reinforcement in addition with steel
bars.
2 Generally, load is taken by steel
reinforcement.
Load is equally distributed in concrete
though fibers.
3 RCC possess less fire resistance
than fiber reinforced concrete.
FRC has more fire resistance than
reinforced concrete.
4 RCC is susceptible to formation of
surface cracks.
FRC resist formation of micro-cracks, as
fibers act as crack arrester.
5 RCC gives ordinary finishing. FRC gives extra smooth finishing.

35. Sr.
No.
Reinforced concrete (RCC) Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)
6 RCC has more weight resulting
difficulty in handling.
FRC is light in weight, hence easy to
handle.
7 RCC has better workability. FRC has poor workability due to
improper mixing of fibers.
8 RCC has less shear and torsional
strength.
FRC has more shear and torsional
strength.
9 RCC is costlier than FRC. FRC is cheaper than RCC.
10 RCC is used in all type of ordinary
construction i.e. building, road, etc.
FRC is used in tunnel lining, runway,
aircraft parking, repair of dams, etc.

36. Fiber Reinforced Plastic Structural
Insulated Panels
• In the construction industries, they have the potential
to replace the wood and oriented strand boards (OSB)
laminates in the structural insulated panels (SIPs).
• They possess numerous advantages over traditional
OSB SIPs such as being environmental friendly,
recyclable, energy efficient, inherently flood resistant,
and having higher strength and wind resistance.
• The structural insulated panels (SIPs) have come
forward as an excellent alternative to conventional
brick and concrete construction
• They are an excellent material for wall, partitions,
flooring, and slabs.

37. Typical layout of NSIPs.
• The laminates are used to carry tensile
and compressive loads in the SIPs and
core is used to carry the shear load
• The laminates in SIPs can be typically
made up of oriented strand boards
(OSB) that are adhered to the
expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam core
material to form SIPs
• OSB SIPs are commonly used for the
structural application due to their ease
of manufacturing and ease of
availability
• OSB SIPs are energy efficient, cost
efficient, and require less construction
and maintenance time
• Significant weight reduction is possible
with OSB SIP construction
• They provide several design choices,
manufacturing alternatives, and also
provide excellent aesthetic to the
building structures
• They provide excellent bending
properties and shear resistance along
with excellent resistance to wind and
seismic forces

38. • Although OSB SIPs have numerous advantages, they
require wood for manufacturing the laminates in SIPs
which results in large consumption of natural resources
and reduces the greatly concerned resources
• There are fire safety issues associated with the OSB
SIPs
• OSB SIPs are of organic nature, so, to avoid the
damages due to mold buildup and termite attack, the
special chemical treatment is needed to use OSB SIPs in
the building construction
• Windborne missiles
• can damage the OSB SIPs and may result in damage in
the properties and even in the loss of life