This document provides an overview of composite materials, including definitions, key components, types of composites, and applications. It defines a composite as a material made from two or more constituent materials combined to give unique properties. Composites consist of a reinforcement material, such as fibers, and a matrix that holds the reinforcements together. The document describes different types of reinforcements, matrices, and the roles they play in composites. It also outlines various composite material types and their applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive, marine, and consumer goods.

1. Presented by- Guided by-
Aqib Jawed Dr Abdul shakoor

2. Overview
What is a composite?
Composites Offer
Why Composites are Important ?
Components of composite materials
What Role of Matrix?
What role of reinforcement?
Types of Composite Materials
Types of Composite Matrix Materials
Composite Matrix Material Applications
Design Objective of composites

3. What is a composite?
 A composite material is made by combining two or more materials – often
ones that have very different properties.
 The two materials work together to give the composite unique properties.
OR
 Two inherently different materials that when combined together produce
a material with properties that exceed the constituent materials
 Wood is a good example of a natural composite,

4. Composites Offer
 High Strength
 Light Weight
 Design Flexibility
 Strengthen of Parts
 Net Shape Manufacturing

5. Why Composites are Important ?
 Composites can be very strong and stiff, yet very light in weight, so ratios
of strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight are several times greater
than steel or aluminum
 Fatigue properties are generally better than for common engineering
metals
 Toughness is often greater too
 Composites can be designed that do not corrode like steel
 Possible to achieve combinations of properties not attainable with metals,
ceramics, or polymers alone

6. Components of composite materials
Reinforcement fibers
 Glass
 Carbon
 Organic
 Boron
 Ceramic
 Metallic

7. Components of composite materials
Matrix materials
 Polymers
 Metals
 Ceramics

8. What Role of Matrix?
 Transfer Load to Reinforcement
 Temperature Resistance
 Chemical Resistance

9. What role of reinforcement?
 Tensile Properties
 Stiffness
 Impact Resistance

10. Types of Composite Materials
 There are five basic types of composite materials: Fiber, particle, flake,
laminar or layered and filled composites.

11. Fiber Composites
 In fiber composites, the fibers reinforce along the line of their length.
Reinforcement may be mainly 1-D, 2-D or 3-D. Figure shows the three
basic types of fiber orientation.
 1-D gives maximum strength in one direction.
 2-D gives strength in two directions.
 Isotropic gives strength equally in all directions.

12. Particle Composites
 Particles usually reinforce a composite equally in all directions (called
isotropic). Plastics, cermets and metals are examples of particles.
Particles used to strengthen a matrix do not do so in the same way as fibers.
For one thing, particles are not directional like fibers. Spread at random
through out a matrix, particles tend to reinforce in all directions equally.
 Cermets
(1) Oxide–Based cermets
(e.g. Combination of Al2O3 with Cr)
(2) Carbide–Based Cermets
(e.g. Tungsten–carbide, titanium–carbide)
 Metal–plastic particle composites
(e.g. Aluminum, iron & steel, copper particles)
 Metal–in–metal Particle Composites and Dispersion Hardened Alloys
(e.g. Ceramic–oxide particles)

13. Flake Composites
 Flakes, because of their shape, usually reinforce in 2-D. Two common flake
materials are glass and mica. (Also aluminum is used as metal flakes)

14. Laminar Composites
 A lamina (laminae) is any arrangement of unidirectional or woven fibers
in a matrix. Usually this arrangement is flat, although it may be curved, as
in a shell.
 A laminate is a stack of lamina arranged with their main reinforcement in
at least two different directions.

15. Filled Composites
 There are two types of filled composites. In one, filler materials are added
to a normal composite result in strengthening the composite and reducing
weight. The second type of filled composite consists of a skeletal 3-D
matrix holding a second material. The most widely used composites of this
kind are sandwich structures and honeycombs.

16. Types of Composite Matrix Materials
Metal matrix
 Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are composite materials that contain at
least two constituent parts – a metal and another material or a different
metal. The metal matrix is reinforced with the other material to improve
strength and wear. Where three or more constituent parts are present, it is
called a hybrid composite. In structural applications, the matrix is usually
composed of a lighter metal such as magnesium, titanium, or aluminum. In
high temperature applications, cobalt and cobalt-nickel alloy matrices are
common.

17. Types of Composite Matrix Materials
Ceramic matrix composites
 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials.
They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix, thus forming
a ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic (CFRC) material. The matrix and fibers
can consist of any ceramic material. CMC materials were designed to
overcome the major disadvantages such as low fracture toughness,
brittleness, and limited thermal shock resistance, faced by the traditional
technical ceramics.
 Applications are in jet and automobile engines, deep-see mining, cutting
tools, dies and pressure vessels.

18. Types of Composite Matrix Materials
Polymer matrix
 Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) can be divided into three sub-types,
namely, thermoset, thermoplastic, and rubber. Polymer is a large molecule
composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical
bonds. PMC's consist of a polymer matrix combined with a fibrous
reinforcing dispersed phase. They are cheaper with easier fabrication
methods. PMC's are less dense than metals or ceramics, can resist
atmospheric and other forms of corrosion, and exhibit superior resistance
to the conduction of electrical current.

19. Composite Matrix Material Applications
 Electrical moldings
 Decorative laminates
 High performance Cookware
 Sealants and gaskets
 Heat shield systems (capable of handling high temperatures, thermal shock
conditions and heavy vibration)
 Components for high-temperature gas turbines such as combustion
chambers, stator vanes and turbine blades
 Brake disks and brake system components used in extreme thermal shock
environments
 Components for slide bearings under heavy loads requiring high corrosion
and wear resistance
 Carbide drills are made from a tough cobalt matrix with hard tungsten
carbide particles inside
 Components for burners, flame holders, and hot gas ducts

20. Design Objective of composites
 Performance: Strength, Temperature, Stiffness
 Manufacturing Techniques
 Life Cycle Considerations
 Cost

21. Categories OF composites
Consumer Composites
 Typically, although not always, consumer composites involve products that
require a cosmetic finish, such as boats, recreational vehicles, bath wear,
and sporting goods. In many cases, the cosmetic finish is an in-mold
coating known as gel coat.
Industrial Composites
 A wide variety of composites products are used in industrial applications,
where corrosion resistance and performance in adverse environments is
critical. Generally, premium resins such as isophthalic and vinyl ester
formulations are required to meet corrosion resistance specifications, and
fiberglass is almost always used as the reinforcing fiber. Industrial
composite products include underground storage tanks, scrubbers, piping,
fume hoods, water treatment components, pressure vessels, and a host of
other products.

22. Categories OF composites
Advanced Composites
 This sector of the composites industry is characterized by the use of
expensive, high-performance resin systems and high strength, high
stiffness fiber reinforcement. The aerospace industry, including military
and commercial aircraft of all types, is the major customer for advanced
composites.
 These materials have also been adopted for use in sporting goods, where
high-performance equipment such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, fishing
poles, and archery equipment, benefits from the light weight – high
strength offered by advanced materials. There are a number of exotic
resins and fibers used in advanced composites, however, epoxy resin and
reinforcement fiber of aramid, carbon, or graphite dominates this segment
of the market.

23. Applications OF composites
 In automobile industries (e.g. Steel &Aluminium body)
 Marine applications like shafts, hulls, spars (for racing boats)
 Aeronautical application like components of rockets, aircrafts (business
and military), missiles etc.
 Communication antennae, electronic circuit boards (e.g. PCB, breadboard)
 Safety equipment like ballistic protection and Air bags of cars.

24. Advantages of Composites
Low Relative Investment
 One reason the composites industry has been successful is because of the
low relative investment in setting-up a composites manufacturing facility.
This has resulted in many creative and innovative companies in the field.

25. Advantages of Composites
Durability
 Composite products and structures have an exceedingly long life span.
Coupled with low maintenance requirements, the longevity of composites
is a benefit in critical applications. In a half-century of composites
development, well-designed composite structures have yet to wear out.

26. REAL STORY OF Disadvantages
 In November 1999, America’s Cup boat “Young America” broke in two due
to debonding face/core in the sandwich structure.