This document discusses dispersion strengthening of composites. It begins with an introduction defining dispersion strengthening as enhancing the strength and hardness of metal alloys through the uniform dispersion of extremely small, insoluble particles within the matrix. It then covers the classification of composites, the mechanism of dispersion strengthening via dislocation pinning, and factors that influence strengthening such as particle size and spacing. A comparison is made between dispersion and precipitation strengthening, noting differences in coherency and temperature stability. Advantages of dispersion strengthening include higher creep resistance and strength retention at high temperatures.
Mechanical tests of metals can be classified as either destructive or non-destructive. Destructive tests include tensile tests, used on ductile materials to measure strength and elongation; compression tests, used on brittle materials to measure reduction in length; and shear tests, which apply a pure shear force. Hardness tests include Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell tests, which measure the hardness of a material by pressing an indenter into a specimen. Impact tests like Izod and Charpy tests study a material's behavior under sudden load. Fatigue tests determine a material's ability to withstand repeated stresses. Creep tests apply a steady load to determine the stress at which a material will not break over infinite time
This document discusses aluminum alloys. It describes the different alloying elements used in aluminum alloys and their effects, including copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and others. It discusses the properties and applications of various common aluminum alloy series, including 2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx. It also covers casting aluminum alloys and the Russian standard classification system. In summary, it provides an overview of the composition, properties, and uses of the major types of wrought and casting aluminum alloys.
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
This document discusses different methods of measuring hardness, including scratch, indentation, and rebound hardness. It provides detailed explanations of the Brinell hardness test, Meyer's hardness test, and Vickers hardness test. The Brinell hardness test uses a steel ball indenter and measures the diameter of the indentation to determine the hardness number. The Vickers hardness test uses a diamond pyramid indenter and measures the length of the diagonal impressions. It is more accurate and versatile than the Brinell test. Hardness tests provide a measure of a material's resistance to plastic deformation.
1- INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE/ ENGINEERINGneha gupta
This document provides an introduction to materials engineering. It defines what materials are and lists common material categories like metals, plastics, ceramics and fibers. The document then discusses the historical development of materials from the Stone Age to the Plastic Age. It proceeds to define key material properties such as strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, machinability, resilience, creep and fatigue. Specific material properties are then described in more detail.
The document discusses different types of alloy steels. It begins by explaining that alloy steels have other elements added to iron beyond just carbon in order to improve properties like strength, hardness, toughness, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance.
It then classifies alloy steels into low, medium, and high alloy steels based on their composition. Low alloy steels are further broken down into low carbon, medium carbon, and high/ultra high carbon steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels and tool steels.
Stainless steels are classified as austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, or precipitation hardening depending on their microstructure. Austenitic stainless steels
This document discusses dispersion strengthening of composites. It begins with an introduction defining dispersion strengthening as enhancing the strength and hardness of metal alloys through the uniform dispersion of extremely small, insoluble particles within the matrix. It then covers the classification of composites, the mechanism of dispersion strengthening via dislocation pinning, and factors that influence strengthening such as particle size and spacing. A comparison is made between dispersion and precipitation strengthening, noting differences in coherency and temperature stability. Advantages of dispersion strengthening include higher creep resistance and strength retention at high temperatures.
Mechanical tests of metals can be classified as either destructive or non-destructive. Destructive tests include tensile tests, used on ductile materials to measure strength and elongation; compression tests, used on brittle materials to measure reduction in length; and shear tests, which apply a pure shear force. Hardness tests include Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell tests, which measure the hardness of a material by pressing an indenter into a specimen. Impact tests like Izod and Charpy tests study a material's behavior under sudden load. Fatigue tests determine a material's ability to withstand repeated stresses. Creep tests apply a steady load to determine the stress at which a material will not break over infinite time
This document discusses aluminum alloys. It describes the different alloying elements used in aluminum alloys and their effects, including copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and others. It discusses the properties and applications of various common aluminum alloy series, including 2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx. It also covers casting aluminum alloys and the Russian standard classification system. In summary, it provides an overview of the composition, properties, and uses of the major types of wrought and casting aluminum alloys.
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
This document discusses different methods of measuring hardness, including scratch, indentation, and rebound hardness. It provides detailed explanations of the Brinell hardness test, Meyer's hardness test, and Vickers hardness test. The Brinell hardness test uses a steel ball indenter and measures the diameter of the indentation to determine the hardness number. The Vickers hardness test uses a diamond pyramid indenter and measures the length of the diagonal impressions. It is more accurate and versatile than the Brinell test. Hardness tests provide a measure of a material's resistance to plastic deformation.
1- INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE/ ENGINEERINGneha gupta
This document provides an introduction to materials engineering. It defines what materials are and lists common material categories like metals, plastics, ceramics and fibers. The document then discusses the historical development of materials from the Stone Age to the Plastic Age. It proceeds to define key material properties such as strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, machinability, resilience, creep and fatigue. Specific material properties are then described in more detail.
The document discusses different types of alloy steels. It begins by explaining that alloy steels have other elements added to iron beyond just carbon in order to improve properties like strength, hardness, toughness, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance.
It then classifies alloy steels into low, medium, and high alloy steels based on their composition. Low alloy steels are further broken down into low carbon, medium carbon, and high/ultra high carbon steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels and tool steels.
Stainless steels are classified as austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, or precipitation hardening depending on their microstructure. Austenitic stainless steels
Alloy steel is steel that contains other alloying elements in addition to carbon. Common alloying elements include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Alloy steel has improved properties over carbon steel such as higher tensile strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, creep resistance, and high temperature resistance. These properties make alloy steel suitable for applications in automotive, engineering, construction, agriculture, home goods, and military uses. Production of alloy steel has been increasing to meet the demands of growing industries such as automotive and engineering.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their internal structure and properties. There are several heat treatment methods for carbon steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures and slowly cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing also starts with heating above the critical point but involves air cooling to refine grain size. Hardening greatly increases hardness but causes brittleness, so tempering is used to relieve stresses and improve toughness through controlled reheating.
The document summarizes the modern steel making process. It begins with an introduction to steel as an alloy of iron and other elements like carbon. It then describes the main types of steel and the modern steel making process which involves three steps: primary steel making, secondary steel making/post-treatment, and casting. For primary steel making, it focuses on the basic oxygen furnace process, where carbon-rich molten pig iron is converted to low-carbon steel by blowing oxygen through it to lower the carbon content.
High temperature materials & super alloys pptSREE KRISHNA
This document discusses superalloys, which are metallic alloys that exhibit excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. It describes how superalloys develop strength through solid solution strengthening and alloying techniques. The document also classifies superalloys into generations based on their composition, and lists some of their key properties and applications in gas turbines, jet engines, steam turbines, and other high-temperature industrial systems.
The document discusses various engineering materials including metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. It provides information on the structure, properties and applications of materials. Specific topics covered include solid solutions, phase diagrams, heat treatment processes and the effects of alloying elements on steel properties.
1. Carbon steels are classified as mild, medium, and high carbon based on their carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 1.5%. Mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon, medium steels contain 0.3-0.7% carbon, and high carbon steels contain 0.7-1.5% carbon.
2. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added in amounts exceeding 1% to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardenability. Common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.
3. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium which
Nitriding is a surface hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen into the surface of ferrous alloys like steel and cast iron. It is done by heating the metal between 500-590°C in contact with nitrogen gas or liquid. This creates a hard case on the surface while leaving the interior unaffected. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface is increased, improving properties like fatigue life and corrosion resistance. Common applications include engine and machine tool components. The thickness of the hardened case depends on factors like time and temperature during nitriding.
Properties of materials / Mechanical Properties of materialsGulfam Hussain
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, toughness, hardness, impact strength, resilience, fatigue, and creep. It explains these properties and how they are evaluated using stress-strain diagrams and testing machines. The properties are important for engineers to understand how materials will behave under different loading conditions for machine and structural design.
The document discusses various metal forming processes used to change the shape of metal workpieces through plastic deformation exceeding the metal's yield strength, including bulk deformation techniques like rolling, forging, and extrusion that involve significant shape changes with lower surface area to volume ratios, and sheet metalworking techniques like bending, drawing, and shearing that are performed on metal sheets or strips with higher surface area to volume ratios. Metal forming is an important manufacturing method that allows for net or near-net shape production, high production rates, profitability, and improved material properties.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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Composite materials are composed of two or more physically distinct phases that produce properties different from the individual components. Composites can be very strong yet light weight. Examples include fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and cemented carbides. Composites find applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment due to their high strength to weight ratio and other advantageous properties. They are classified based on matrix material (polymer, metal, ceramic) and type of reinforcement (particles, fibers).
This document summarizes super alloys, including their properties, applications, classifications, microstructure, and heat treatment. Super alloys exhibit high strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to strengthening from solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. They are classified based on their primary metal (nickel, iron, cobalt) and are used in applications such as jet engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature capabilities. Their microstructure includes a gamma matrix and gamma prime precipitates that increase strength. Heat treatments are used to control the precipitates and carbides for optimal properties.
The document discusses different types of carbon and alloy steels. It begins with an introduction to carbon steels, outlining their classification and composition limits. It then discusses alloy steels, explaining that alloying elements are added to improve properties over plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are classified as low, medium, and high alloy steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels. The document explores various stainless steel types and how alloying elements affect their microstructure. In particular, it examines how elements can expand or contract the gamma phase field. Finally, it briefly discusses tool steels and their classification system.
The document discusses the aluminum alloy A201. Key points:
- A201 is a copper-containing aluminum alloy used in aircraft frames due to its strength and fracture toughness.
- Its composition includes 4-5% copper, with smaller amounts of other elements like magnesium, manganese, silver, and titanium.
- Heat treating through solutionizing, quenching, and aging (T6 or T7 temper) improves its mechanical properties by precipitating strengthening phases like GP zones and θ'.
- A201 finds applications in aircraft structures, cylinders, pistons, and gears due to its combination of high strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance after heat treatment.
This document provides an introduction and overview of materials properties and applications. It discusses how physical properties help determine suitable manufacturing processes and optimize conditions. Various material groups are then outlined, including metals, plastics, ceramics and composites. Key mechanical properties like strength, ductility and hardness are defined. Tests for properties like impact resistance and shear strength are also introduced. Finally, common material applications are matched to exemplify different materials' key properties.
This document discusses the processing of traditional and new ceramics. It describes the key steps in ceramic processing which include preparation of raw materials, shaping, drying/dewatering, and firing/sintering. For traditional ceramics, the raw materials are naturally occurring minerals that are comminuted into powder and shaped using methods like slip casting or plastic forming before being dried and fired. New ceramics use synthetic powders and advanced shaping methods like dry pressing, hot pressing, or isostatic pressing, followed by sintering to achieve final densification. Sintering is a critical heat treatment process that bonds ceramic particles without melting by facilitating mass transfer through diffusion.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal powders and using them to make finished parts. It consists of three main stages: 1) physically powdering the primary material, 2) injecting the powder into a mold or passing it through a die to form a weakly cohesive pre-form, and 3) applying high pressure, temperature, and time to fully form the final part. The process allows for high production rates, low material waste, and flexibility in alloy choices. Parts are made through blending metal powders, compacting them into shapes using dies and presses, and sintering the compacts to strengthen the bonds between particles.
Brittle fracture occurs without plastic deformation through rapid crack propagation perpendicular to the applied tensile stress. Dislocation theories state that brittle fracture involves three stages: 1) plastic deformation from dislocation pile-up, 2) nucleation of micro-cracks from shear stress, and 3) micro-crack growth driven by stored elastic energy. Brittle fracture surfaces exhibit distinctive patterns without signs of plastic deformation, such as chevron markings in steel or fanlike ridges radiating from the crack origin. Crack propagation in brittle crystalline materials corresponds to successive breaking of atomic bonds along crystallographic planes, known as cleavage.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness, toughness, stiffness, resilience, creep, and strength. It also covers deformation mechanisms in metals such as elastic deformation, plastic deformation, slip, and twinning. Different types of material failures like brittle fracture, ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, and creep fracture are described along with their mechanisms. Factors affecting mechanical properties and various material testing properties are also summarized.
Alloy steel is steel that contains other alloying elements in addition to carbon. Common alloying elements include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Alloy steel has improved properties over carbon steel such as higher tensile strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, creep resistance, and high temperature resistance. These properties make alloy steel suitable for applications in automotive, engineering, construction, agriculture, home goods, and military uses. Production of alloy steel has been increasing to meet the demands of growing industries such as automotive and engineering.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their internal structure and properties. There are several heat treatment methods for carbon steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures and slowly cooling to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing also starts with heating above the critical point but involves air cooling to refine grain size. Hardening greatly increases hardness but causes brittleness, so tempering is used to relieve stresses and improve toughness through controlled reheating.
The document summarizes the modern steel making process. It begins with an introduction to steel as an alloy of iron and other elements like carbon. It then describes the main types of steel and the modern steel making process which involves three steps: primary steel making, secondary steel making/post-treatment, and casting. For primary steel making, it focuses on the basic oxygen furnace process, where carbon-rich molten pig iron is converted to low-carbon steel by blowing oxygen through it to lower the carbon content.
High temperature materials & super alloys pptSREE KRISHNA
This document discusses superalloys, which are metallic alloys that exhibit excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. It describes how superalloys develop strength through solid solution strengthening and alloying techniques. The document also classifies superalloys into generations based on their composition, and lists some of their key properties and applications in gas turbines, jet engines, steam turbines, and other high-temperature industrial systems.
The document discusses various engineering materials including metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. It provides information on the structure, properties and applications of materials. Specific topics covered include solid solutions, phase diagrams, heat treatment processes and the effects of alloying elements on steel properties.
1. Carbon steels are classified as mild, medium, and high carbon based on their carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 1.5%. Mild steels contain up to 0.3% carbon, medium steels contain 0.3-0.7% carbon, and high carbon steels contain 0.7-1.5% carbon.
2. Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements added in amounts exceeding 1% to improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardenability. Common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium.
3. Stainless steels contain a minimum of 11.5% chromium which
Nitriding is a surface hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen into the surface of ferrous alloys like steel and cast iron. It is done by heating the metal between 500-590°C in contact with nitrogen gas or liquid. This creates a hard case on the surface while leaving the interior unaffected. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface is increased, improving properties like fatigue life and corrosion resistance. Common applications include engine and machine tool components. The thickness of the hardened case depends on factors like time and temperature during nitriding.
Properties of materials / Mechanical Properties of materialsGulfam Hussain
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, toughness, hardness, impact strength, resilience, fatigue, and creep. It explains these properties and how they are evaluated using stress-strain diagrams and testing machines. The properties are important for engineers to understand how materials will behave under different loading conditions for machine and structural design.
The document discusses various metal forming processes used to change the shape of metal workpieces through plastic deformation exceeding the metal's yield strength, including bulk deformation techniques like rolling, forging, and extrusion that involve significant shape changes with lower surface area to volume ratios, and sheet metalworking techniques like bending, drawing, and shearing that are performed on metal sheets or strips with higher surface area to volume ratios. Metal forming is an important manufacturing method that allows for net or near-net shape production, high production rates, profitability, and improved material properties.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Composite materials are composed of two or more physically distinct phases that produce properties different from the individual components. Composites can be very strong yet light weight. Examples include fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and cemented carbides. Composites find applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment due to their high strength to weight ratio and other advantageous properties. They are classified based on matrix material (polymer, metal, ceramic) and type of reinforcement (particles, fibers).
This document summarizes super alloys, including their properties, applications, classifications, microstructure, and heat treatment. Super alloys exhibit high strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to strengthening from solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. They are classified based on their primary metal (nickel, iron, cobalt) and are used in applications such as jet engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature capabilities. Their microstructure includes a gamma matrix and gamma prime precipitates that increase strength. Heat treatments are used to control the precipitates and carbides for optimal properties.
The document discusses different types of carbon and alloy steels. It begins with an introduction to carbon steels, outlining their classification and composition limits. It then discusses alloy steels, explaining that alloying elements are added to improve properties over plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are classified as low, medium, and high alloy steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels. The document explores various stainless steel types and how alloying elements affect their microstructure. In particular, it examines how elements can expand or contract the gamma phase field. Finally, it briefly discusses tool steels and their classification system.
The document discusses the aluminum alloy A201. Key points:
- A201 is a copper-containing aluminum alloy used in aircraft frames due to its strength and fracture toughness.
- Its composition includes 4-5% copper, with smaller amounts of other elements like magnesium, manganese, silver, and titanium.
- Heat treating through solutionizing, quenching, and aging (T6 or T7 temper) improves its mechanical properties by precipitating strengthening phases like GP zones and θ'.
- A201 finds applications in aircraft structures, cylinders, pistons, and gears due to its combination of high strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance after heat treatment.
This document provides an introduction and overview of materials properties and applications. It discusses how physical properties help determine suitable manufacturing processes and optimize conditions. Various material groups are then outlined, including metals, plastics, ceramics and composites. Key mechanical properties like strength, ductility and hardness are defined. Tests for properties like impact resistance and shear strength are also introduced. Finally, common material applications are matched to exemplify different materials' key properties.
This document discusses the processing of traditional and new ceramics. It describes the key steps in ceramic processing which include preparation of raw materials, shaping, drying/dewatering, and firing/sintering. For traditional ceramics, the raw materials are naturally occurring minerals that are comminuted into powder and shaped using methods like slip casting or plastic forming before being dried and fired. New ceramics use synthetic powders and advanced shaping methods like dry pressing, hot pressing, or isostatic pressing, followed by sintering to achieve final densification. Sintering is a critical heat treatment process that bonds ceramic particles without melting by facilitating mass transfer through diffusion.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal powders and using them to make finished parts. It consists of three main stages: 1) physically powdering the primary material, 2) injecting the powder into a mold or passing it through a die to form a weakly cohesive pre-form, and 3) applying high pressure, temperature, and time to fully form the final part. The process allows for high production rates, low material waste, and flexibility in alloy choices. Parts are made through blending metal powders, compacting them into shapes using dies and presses, and sintering the compacts to strengthen the bonds between particles.
Brittle fracture occurs without plastic deformation through rapid crack propagation perpendicular to the applied tensile stress. Dislocation theories state that brittle fracture involves three stages: 1) plastic deformation from dislocation pile-up, 2) nucleation of micro-cracks from shear stress, and 3) micro-crack growth driven by stored elastic energy. Brittle fracture surfaces exhibit distinctive patterns without signs of plastic deformation, such as chevron markings in steel or fanlike ridges radiating from the crack origin. Crack propagation in brittle crystalline materials corresponds to successive breaking of atomic bonds along crystallographic planes, known as cleavage.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness, toughness, stiffness, resilience, creep, and strength. It also covers deformation mechanisms in metals such as elastic deformation, plastic deformation, slip, and twinning. Different types of material failures like brittle fracture, ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, and creep fracture are described along with their mechanisms. Factors affecting mechanical properties and various material testing properties are also summarized.
9. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
ENGINEERING?
Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether
mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one
time or another be exposed to a design problem
involving materials
9
10. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
To Apply
Engineering Material knowledge
Material Science
Structure +
& Engineering Properties + Process
Material = Performance
Materials Fundamental
Knowledge
Science Of Materials 10
11. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering materials
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
Structure
Performance
Properties Process 11
12. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Structure
Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual
atoms that defines interaction among atoms
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
(interatomic bonding).
12
13. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials (for
the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two
forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
13
14. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Microscopic structure Arrangement of small grains of
material that can be identified by microscopy.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
14
15. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may
be viewed with the naked eye.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
15
16. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Length-scales
-10
Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10 m
-
Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
9
m
-6
Micrometer = 1μm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10 m
-3
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10 m
16
22. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Metals
Materials in this group are composed of one or more
metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper,
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
titanium, gold, and nickel)
Metals can be classify into 2 type
Ferrous
Non ferrous
22
25. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
For example, some of the common ceramic materials
include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O ), silicon
3
dioxide (or silica, SiO ), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon
2
nitride (Si N )
3 4
25
26. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Ceramics materials
Refractory material
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
engine valves
Exhaust engine
26
27. CERAMICS MATERIALS
Modern Ceramics Tradition Ceramics
Heat resistance material เครืองสุขภ ัฑ์
่
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
ถ้วย ฉาม
27
28. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
traditional ceramics
Those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
as cement and glass.
Properties of Ceramic
strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those
of the metals.
ceramics are typically very hard.
extremely brittle (lack ductility) and are highly susceptible
to fracture.
Typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity
(i.e., have low electrical conductivities.
28
29. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Ceramics
More resistant to high temperatures and harsh(ความรุนแรง
ของสภาพอากาศ) environments than metals and polymers.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be
transparent, translucent, or opaque
29
31. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Polymers
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber
materials.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
There are organic compounds that are chemically based
on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements
(viz. O, N, and Si).
They have very large molecular structures, often chain-
like in nature with a backbone of carbon atoms.
The familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
31
32. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Structure Polymers
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
32
33. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Properties Polymers
These materials typically have low densities.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
The mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar
to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as
stiff nor as strong as.
The stiffnesses and strengths on a per-mass basis are
comparable to the metals and ceramics.
The polymers are extremely ductile and pliable(อ่อน,
ยืดหยุน)
่
They are easily formed into complex shapes.
33
34. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Composites
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual
materials, which come from the metals, ceramics, and
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
polymers.
The design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is not displayed by any
single material
The most common composites is fiberglass, in which small
glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material
(normally an epoxy or polyester).
important materials is the “Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymer” (or “CFRP”), high stiffness and ductility.
34
35. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bar-chart of room-temperature density values for various 35
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.
36. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bar-chart of room-temperature stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) 36
values for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite
materials.
37. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bar-chart of room-temperature strength (i.e., tensile strength) 37
38. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
38
Bar-chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture (i.e.,
fracture toughness)
39. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
39
Bar-chart of room-temperature electrical conductivity ranges
41. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
ในทางโบราณคดีนยมตังชอยุควัสดุทใช ้
ิ ้ ื่ ี่
Stone age
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bronze age
Iron age
Scientific age
41
42. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Stone age
้ ่
ยุคหิน มนุษย์ใชวัสดุจากธรรมชาติ เชน หิน, ไม ้, เถาวัลย์ มา
้ ั
ทายุทโธปกรณ์ ใชในการล่าสตว์และรบ
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
แข็ง(คม)
เปราะ(แตกหักง่าย)
42
43. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Bronze age
่ ้ ึ่
โลหะทีใชได ้แก่ ทองคา, เงิน, ตะกัว ซงพบในสภาพโลหะตาม
่
ธรรมชาติ
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
เหนียว(Ductility)
แข็งแรงกว่าหิน
มีน้ าหนั กมาก
่
สวนผสมหลักเป็ นโลหะทองแดง
43
44. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Iron age
ให ้ความแข็งแรงมากกว่าทองแดงผสม
น้ าหนักเบากว่าทองแดงผสม
ต ้านทานการกัดกร่อนได ้น ้อยกว่าทองแดง
ขึนรูปได ้ยากกว่าทองแดงผสม
้
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
่ ่
เหล็กคุณภาพตามาก (แข็ง+เปราะ) สวนใหญ่ขนรูปโดยการหล่อ
ึ้
44
45. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Scientific age
วัสดุมความแข็งแรงสูง
ี ต้านทานการก ัดกร่อนได้ด ี
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
นาหน ักเบา
้
ี ี
ทนการเสยดสและ อุณหภูมได้สง
ิ ู
45
46. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Scientific age
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
คุณสมบ ัติความเปนแม่เหล็ ก
็
การนาไฟฟา
้
46
คุณสมบ ัติความเปนแม่เหล็ ก
็
49. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE & STRENGTH
Increasing temperature
normally reduces the strength of
a material.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Polymers are suitable only at
low temperatures.
Some composites, such as
carbon-carbon composites,
special alloys, and ceramics, have
excellent properties at high
temperatures.
49
53. สาหรับ Fe มีด ้านของ unit cell ยาว 0.287 nm ดังนันระยะทาง 1 cm
้
จะเท่ากับ unit cell ของ Fe มาเรียงต่อกันจานวน
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
ิ ี่
สามสบสล ้านแปดแสน Unit Cell !!!!!
53
54. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Many times, a materials problem is one
of selecting to the right material.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
How to select??????????????
The selecting to the right of material.
First of all, the service conditions must be characterized.
A second selection consideration is any deterioration of
material properties that may occur during service operation.
Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of
economics
54
62. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Magnetic Materials
Computer hard disks and audio and video cassettes make use
of many ceramic, metallic, and polymeric materials.
For example, particles of a special form of iron oxide,
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
gamma iron oxide (g-Fe2O3) are deposited on a polymer
substrate to make audio cassettes.
Computer hard disks are made using alloys based on cobalt-
platinum-tantalum chromium (Co-Pt-Ta-Cr) alloys.
Magnetic ferrites are used to make inductors and components
for wireless communications.
Steels based on iron and silicon are used to make transformer
62
cores.
63. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Photonic or Optical
Materials
Silica is used widely for making
optical fibers installed around
the world.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Optical materials are used for
making semiconductor
detectors and lasers used in
fiber optic communications.
Alumina (Al O ) and yttrium
2 3
aluminum garnets (YAG) are
used for making lasers.
63
64. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Photonic or Optical
Materials
Amorphous silicon is
used to make solar cells.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Polymers are used to
make liquid crystal
displays (LCDs)
64
65. CONCLUSION
Materials engineering
Material Classification
Mechanical properties
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Physical properties
Nature of Metal
Selection of Materials
Advance Materials
65
67. Select one or more of the modern items or devices listed
below, and then conduct an Internet search in order to
determine what specific material(s) is (are) used and what
specific properties this (these) material(s) possess(es) in
order for the device/item to function properly. Finally,
write a short essay in which you report your findings.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Cell phone/digital camera batteries
Cell phone displays
Solar cells
Wind turbine blades
Fuel cells
Automobile engine blocks (other than cast iron)
Automobile bodies (other than steel alloys)
Space telescope mirrors
Military body armor
Sports Equipment
Soccer balls
Basketballs 67