Selection of material for the cutlery is by considering the parameters, constraints and for that we have used the software CES. References will be add shortly, which i have forget to include. Apology for that, shortly it will be update with references.

1. Materials Selection for Cutlery Manufacturing
Authors: Muhammad Amir Hamza1 Mudassir Jalal Shah2 Zafar Ahmad3
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Pakistan, Mechanical Department
ABSTRACT
The objective of the work was to select a suitable material for the manufacturing of a cutleries at
minimum cost and high durability. To restrain the bending load at the edge of the let say spoon
in the authors’ case during its use while having meal was taken in to consideration and was
modeled as a cantilever, fixed at its one end and free at its the other end. The material index and
slope was calculated according to which a property chart was developed which compared, the
young’s modulus or stiffness against density. The aim was to search for a material good enough
to restrain the bending load applied at the free end. A material with a high value of young
modulus was considered capable of withstanding stresses enough to cause bending in the free
end of the cantilever. The CES Edu pack package was used during the work. All the controlling
parameters were studied in detail and property charts were developed to relate the constrained
material properties with each other which in the authors’ case came out to be the young’s
modulus of the material. By Developing a property chart of the young’s modulus vs density after
carrying out the mathematical modeling and calculations for the material index, the authors’ got
to the final class of materials, best suitable for use in the manufacturing of cutleries.
INTRODUCTION
Spoon had been one of the man’s earliest inventions. In northern Europe the first spoons were
sculpted from wood. Later specimens were modified out of horns of cattle, ivory tasks, bronze,
and silver and gold. In ancient times usually the knife was used by the huntsmen and warriors for
cutting and spearing of meat and was first made of flint, then of metal. One of its main
characteristic was the sharp edge that it used to have. They are still used in different ways even
today. Knifes were first time brought and introduced to the royal table as an eating utensil for

2. the elite. Similarly, forks were introduced at the table from the time of crusades, at the beginning
of the twelfth century. Stainless steel is the most desired material for use in cutlery
manufacturing due to its corrosion resistive nature because of the presence of nickel in it and the
high level of hygiene that stainless steel offers. Stainless steel remained one of the most hygienic
material ever known and this property can be best explained by the phenomena of the passive
layer that forms on the material surface usually when there is more than 11 % of chromium in
the alloy. Once this is achieved, a thin layer of chromium oxide forms over the surface of the
material hen chromium reacts with oxygen in the air thus behaving opposite to that of iron oxide
or rust and is inert.
However, research is also being continuously done to replace stainless steel with completely
biodegradable plastics that is environment friendly and less costly as compared to metals.
Stainless steel cutleries set Disposable plastic cutleries set
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND CALCULATIONS: -
For modeling and selecting the right material for Cutlery we have some design requirement
which we have to follow and there are some aspects in which we have to follow it strictly and
there is also a free variable.

3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT
FUNCTION Cutlery means light, stiff
OBJECTIVE Minimize the mass
CONSTRAINTS
Length L specified,
Bending stiffness specified
Free Variable Choice of material
B
L
In General Form,
where A is the area of the cross-section and ρ the density of the material of which it is made. This
is the objective function the quantity to be minimized.
Now
Stress σ
bl
48
where E is the modulus
12 12
12
I is the second moment of area of the beam
48
.
12

4. 48
/
!
Now put in the main Equation
"
4
# "
$
# % &
For minimizing the mass
Materials Index = (E1/2/ )
Now to find the slope
Log (E1/2) = Log + log constant
Log E= 2 log + 2 log constant
' ()* +
' ()*,
= 2
So, the slope is =2
Results
Selection of material for the cutlery is by considering the parameters, constraints and for that we
have used the software CES.
In Graph it is shown that a chart of Young's modulus, E is plotted against density, ρ. The materials
above the selection line (slope = 2) have high values. A selection line for the index is shown on it.
This selection must be balanced against the cost, safety. Below are the different materials which
are selected for the cutlery, as accordingly to design limitation.

5. MATERIAL COMMENT
Stainless steel Expensive but with high level hygiene
Plastic Cheap but having environmental issue
Wood Cheap but low level hygiene

6. In the table above these are some materials which passes through the objective and constraints
which was set by the designer. The materials which comes on the slope line has the same
properties.
CONCLUSION
After getting the result the final selection requires judgement that is totally depending on the
designer that what he wants more either to give more worth toward safety and environmental
friendly or make it cheap and ignore all other things. Now it’s on him to rank the best suitable
material amongst them.