This document discusses the application of plant tissue culture techniques in forestry, agriculture, and horticulture. It provides examples of how micropropagation, apical meristem culture, embryo culture, endosperm culture, and haploid plant production can be used for clonal propagation of trees, production of disease-free plants, breeding hybrids, and inducing stress resistance. Specific techniques like encapsulated somatic embryo production and transfer of nitrogen-fixing genes are also summarized. The document outlines impacts on forestry, agriculture, and horticulture industries through large-scale micropropagation of various plants.

1. Application of plant tissue culture
in forestry, agriculture &
horticulture
Vimal priya subramanian
1st M.sc Botany
ROLL NO;18MBO027

2. Introduction
• Plant tissue culture is the method of plant
production from the any part of the plant .
Which is help to maintained the germplasm . If
any disaster is occur like earth quake ,sunami at
that time plant tissue culture produce the
destroyed plants in more frequency level so we
need small time for reproducing the affected
plants in the particular affected area

3. Application in forestry
• Micropropagtion,
• Apical meristem culture,
• Embryo culture,
• Endosperm culture,
• Haploid plants

4. Micro propagation
• Efficient methods for micropropagation has
been used for many trees. So far much success
has been achieved in micropropagating some
tree plants which are difficult to clonally
multiply by the conventional methods.
Success of micropropagation is judged on the
basis of rate of shoot multiplication and the
success of transplantation to the field. For
example Teak and Eucalyptus

6. Dis advantages of micro propagation
• In some cases multiple shoot formation takes
place as usual. But the roting of such shoot is
very difficult. It depends upon so many
factors viz. correct choice of explants, age of
the plat, culture medium, hormones etc.
• Browning of medium and browning of ex-
plant in culture is a serious problem for the
micropropagation of tree plant.

7. Apical meristem culture
• Apical meristem culture is widely used to
eliminate virus and to raise a number of virus
free plants using a single meristem tip. In
cassava, microscopic size of apical meristem
has been cultured in nutrient medium
supplemented with GA3 ,NAA . By this
technique, a number of virus free plants have
been raised. This experiment meristem culture
for making disease free tree plants.

8. Example
• Monihot esculanta, commonly known cassava,
is systematically infected with African mosaic
virus, cassava brown streak virus
• Virus attack do not lead to death but affect the
yield
• Apical meristem culture is use to eleminate
the virus it should be free from virus

9. Apical meristem cuture

10. Embryo culture
• Embryo culture is generally applied for obtaining
rare hybrids. Conventional inter-specific or inter-
generic breeding of forest plants has been done
for improvement of timber quality, oil content etc.
and also for making disease resistant line.
Sometimes fertilization occurs but germinable
seeds are not obtained due to premature death of
hybrid embryo. If the hybrid embryos are
cultured before the onset of abortion, it is easy to
get a hybrid plant

11. Embryo culture

12. Endosperm culture
• It is well known that endosperm tissue of the
seed of angiosperm is cytologically triploid in
nature. Now ,if the endosperm tissue is used as
explants for tissue culture to raise a plant, the
plant will be triploid.
• Triploid plants are seed sterile and usually
undesirable. But some times triploids are
desirable for plant improvement.
• Endosperm culture have better pulpwood qualities
as compared to their diploid plants obtained some
seeds.
•

13. steps in endosperm culture
1. The immature or mature seeds are dissected
under aseptic condition and enodosperms
along with embryos are excised.
2. Excised endosperms are cultured on a suitable
medium and embryos are removed after
initial stage.
3. Callus followed by embryogenesis or shoot
bud differentiation
4. Complete plant formtion

14. HAPLOID PLANT PRODUCTION
• Haploid plants are obtained by isolated microspore
and anther culture. Haploids are very important for
mutation research on forest tree mutant varieties
can be achieved very easily from homozygous
diploid plants by treatment of mutagenic agent. In
china, haploid plants of Hevea brasiliensis have
been obtained from microspores culture.
• Plant tissue culture technique can be used to
produce, maintain, multiply and transport of
pathogen free forest plants safely and economically

15. Haploid plant production

16. Application in forestry level
• For betterment and improvement of tree plants of
high economic value a breakthrough in forestry
research has come with production of artificial
seeds ain eucalyptus and genetic transformation in
conifers.
• In 1989, A.F.Mascarenhas andE.M. Muralidharan
reviwed the tissue culture studies carried out on
forest trees in india. Some of the important plants
are acacia nilotica, albizia lebbeck, Ficus religiosa

17. Impact on forestry
• Multiplication of forest tree species by
different methods
• By clonal multiplication
• Populus tremula
• Streculia urenes
• Tectona grandis
• Prosopis cineraria

18. By somatic embryogenesis
• Abies balsamea
• Biota orientalis
• Cupressus orizonica
• Dalbergia sisso
• Dalbergia latifolia

19. Protoplast culture&genetics
• Eucalyptus grandis
• Populus
• Junglans
• Pithoclobium dulce

20. IN AGRICULTURE
• ENCAPSULATED SEED
• IMPROVEMENT OF HYBRID
• PRODUCTION OF STRESS RESISTANT
PLANT
• TRANSFER OF nif GENE

21. ENCAPSULATRD SEED
• Embryo capsulaterd
with Na/Ca alginate gel
• Somatic embryo is
capsulated
• Which is derived from
embryogenesis

22. Encapsulated seed

23. Improvement of hybrids
• To produce somatic hybrid plant through the
protoplast culture
• Then indroduce the transgenic plant
• We can change the character colour
tuber,prolonged flowering ,some resistent
varieties, morphology of the plant,etc

24. For example Bt cotton
• Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacteria found in soil
• It produces a protein that paralyzes the insects
digestive system. The insect dies of starvation
• The gene that is responsible for coding for the
protien that kills insects is inserted into the
DNA of many plants such as corn and cotton
• The plant then produces the protein that is
responsible for killing insects

25. Stress resistant plant
• In 1974 M.H. zenk report that cell supesion
tolerant to2,4-D herbicide
• When the cell sub culture in to the liquid
medium which contain high amount of 2,4D
• After 6 month the cell able to grow in
1mM(mill moll) 2,4-d.
• Then after we use that plant protoplast culture
we producing more no of stress resistent plant

26. Transfer of nif gene
• Transfer of if gene in to plant through DNA
bio technology
• Newly formed plants contain rhizobium in
their nodes
• Rizobium spp is nitrogen fixing gram negative
symbiotic bacteria usually relationship with
legume species

27. Example of somoclonal varient plant in
agricultural crop
crop characters
Rice Flowering period, panicle size, numberof tiller shape and
colours
Wheat Plant height, grain colour, see storage protein
Maize Reduced pollen fertility and male sterility
sugarcane High sugar yield, increase stalk length & diameter
Barley Increase grain yield
Carrot Higher carotene content

28. Diseease resistant varities through
somoclonal variation
crop Pathogenic organism
Rice Helminthosporium oryzae
Maize Helminthosporium maydis
Barley Rhynchosporium secalis
Sugarcane Puccinia melanocephals
Potato Streptomyces scahie, alternaria solani
Tomato Psedomonas solanacearum
Banana Fusarium oxysporum

29. Horticulture
• Horticulture is the culture of plants for food,
comfort, beautification purposes.
• In latin ,the terms horticulture mean garden
culture
• It have several branch pomology-
fruit,olericulture-vegetables,arboriculture-tree
with diferent shape, floriculture.

30. In horticulture
Micropropagation
micropropagation is use to produce n no of plant
at a time
Virus free plant
apical meristerm culture is used to form virus
free plant
Somatic hybrids
we can produce different colour of flower and
leaves containing plant produce for ornamental
purpose

31. Various plant introducing in
horticulture
Horticulture plant Botanical name Using plant part bu tissue
culture method for
cultivation
Bromeliads Aechmea sp. Shoot tip
Pineapple Ananus cosmosus Lateral buds
Snap dragon Antirrhinum masus Protoplast callus
Pyrethrum Chrysantymum cinerirefolius Direct adv.buds
Dehlia Dahlia sp. micrografting
Star fish plant Cryptanthus sp. Lateral buds
Gold dust dracena Dracena fragrance internode

32. Micropropagation of fruit crops
Temperate fruit crops Tropical fruit crops
Apple (malus) Kiwifruit(Actidinia chinensis)
Pear(pyrus communis) Pineapple(Ananas comosus)
Peach (prunus persica) Cashew(Anacardium occidentale)
Cherry,sweet (pinus avinum) Lime (Citrus limon)
Straw berry(fragaria) Mulberry (Morus alba)
Rasp berry (rubus sp.) Banana(Musa sp.)
Grape (vitis vinifera) Guava (psidium guajava)

33. Impact on horticulture
• More recent uses of in vitro culture emphasize
applications for fruit crops.
• These application include production of hybrid
plants from fused protoplast and somaclonal
variation

34. Signification of plant tissue culture
• Elimination of viral diseases
• .Germplasm storage
• clonal propagation
• Induce desirable, heritable changes
• Rapid propagation of superior plants,
• Regenerate transgenic plants through transfer
of genes into protoplasts
Somatic hybridization

35. Refference
• Kalyan kumar ; 1992 ;plant tissue culture; 171
to 177.
• M.K. Razdan; 2011 reprint; plant tissue
culture; 219 to260.
• K.G. Ramawat;2000;plant biotechnology;252
to 261.
• https://ag4 impact.org