Abraham Maslow was an influential psychologist who founded humanistic psychology. He rejected Freud's psychoanalytic theories and B.F. Skinner's behaviorism, instead focusing on healthy, self-actualized individuals. Maslow studied people like Albert Schweitzer and developed theories like the hierarchy of needs and peak experiences. However, his theories like the hierarchy of needs and the idea of self-actualization applying to only 1-2% of people have faced criticism for lacking empirical evidence. Maslow's humanistic perspective was still important for introducing positive concepts like growth motivation and human potential.
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
This power point presentation is on Carl Rogers theory of personality. This ppt would be helpful for both UG and PG students and is developed to fulfill the objective of curriculum.
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Third Wave
• Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)
• Forerunner of positive
psychology.
• Radically different view
of human nature.
• Rejected ideas of
Freud and Skinner.
3. Harry Harlow’s lab
• Maslow worked in Harlow’s lab
as a student at the University
of Wisconsin.
• Harlow famous for the monkey
studies using wire and cloth
mothers.
• Maslow didn’t see his future in
experimental psychology.
4. Maslow at Brandeis
• Maslow began teaching in NYC area.
• Met many leading neo-Freudians, including
Alfred Adler and Erich Fromm.
• In 1951, Maslow became the chairman of the
psychology department at Brandeis University.
• Met Gestalt Psychologist Kurt Goldstein who
introduced him to the idea of self-actualization.
Goldstein first trained as a neurologist and
was an early advocate of holistic medicine.
Have to deal with the whole organism.
5. Maslow rejected Freud’s ideas
• Psychoanalysis based
on what went wrong.
• Theories based on
clinically ill patients.
• Repressing strong
sexual urges.
• Animal passions.
• “Why pick the wolf?”
6. Humanistic Psychology
• Positive instincts to fulfill human potential.
• Theories based on study of successful,
healthy people (interviews).
• Albert Schweitzer, Eleanor Roosevelt.
• Strong motivating force to do good.
• Be the best that they could be.
• Self-actualization.
7. Case studies
• Began with study of two close friends.
• Expanded to 10 other anonymous living
persons.
• Historical figures: Lincoln, Jefferson.
• Important personalities: Einstein.
• Examined biographies, writings and
interviewed those still living.
• Biographic analysis: Qualitative research
9. Guiding principles
• 1. Needs arranged according to
potency and strength. Lower needs
stronger and more urgently felt.
• 2. Lower needs appear earlier in
development.
• Babies concerned with biological,
toddlers with safety, seniors more likely
to be self-actualized.
10. Hierarchy of needs
• 3. Needs are filled sequentially,
lowest to highest.
• Maslow did not believe that you
had to completely satisfy each
level before moving to a higher
one.
• Example: work for safety when
60% of physiological needs met.
11. Physiological needs
• Body needs
• Hunger and thirst
• Need met by most people in
US.
• But may take dominance in
emergencies.
• Natural disasters.
• Hurricane Katrina
12. Safety needs
• Security in our environment.
• Stability and protection.
• Job security, insurance,
retirement plans.
• Stock market crash wipes out
nest egg.
• Pathologies: OCD: no sense of
security, PTSD and panic
attacks.
Black Monday, 1987
13. Love and Belongingness
• Friends, life partner, children,
social clubs, religious
communities.
• Stunting of this need leads to
most behavior problems.
• Importance of social bonds.
• Some question whether you
can love others until you love
yourself Esteem needs
14. Esteem needs has two levels
• Lower level need for respect from others
• Such as recognition, attention, appreciation.
• Higher level self respect
• Such as confidence, competence, mastery.
• Pathologies: inferiority complex, depression.
• Question: Can others respect you if you don’t
respect yourself?
16. Cycle of D-motives
• Deficit needs.
• Deprivation leads to drive
to satisfy need.
• Achieve homeostasis.
• Not just biological needs.
• Essential for survival.
• Even instinctual.
Drive
State
In Balance
Until..
Deprivation
Satisfy
Drive
17. Being motives
• Once D-needs fulfilled, being needs
emerge.
• Growth motivation
• Not governed by homeostasis.
• Becomes stronger as you fulfill them.
• Strive now to be all that you can be.
• Self-actualizers.
18. Portrait of self-actualizers
• Small group according to Maslow.
• 1-2% of the adult population.
• Generally 60 plus years old
• Reality and problem centered.
• Enjoy solitude and have deep personal
relationships with a few close friends.
19. Self-actualizers (cont.)
• Autonomous, resisted enculturation.
• Acceptance of self and others.
• Strong ethics, spiritual, seldom religious.
• Prefer spontaneity and simplicity.
• Unhostile sense of humor.
• Source: Prof. George Boeree
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html
20. Peak experiences
• Moments of transcendence.
• To climb above culture.
• Perceptual experiences, largely passive.
• Spiritual realm for some but not necessarily
religious.
• People may be reluctant to report.
• Unlike FLOW where you have superior
functioning, self-absorbed.
21. Peak experiences described
• Davis (1991) interviewed 250 people.
• 80% reported having a peak experience.
• Might share contents with close friend.
• Experience special, intimate and personal.
• Not easy to describe in words.
• Transcend normal language.
22. Failure to actualize
• Maslow many fail to actualize because
• 1) Growth tendency is weaker than deficiency
motives. Hard to transcend hunger.
• 2) Normal culture downplays the importance
of the inner life (voice). Just trying to gain
control of our impulses.
• 3) Growth requires taking risks than many are
unwilling to do. Example: international
education. Study in another culture.
23. Jonah Complex
• Maslow used biblical story of Jonah
to illustrate those unwilling to take
risks.
• Jonah tried to run away from risk.
• Only after spending some time in the
whale did he agree to complete his
mission.
• Maslow called this reluctance the
Jonah Complex.
24. Maslow’s critics
• Need hierarchy is wildly popular.
• Education, management,
psychotherapy, and nursing.
• Any research to suggest it’s true?
• Maslow’s research case studies.
• Others have done studies or larger and
more diverse groups.
25. Hierarchy of needs (5 or 2)
• Little empirical support for 5 stages.
• Stronger evidence for two levels:
deficiency and growth.
• Developmental growth does have
much support either.
• Older adults rate self-actualization as
their lowest NOT highest need.
• College students most concerned
about esteem and security
26. Other criticisms
• Elitist (1-2%): Very small club.
• Growth motivation more wide spread
than Maslow believed.
• Carl Rogers: “every person has one
basic tendency and striving– to
actualize, maintain, and enhance the
experienced self.”
28. Winter at Valley Forge
• Washington’s Army
was hungry, cold,
away from families,
in fear for their lives.
• Mostly volunteers.
• Some deserted but
enough remained to
form the core of a
new army.
Sacrifice lower needs to meet
those of a higher calling.
29. Bias towards Western Culture
• Emphasis on individual
achievement, getting credit
for new idea.
• Esteem in standing out.
• Asian cultures all succeed
together.
• Emphasis on team work.
• Japanese saying: “The nail
that sticks up gets pounded
down.”
30. Third Wave
• Positive side
• Optimistic view of
humankind.
• Human abilities.
• Growth potential.
• Healthy personality.
• Pyramid of needs
• Negative side
• Non-scientific.
• Philosophy rather
than psychology.
• Need evidence to
support beliefs.
• Self-actualizers rare.
• Practical applications.
31. Fourth Wave
• Positive Psychology
• Martin Seligman
• Learned Optimism
• Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi
• Flow
• Humanistic Psychology
with empirical methods.
• Practical applications for
many, not just a few.
