2. Humanism
• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
• Focus on subjective experience
• Personal responsibility, free will, and the individual’s
striving toward personal growth
• Critics “merely self reporting”- anecdotal
• Not subscribe to scientific research
• “more valuable than traditional ‘hardhead’ empirical
approach – uniqueness of the individual does not fit
what we know as science”
• Main achievements: Needs Theory of Motivation and
Client Center Therapy
3. • Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
4. CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY
• Concept of “SELF” key to understanding
human behavior
• Main goal: become self actualized
• Who am I? Where am I going? Why?
• Three qualities of a therapist:
1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Genuineness
3. Empathy
• Would work on anyone, any problem
• Refuse to accept scientific approach
5. Cognitive
• Aaron Beck – father of cognitive therapy
• Developed from growing dissatisfaction with the behaviorist
approach
• Cognition: key to therapy
• Focus: internal processes which make sense of the
environment & choose an action
• Includes attention, perception, learning, memory, language,
problem solving, reasoning, and thinking
• Research: almost entirely lab experiments (students)
• Contribute to understanding of human cognition
• Large influence on neuropsychology & cognitive
neuroscience
6. • Cognitive Therapy focus on dysfunctional thoughts
and beliefs about self and world
• Replace dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
• Therapy challenges dysfunctional thoughts
• I must be perfect at all times in all places
• I am useless and I can’t do anything right
• Self talk (“tyranny of the should’s)
• Exaggerated perception of threat
• Over-generalization, and selective perception
• Cog Psych well controlled experiments
• Effective therapy, compares well against others
7. • One branch combined with behavior therapy
into Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• CBT – Arnold A. Lazarus
• REBT – Albert Ellis
• Integration of behavior therapy (Edward
Thorndike) with cognitive therapy (Aaron Beck
and Albert Ellis)
• Cognitive psychology placed increased focus
on cognitive neuroscience
• Brain imaging: PET Scan
• Prosopagnosia – fusiform gyrus (frontal lobe)
8. Evolutionary Psychology
• Darwin: theory of natural selection based on
survival of the fittest
• Steven Pinker: EP is "not a single theory but a
large set of hypotheses"
• Focus on natural selection determinants of
behavior
• Many claims cannot be tested empirically
• No major leader identified with EP
• Video
9. ETHICS AND BIAS
• More such issues exist in psych research
• All experiments involve living creatures
• Results may reveal unpleasant facts
• Political exploitation possible
• Principles:
1. Protect from physical harm
2. Protect from psychological harm
3. Confidentiality
•. Informed consent, avoidance of deception, and right to
withdraw
•. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0jYx8nwjFQ
Zimbardo
10. • Three types of bias:
1. Gender bias
•. Alphas bias – exaggerate differences
Freud - diagnosis
•. Beta bias – minimize or ignore differences
experimental research
2. Cultural bias
DSM-IV
3. Racial bias
Rushton p. 38
11. FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM
• Determinism – people’s actions are totally determined
by external & internal forces
• Free Will – people have some ability to choose his/her
own behavior
• “Could an individual’s behavior in a given situation have
been different if he/she had willed it?”
• Everything has a definite cause vs. has no definite cause
• If free will, impossible to predict human behavior or
carry out controlled experiments
• Skinner & Freud – determinism
• Rogers & Maslow – free will
