Alfred Adler broke from Freud and developed his own theory of Individual Psychology. He believed people are motivated by goals and strive for perfection and superiority. Key concepts include people's unique style of life, feelings of inferiority, and the influence of birth order and family experiences in early childhood. Adler identified four major lifestyle types and used techniques like early recollections and dream analysis to understand people's goals and lifestyle. While not precisely testable, Adler's theory made important contributions and has applied value in understanding personality development.

1. INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Presented by:
MARY ANNE A. PORTUGUEZ, MP, RPm

2. ALFRED
ADLER'S
INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY

3. Alfred Adler

4. BRIEF BIOGRAPHY
Adler was an original member of Freud's psychoanalytic group, but he
never saw himself as a disciple or a follower of Freud. If fact, throughout
his life he carried with him the note Freud had sent to him proposing the
establishment of an organization of physicians. Adler saw the invitation
as Freud's recognition of Adler as an equal. After Adler broke from that
group, he built a theory of personality that was nearly diametrically
opposed to that of Freud. Whereas Freud's view of humanity was
pessimistic and rooted in biology, Adler's view was optimistic, idealistic,
and rooted in family experiences.

5. BASICTENET
Adler saw people as forward moving, social animals who
are motivated by goals they set (both consciously and
unconsciously) for the future. People are ultimately
responsible for their own unique style of life.

6. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
• Struggle for perfection:
• Teleological position: belief that goals determine behavior; behavior is
directed and shaped by a designing force
• Fictional finalism: imagined goal that guides a person’s behavior
• Superiority: striving to attain perfection
• Striving for success to attain completion leads to psychological health
• Striving for personal superiority leads to neurosis
• Social interest: innate tendency in human beings to help and cooperate with
one another as a means of establishing a harmonious and productive society

7. Feelings of Inferiority and the Striving for
Superiority
• It is not the defect itself that produces the striving, but the person’s attitude
toward it
• Attitude: learned tendency to respond to an object in a consistently
favorable or unfavorable way
• Organ inferiority: biologically based defect that gives rise to feelings of
inadequacy
• Masculine protest: psychic life of a women is essentially that same with men
and that patriarchal society is not natural rather an artificial product of historical
development.
• Overcompensation: exaggerated attempts by individuals to overcome their
feelings of inferiority by acting as though they are personally superior to others

8. Style of Life and the Creative Self
• Style of life: individual’s distinctive personality pattern, which is
basically shaped by the end of early childhood
• Creative style: people have the ability to create actively their own
destinies and personalities

9. Personality Development
Three developmental problems of life:
• Society or communal life: we must learn to affirm our
fundamental connections to others
• Work: people need to learn how to do things, to take
responsibility for their actions, and to contribute to society
through work
• Love: people must treat their loved ones with respect and
dignity

10. Parental Influence In Early Childhood
• Mother
• Loves her children: teaches them the skills necessary to secure
their welfare
• Dissatisfied with her role: preoccupied with trying to prove her own
personal superiority by showing off children
• Father
• Must prove that he is a worthwhile human being by contributing to
the welfare of his wife, his children, and his society

11. Birth Order
• Each child is treated uniquely by its parents, and this special treatment is
typically, but not inevitably, related to the child’s order of birth within the
family
• First-borns - understand the importance of power, dominance, and
intellectual achievement
• Second-borns - likely to be rebellious and highly competitive
• Youngest borns - family members tend to spoil them
• Only borns - likely to lack social competence

13. ADLER’S FOUR MAJOR LIFESTYLE TYPES
• Ruling type: person who strives for personal superiority by
trying to exploit and control others
• Getting type: person who attains personal goals by relying
indiscriminately on others for help
• Avoiding type: person who lacks the confidence to confront
problems and avoids or ignores them
• Socially useful type: person who actively and courageously
confronts and solves his or her problems in accordance with
social interest

14. Assessment Techniques
• Early recollections: earliest memories provide insights into
life style
• Dream analysis: technique used to uncover unconscious
goals in accordance with his or her life style
• Birth order analysis: analysis of the effects of patients’
birth positions on their subsequent behavior helps build
confidence

15. Evaluative Comments
• Comprehensiveness: broad scope
• Precision and testability: not very precise and very difficult to test
adequately
• Parsimony: too simplistic and reductionistic
• Empirical validity: weak support for most aspects of the theory
• Heuristic value: major contributions to existential psychology and
psychiatry and on the humanistic psychology movement
• Applied value: has high-applied value