The document discusses various sources of marine pollution including direct discharge of waste, land runoff, ship pollution, and atmospheric pollution. It describes different types of pollution such as acidification from increased carbon dioxide levels, eutrophication from excess nutrients, plastic debris accumulation in oceans, and toxins that do not break down rapidly. Deep sea mining is also addressed as a potential source of disturbance. The seminar highlights how these various forms of pollution negatively impact marine environments and organisms.

1. SEMINAR ONSEMINAR ON
MARINE BASED SOURCESMARINE BASED SOURCES
OF POLLUTIONOF POLLUTION

2.  IntroductionIntroduction
 Sources of marine pollutionSources of marine pollution
 Direct dischargeDirect discharge
 Land run offLand run off
 Ship pollutionShip pollution
 Atmospheric pollutionAtmospheric pollution
 Deep sea miningDeep sea mining
CONTENTSCONTENTS

3.  Types of pollutionTypes of pollution
 AcidificationAcidification
 EutrophicationEutrophication
 Plastic debrisPlastic debris
 ToxinsToxins
 Underwater noiseUnderwater noise

4. Introduction
• The term 'pollution' describes the occurrence and
inputs of wastes and the impact of these wastes
on the environment.
• Marine Pollution:
“The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly,
of substances or energy to the marine
environment resulting in deleterious effects such
as: hazards to human health, hindrance to marine
activities, impairment of the quality of seawater
for various uses and reduction of amenities.”

5.  Direct dischargeDirect discharge
Pollutants enter rivers and sea directlyPollutants enter rivers and sea directly
from urban sewage and industrialfrom urban sewage and industrial
waste discharges, sometimes in thewaste discharges, sometimes in the
form of hazardous and toxic wastesform of hazardous and toxic wastes

9. LandLand runoffrunoff
SurfaceSurface runoff from farming, as well asrunoff from farming, as well as
urban runoff and from the construction ofurban runoff and from the construction of
roads, buildings, ports, channels, androads, buildings, ports, channels, and
harbours, can carry soil and particlesharbours, can carry soil and particles
laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous,laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous,
and mineralsand minerals
Polluted runoff from roads and highways canPolluted runoff from roads and highways can
be a significant source of pollution inbe a significant source of pollution in
coastal areascoastal areas

13. Ship pollutionShip pollution
Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways.Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways.
Oil enters water from breakdowns on derricks,Oil enters water from breakdowns on derricks,
wrecks of oil tankers, accidental spillage, cleaning ofwrecks of oil tankers, accidental spillage, cleaning of
fuel tanks by merchant and war ships, and also fromfuel tanks by merchant and war ships, and also from
street cleaning. Discharge of cargo residues fromstreet cleaning. Discharge of cargo residues from
bulk carries can pollute ports, waterways andbulk carries can pollute ports, waterways and
oceans. Oil spills can have many devastating effects.oceans. Oil spills can have many devastating effects.
While being toxic to aquatic life in the surface layersWhile being toxic to aquatic life in the surface layers
and also the coastal flora and fauna.and also the coastal flora and fauna.
Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs naturalShips also create noise pollution that disturbs natural
wildlife, and from ballast tanks can spread harmfulwildlife, and from ballast tanks can spread harmful
algae and other invasive species.algae and other invasive species.

17. Atmospheric pollutionAtmospheric pollution
Another pathwayAnother pathway of pollution occurs through theof pollution occurs through the
atmosphere. Wind blown dust and debris,atmosphere. Wind blown dust and debris,
including plastic bags seaward from landfills andincluding plastic bags seaward from landfills and
other areas. Dust can also be attributed to globalother areas. Dust can also be attributed to global
transport from the Gobi and Taklamakan desertstransport from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts
across Korea, Japan, and Northern Pacific to theacross Korea, Japan, and Northern Pacific to the
Hawaiian IslandsHawaiian Islands
Climate change is raising ocean temperatures andClimate change is raising ocean temperatures and
raising levels of carbon dioxide in theraising levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. These rising levels of carbon dioxideatmosphere. These rising levels of carbon dioxide
are acidifying the oceans.are acidifying the oceans.

18. Deep sea mining(1,400-3,700 m)Deep sea mining(1,400-3,700 m)
All mining operations raise questions aboutAll mining operations raise questions about
environment damages to the surroundingenvironment damages to the surrounding
area. Here in water also the concern isarea. Here in water also the concern is
about disturbance to the living organismsabout disturbance to the living organisms
in the area, change in sediment or rockin the area, change in sediment or rock
layer of sea floor, change in toxicity of thelayer of sea floor, change in toxicity of the
water column and food web. Removalwater column and food web. Removal
parts of the sea floor will disturb theparts of the sea floor will disturb the
benthic layer. Permanent disturbance tobenthic layer. Permanent disturbance to
the habitat of benthic organisms.the habitat of benthic organisms.

19. Types of pollutionsTypes of pollutions
 Acidification :Acidification :
Dissolving carbon dioxide in sea water increases theDissolving carbon dioxide in sea water increases the
hydrogen ion concentration in the ocean, andhydrogen ion concentration in the ocean, and
thus decreases ocean pH is known as acidificationthus decreases ocean pH is known as acidification
The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink,The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink,
absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Because the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxideBecause the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
are increasing, the oceans are becoming moreare increasing, the oceans are becoming more
acidic. The potential consequences of oceanacidic. The potential consequences of ocean
acidification are not fully understood, but thereacidification are not fully understood, but there
are concerns that structures made of calciumare concerns that structures made of calcium
carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution,carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution,
affecting corals and the ability of shellfish to formaffecting corals and the ability of shellfish to form
shells.shells.

21. EutrophicationEutrophication -- “The process by which a body“The process by which a body
of water acquires a high concentration ofof water acquires a high concentration of
nutrientsnutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates., especially phosphates and nitrates.
These typically promote excessive growth ofThese typically promote excessive growth of
algae. As the algae die and decompose, highalgae. As the algae die and decompose, high
levels of organic matter and the decomposinglevels of organic matter and the decomposing
organisms deplete the water of available oxygen,organisms deplete the water of available oxygen,
causing the death of other organisms, such ascausing the death of other organisms, such as
fish. Eutrophication is a natural, slow-agingfish. Eutrophication is a natural, slow-aging
process for a water body, but human activityprocess for a water body, but human activity
greatly speeds up the process.”greatly speeds up the process.”

23. Marine debris:Marine debris:
Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floatsMarine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats
on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marineon, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine
debris is plastics. The mass of plastics in the oceans maydebris is plastics. The mass of plastics in the oceans may
be as high as one hundred million metric tons. Fishing net,be as high as one hundred million metric tons. Fishing net,
usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean byusually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by
fishers man. Plastics accumulate because they don’tfishers man. Plastics accumulate because they don’t
biodegrade in the way many other substances do. They willbiodegrade in the way many other substances do. They will
photodegrade on exposure to the sun, but they do sophotodegrade on exposure to the sun, but they do so
properly only under dry conditions, and water inhibits thisproperly only under dry conditions, and water inhibits this
process. In marine environments, photo degraded plasticprocess. In marine environments, photo degraded plastic
disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remainingdisintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining
polymers, even down to the molecular level

24. • A large portion and great danger is non biodegradable
plastic
• 46,000 pieces of floating plastic/sq mile
of ocean surface off the N.E U.S. coast.
• Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish and
die from internal blockages.
• Seals and sea lions starve after being entangled
by nets or muzzled by six-pack rings
(decomposition time 400 years).
• Plastic debris kills 100,000 marine mammals and
2 million sea birds die annually
Cont..

27. Toxins
Apart from plastics, there are particular problems with
other toxins that do not disintegrate rapidly in the
marine environment. Examples of persistent toxins are
PCBs, DDT, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and
radioactive waste. Heavy metals are metallic chemical
elements that have a relatively high density and are toxic
or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples are
mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium. such toxins
can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic
life in a process called bioaccumulation.

28. Conclusion:
Marine pollution occurs when harmful or
potentially harmful, effects results from the
entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles,
industrial, agricultural and residential waste,
noise, or spread of invasive organisms.
When pesticides are incorporated into the marine
ecosystem, the quickly become absorbed into
marine food webs.
Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine
food webs. These can changes to tissue matter,
biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and
suppress growth in marine life.

29. REFERENCEREFERENCE
Internet References
http://www.mcsuk.org/marineworld/pollution.html
http://www.oceanlink.island.net/ask/pollution.html
,
J.L.KUMAR, P.C.SINHA ,1998, MARINE POLLUTION, FOR ANMOL PUBLICATIONS
PP.NO 39-69

30. THANK
YOU!