Marine pollution comes from many sources including land-based activities, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, plastics, and excess nutrients. It affects marine life through entanglement, ingestion of toxins, habitat destruction, and harm to food sources. While some progress has been made in reducing pollution from certain activities, growing human impacts continue to threaten ocean health through issues such as ocean acidification, invasive species, and noise pollution. Education is key to reducing marine pollution further.
The document discusses the effects of sound pollution on fish. It describes how fish sense sound through lateral lines, swim bladders, and other organs. Anthropogenic noise from sources like boats, construction, and naval vessels is increasing underwater noise levels. This noise pollution can cause physiological stress, auditory masking, and changes in behavior in fish. It affects processes like reproduction, development of larvae, and orientation. Long-term exposure may impact populations by disrupting behaviors essential for survival like finding habitat and avoiding predators. The document calls for more research and regulation to assess and manage impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including land-based sources of pollution, oil spills, untreated sewage, heavy metals, marine debris, and more. It notes that over 70% of tropical and temperate coasts were heavily impacted by human development by 2002, and this may rise to 90% by 2032. Pollution affects marine life through poisoning, damage to organs and immune systems, and noise pollution disrupts wildlife communication. Specific examples of pollution are provided from rivers and mining. Ways pollution enters oceans include direct discharge, surface runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. The health impacts on marine life and ways to mitigate pollution through reduced human impacts and protecting marine life from oil
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
Mining can have significant negative impacts on water resources through water pollution and depletion. For every tonne of copper extracted, 99 tonnes of waste rock and tailings must be removed, generating massive amounts of waste. This waste is a major source of water pollution through acid mine drainage and heavy metal leaching. Mining also increases erosion and sedimentation risks. Past mining has left lasting legacies of contaminated water that are expensive to remediate and have damaged fisheries and ecosystems. Improved regulations and practices are needed to better prevent water pollution and protect water resources for future generations.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful chemicals, particles, waste, noise or invasive organisms enter the oceans from industrial, agricultural and residential sources. Major pollutants include petroleum hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, sewage, radioactive waste and thermal effluents. Each year, pollution is estimated to kill 100,000 marine mammals and 2 million seabirds through ingestion or entanglement in plastic debris. Heavy metals from natural and human sources persist in the environment and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Various pollutants and their impacts, as well as efforts to contain oil spills and remediate contaminated sites are discussed.
Marine Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants that are outside the norm for a given ecosystem.
“The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities.”-UN definition of marine pollution
Common man-made pollutants that reach the ocean include:
pesticides,
herbicides,
chemical fertilizers,
detergents,
oil,
sewage,
plastics,
and other solids.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in seaNazmul Ahmed Oli
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey Ecotist
Elaborating about the control of marine pollution. Various types of wastes such as sewage, agricultural run-off, industrial wastes including radioactive waste, and oil spills being sent into the sea. Chemical pesticides find entry into the food chain. Harmful impact of oil spill. Discussing some of the positive features of CRZ Notification 2011, which included the inclusion of seawater as CRZ IV and the concept of hazard line. Ports and associated ship movement for business purposes cause marine pollution.
The document discusses the effects of sound pollution on fish. It describes how fish sense sound through lateral lines, swim bladders, and other organs. Anthropogenic noise from sources like boats, construction, and naval vessels is increasing underwater noise levels. This noise pollution can cause physiological stress, auditory masking, and changes in behavior in fish. It affects processes like reproduction, development of larvae, and orientation. Long-term exposure may impact populations by disrupting behaviors essential for survival like finding habitat and avoiding predators. The document calls for more research and regulation to assess and manage impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including land-based sources of pollution, oil spills, untreated sewage, heavy metals, marine debris, and more. It notes that over 70% of tropical and temperate coasts were heavily impacted by human development by 2002, and this may rise to 90% by 2032. Pollution affects marine life through poisoning, damage to organs and immune systems, and noise pollution disrupts wildlife communication. Specific examples of pollution are provided from rivers and mining. Ways pollution enters oceans include direct discharge, surface runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. The health impacts on marine life and ways to mitigate pollution through reduced human impacts and protecting marine life from oil
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
Mining can have significant negative impacts on water resources through water pollution and depletion. For every tonne of copper extracted, 99 tonnes of waste rock and tailings must be removed, generating massive amounts of waste. This waste is a major source of water pollution through acid mine drainage and heavy metal leaching. Mining also increases erosion and sedimentation risks. Past mining has left lasting legacies of contaminated water that are expensive to remediate and have damaged fisheries and ecosystems. Improved regulations and practices are needed to better prevent water pollution and protect water resources for future generations.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful chemicals, particles, waste, noise or invasive organisms enter the oceans from industrial, agricultural and residential sources. Major pollutants include petroleum hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, sewage, radioactive waste and thermal effluents. Each year, pollution is estimated to kill 100,000 marine mammals and 2 million seabirds through ingestion or entanglement in plastic debris. Heavy metals from natural and human sources persist in the environment and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Various pollutants and their impacts, as well as efforts to contain oil spills and remediate contaminated sites are discussed.
Marine Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants that are outside the norm for a given ecosystem.
“The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities.”-UN definition of marine pollution
Common man-made pollutants that reach the ocean include:
pesticides,
herbicides,
chemical fertilizers,
detergents,
oil,
sewage,
plastics,
and other solids.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in seaNazmul Ahmed Oli
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey Ecotist
Elaborating about the control of marine pollution. Various types of wastes such as sewage, agricultural run-off, industrial wastes including radioactive waste, and oil spills being sent into the sea. Chemical pesticides find entry into the food chain. Harmful impact of oil spill. Discussing some of the positive features of CRZ Notification 2011, which included the inclusion of seawater as CRZ IV and the concept of hazard line. Ports and associated ship movement for business purposes cause marine pollution.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
This document discusses nonrenewable mineral resources and the environmental impacts of mining. It defines minerals, ores, and gangue and describes the distribution of abundant and scarce metals. Mining activities can release acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination into water sources from ore exposure. Processing chemicals and erosion from mining also pollute the environment. While recycling and new exploration methods help meet demand, mineral supply concerns remain for some resources due to increasing global consumption. The document examines specific health impacts of four persistent, bioaccumulative metals - lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic - which are released from mining and fossil fuel combustion. Regulations aim to reduce risks to humans and wildlife from exposure to these toxic heavy metals.
Coal use in India contributes significantly to water pollution in several ways: (1) Coal ash contains toxic heavy metals that pollute water sources; (2) Coal mining contaminates water with acid mine drainage and heavy metals; (3) Coal-fired power plants place stress on water resources for steam generation and emit pollutants that cause acid rain. A CPCB study found that untreated wastewater from coal mines increases turbidity in rivers and toxic element levels in groundwater. Strict regulations on wastewater treatment and zero discharge are needed to reduce coal's pollution of water resources.
Don't forget to leave a comment! I would like to know if this helped you in any way possible and if there's any mistakes or corrections I can make 'em right.
Water Pollution in Lakes (causes, effects, sources)
Implementing and learning from nutrition-sensitive fish agri-food systems, e....WorldFish
Worldfish: Nutrition Sensitive Fish Agri-Food Systems Workshop, presented by Absalom Sakala, Principal Environment Management Officer, Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
Agricultural runoff occurs when rainwater carries pollutants like nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, and sediment from farmland into bodies of water. This causes algal blooms that deplete oxygen for other sea creatures, leading to dead zones where most life cannot survive. It also smothers and contaminates coral reefs and coastal habitats, negatively impacting many organisms. The accumulation of these agricultural pollutants in the food chain through bioconcentration and biomagnification poses risks to both marine life and humans. Regulating bodies and further research aim to reduce the pollution of coastal zones from agricultural activities and inputs.
The document discusses the composition of seawater. It notes that seawater is composed primarily of sodium and chloride ions. Other major ions include magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate. Seawater also contains minor and trace elements. Gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon are dissolved in seawater through diffusion and wave action. Salinity measures the dissolved solids in seawater and averages around 35,000 parts per million. Temperature and salinity influence seawater density, with higher salinity and lower temperatures resulting in higher density. The pH of seawater ranges from 7.5 to 8.4. Turbidity is caused by particles that reduce water clarity. Composition
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals and geological resources from the earth. It is required to obtain materials that cannot be produced agriculturally or artificially like petroleum, natural gas, water, coal, stones, and minerals. Mining has several negative environmental impacts including loss of forests and biodiversity, soil erosion, formation of sinkholes, water and air pollution, and effects on communities near mining areas such as landslides, noise, and impacts on livelihoods and soil quality. Jharkhand is an important state for mining in India.
This document summarizes the environmental impacts of mining. It discusses surface mining techniques like strip mining and mountaintop removal mining that remove soil and rock to access buried minerals. Underground mining is also covered. Key impacts include acid mine drainage that pollutes waterways, air pollution from mining emissions, heavy metal contamination of water and soil, erosion, and damage to wildlife habitats. Social impacts on communities like displacement and health effects are also outlined. The conclusion states that without proper remediation, the long-term costs of environmental damage from mining can be devastating.
Status of Soil Pollution in Central America and the CaribbeanExternalEvents
The main causes of soil pollution in Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean are fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, mining activities, and oil spills. Fertilizers have led to unsafe levels of cadmium and herbicide residues in soils. Mining destroys forests and watersheds, especially in Jamaica where bauxite mining causes deforestation. Oil spills like the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill have long-lasting impacts. Legislation exists but monitoring and remediation programs need improvement.
Soil is an important ecological factor for aquatic environments and ponds. It is the main source of nutrients through decomposition of detritus by microbes like algae and bacteria. This enhances pond productivity and supports bottom-dwelling organisms that fish prey on. Key soil properties that influence suitability for fish culture include pH, organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen levels, carbon to nitrogen ratio, texture and water holding capacity. Optimal ranges are pH of 6.5-7.5, over 1% organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen above 10 mg/100g and 6 mg/100g respectively, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 10-15.
The document contains the study of the effects of coal mining in the state of Jharkhand in India. The unregulated coal mining has fully disrupted nature's stability. So many ecological issues has sprouted out due to 'merciless' mining. Overlooking the environmental concerns has been the primary factor for the lot of environmental repercussions. The degrading effects have also left its impacts on the social and cultural life of the tribal people.
There are several major threats to marine biodiversity according to the document. These include overexploitation of marine resources through overfishing and recreational fishing, pollution from various sources, habitat destruction through activities like coastal development, and the introduction of invasive species. Climate change is also a growing threat as it can cause rising water temperatures, acidification, and sea level rise. If left unaddressed, these threats will have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences.
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants make their way into groundwater and contaminate it. A pollutant plume spreads through an aquifer, intersecting with groundwater wells or daylighting into surface water. Pollution can come from septic systems, landfills, wastewater treatment plants, petrol stations, agriculture, and naturally occurring contaminants. Protecting groundwater requires preventing pollution through monitoring aquifers and landfills, replacing old fuel tanks, and strictly regulating toxic waste disposal.
Water (H
2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart with a hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve many substances. This allows it to be the "solvent of life". It is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.
The document provides an overview of air pollution, including natural and human-caused sources, conventional pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, indoor and outdoor effects on health, and international efforts to regulate pollution through agreements like the Montreal Protocol. Key topics covered include the various types of primary and secondary pollutants, criteria pollutants defined by the Clean Air Act, long-range transport of pollutants globally, and the formation of the ozone hole from CFC emissions.
Major threats to marine habitats include overexploitation of resources through unsustainable fishing practices, pollution from oil spills, sewage, plastics and other contaminants, climate change effects such as rising temperatures and acidification, and diseases affecting coral reefs. These threats are stressing marine ecosystems and reducing biodiversity through habitat destruction, introduction of pollutants, changes in predator-prey relationships from overfishing, bleaching and death of corals from warming oceans, and spread of diseases. Conservation efforts are needed to protect marine life and restore balance to oceans that cover most of the Earth's surface.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, potassium cycle, and sulfur cycle. For each cycle it describes the major processes and transformations that elements undergo as they move through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system. These include atmospheric, soil, water, and organism components. Key processes discussed are nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, weathering, mineralization, assimilation, and decomposition. The slow movement of phosphorus through soils and oceans is also noted.
Rebekah Evans is seeking part-time work in the visual arts, arts education, and community development to support her artistic practice. She has a Diploma of Visual Arts and experience as an arts educator and community group facilitator. Her art practice involves printmaking, drawing, painting, and digital art. She is interested in developing new skills in video, sound, and light-based works.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
This document discusses nonrenewable mineral resources and the environmental impacts of mining. It defines minerals, ores, and gangue and describes the distribution of abundant and scarce metals. Mining activities can release acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination into water sources from ore exposure. Processing chemicals and erosion from mining also pollute the environment. While recycling and new exploration methods help meet demand, mineral supply concerns remain for some resources due to increasing global consumption. The document examines specific health impacts of four persistent, bioaccumulative metals - lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic - which are released from mining and fossil fuel combustion. Regulations aim to reduce risks to humans and wildlife from exposure to these toxic heavy metals.
Coal use in India contributes significantly to water pollution in several ways: (1) Coal ash contains toxic heavy metals that pollute water sources; (2) Coal mining contaminates water with acid mine drainage and heavy metals; (3) Coal-fired power plants place stress on water resources for steam generation and emit pollutants that cause acid rain. A CPCB study found that untreated wastewater from coal mines increases turbidity in rivers and toxic element levels in groundwater. Strict regulations on wastewater treatment and zero discharge are needed to reduce coal's pollution of water resources.
Don't forget to leave a comment! I would like to know if this helped you in any way possible and if there's any mistakes or corrections I can make 'em right.
Water Pollution in Lakes (causes, effects, sources)
Implementing and learning from nutrition-sensitive fish agri-food systems, e....WorldFish
Worldfish: Nutrition Sensitive Fish Agri-Food Systems Workshop, presented by Absalom Sakala, Principal Environment Management Officer, Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
Agricultural runoff occurs when rainwater carries pollutants like nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, and sediment from farmland into bodies of water. This causes algal blooms that deplete oxygen for other sea creatures, leading to dead zones where most life cannot survive. It also smothers and contaminates coral reefs and coastal habitats, negatively impacting many organisms. The accumulation of these agricultural pollutants in the food chain through bioconcentration and biomagnification poses risks to both marine life and humans. Regulating bodies and further research aim to reduce the pollution of coastal zones from agricultural activities and inputs.
The document discusses the composition of seawater. It notes that seawater is composed primarily of sodium and chloride ions. Other major ions include magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate. Seawater also contains minor and trace elements. Gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon are dissolved in seawater through diffusion and wave action. Salinity measures the dissolved solids in seawater and averages around 35,000 parts per million. Temperature and salinity influence seawater density, with higher salinity and lower temperatures resulting in higher density. The pH of seawater ranges from 7.5 to 8.4. Turbidity is caused by particles that reduce water clarity. Composition
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals and geological resources from the earth. It is required to obtain materials that cannot be produced agriculturally or artificially like petroleum, natural gas, water, coal, stones, and minerals. Mining has several negative environmental impacts including loss of forests and biodiversity, soil erosion, formation of sinkholes, water and air pollution, and effects on communities near mining areas such as landslides, noise, and impacts on livelihoods and soil quality. Jharkhand is an important state for mining in India.
This document summarizes the environmental impacts of mining. It discusses surface mining techniques like strip mining and mountaintop removal mining that remove soil and rock to access buried minerals. Underground mining is also covered. Key impacts include acid mine drainage that pollutes waterways, air pollution from mining emissions, heavy metal contamination of water and soil, erosion, and damage to wildlife habitats. Social impacts on communities like displacement and health effects are also outlined. The conclusion states that without proper remediation, the long-term costs of environmental damage from mining can be devastating.
Status of Soil Pollution in Central America and the CaribbeanExternalEvents
The main causes of soil pollution in Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean are fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, mining activities, and oil spills. Fertilizers have led to unsafe levels of cadmium and herbicide residues in soils. Mining destroys forests and watersheds, especially in Jamaica where bauxite mining causes deforestation. Oil spills like the 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill have long-lasting impacts. Legislation exists but monitoring and remediation programs need improvement.
Soil is an important ecological factor for aquatic environments and ponds. It is the main source of nutrients through decomposition of detritus by microbes like algae and bacteria. This enhances pond productivity and supports bottom-dwelling organisms that fish prey on. Key soil properties that influence suitability for fish culture include pH, organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen levels, carbon to nitrogen ratio, texture and water holding capacity. Optimal ranges are pH of 6.5-7.5, over 1% organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen above 10 mg/100g and 6 mg/100g respectively, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 10-15.
The document contains the study of the effects of coal mining in the state of Jharkhand in India. The unregulated coal mining has fully disrupted nature's stability. So many ecological issues has sprouted out due to 'merciless' mining. Overlooking the environmental concerns has been the primary factor for the lot of environmental repercussions. The degrading effects have also left its impacts on the social and cultural life of the tribal people.
There are several major threats to marine biodiversity according to the document. These include overexploitation of marine resources through overfishing and recreational fishing, pollution from various sources, habitat destruction through activities like coastal development, and the introduction of invasive species. Climate change is also a growing threat as it can cause rising water temperatures, acidification, and sea level rise. If left unaddressed, these threats will have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences.
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants make their way into groundwater and contaminate it. A pollutant plume spreads through an aquifer, intersecting with groundwater wells or daylighting into surface water. Pollution can come from septic systems, landfills, wastewater treatment plants, petrol stations, agriculture, and naturally occurring contaminants. Protecting groundwater requires preventing pollution through monitoring aquifers and landfills, replacing old fuel tanks, and strictly regulating toxic waste disposal.
Water (H
2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart with a hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve many substances. This allows it to be the "solvent of life". It is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.
The document provides an overview of air pollution, including natural and human-caused sources, conventional pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, indoor and outdoor effects on health, and international efforts to regulate pollution through agreements like the Montreal Protocol. Key topics covered include the various types of primary and secondary pollutants, criteria pollutants defined by the Clean Air Act, long-range transport of pollutants globally, and the formation of the ozone hole from CFC emissions.
Major threats to marine habitats include overexploitation of resources through unsustainable fishing practices, pollution from oil spills, sewage, plastics and other contaminants, climate change effects such as rising temperatures and acidification, and diseases affecting coral reefs. These threats are stressing marine ecosystems and reducing biodiversity through habitat destruction, introduction of pollutants, changes in predator-prey relationships from overfishing, bleaching and death of corals from warming oceans, and spread of diseases. Conservation efforts are needed to protect marine life and restore balance to oceans that cover most of the Earth's surface.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, potassium cycle, and sulfur cycle. For each cycle it describes the major processes and transformations that elements undergo as they move through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system. These include atmospheric, soil, water, and organism components. Key processes discussed are nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, weathering, mineralization, assimilation, and decomposition. The slow movement of phosphorus through soils and oceans is also noted.
Rebekah Evans is seeking part-time work in the visual arts, arts education, and community development to support her artistic practice. She has a Diploma of Visual Arts and experience as an arts educator and community group facilitator. Her art practice involves printmaking, drawing, painting, and digital art. She is interested in developing new skills in video, sound, and light-based works.
Welcome to Institute of Management Studiesamit kumar
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
We are introducing you to India’s best Fitness center finder. Here you can find gyms & Yoga centers with your interested activity. Labhle gives you facility to filter gyms according to their fees, timing, Gender and also activities.
The document provides instructions for poses and facial expressions to practice for an upcoming photoshoot, including practical, cheeky smile, comic, and carefree poses. It notes the majority of shots will use direct eye contact with the camera from various angles and locations to have options to choose from. Props of a guitar and chairs will be provided to incorporate into some poses.
Nova Ukraine is a charity organization that raised over $100,000 for refugees in Ukraine since inception. In 2015, its major projects included:
1. Collecting over 900 boxes of donations that were shipped in a 40-foot container to Ukraine.
2. Gathering hundreds of used computers for educational facilities in Ukraine.
3. Hosting educational events like panels and lectures on topics related to Ukraine.
4. Providing over $22,000 to equip hospitals from concert donations and over $5,000 for victims of violence in Ukraine.
Recopilar y analizar los datos no es suficiente.
La clave es hacerlo en tiempo real
de las organizaciones logran un retorno
positivo
de la inversión
en analítica en un plazo de 1 año
1
Con los crecientes volúmenes de datos generados por las cargas de trabajo nuevas y
tradicionales, necesita una infraestructura de almacenamiento que interactúe a
máxima velocidad
con el activo más valioso: sus datos.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan instruksi langkah demi langkah untuk membuat gambar dengan menggunakan berbagai alat di Adobe Illustrator, mulai dari membuat kotak, membentuk rambut, menambahkan hiasan dan teks.
Trabajo de investigacion - Historia de Arquitectura iii porJesus Rodriguezjesusrodrigu3z15
Este documento presenta información sobre cinco reconocidos arquitectos: Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Santiago Calatrava, Richard Meier y Frank Gehry. Para cada uno, se mencionan tres características distintivas de su estilo arquitectónico y tres de sus obras más importantes. Norman Foster es conocido por sus estructuras curvas de vidrio y acero. Zaha Hadid destaca por sus rascacielos innovadores en China. Santiago Calatrava utiliza formas ovoides y curvas de concreto pulido. Richard Meier aplica líneas puras
This document introduces IBM Power Systems and discusses how they can help organizations address challenges posed by big data and the shift to cloud computing. Some key points:
- IBM Power Systems are optimized for analytics, cloud deployment, and hybrid cloud solutions through features like high core counts, large memory and cache sizes, and accelerated insights.
- Case studies show how Power Systems have helped companies gain insights from big data faster, improve productivity, and increase sales and customer retention.
- Power Systems are presented as more powerful and flexible alternatives to x86 servers for handling complex data workloads in the cloud and on-premises.
- New Power Systems models like the S812LC and S822LC are introduced as
Marine pollution comes from many sources including land-based activities, oil spills, sewage, mining, and shipping. Pollution enters the oceans directly through waste discharges, rivers carrying runoff, and atmospheric deposition. This pollution has negative impacts like toxic chemicals, hypoxia, invasive species, harm to wildlife from entanglement and ingestion of plastic debris, and acidification affecting shells and corals. Preventing marine pollution requires better waste management, regulation of mining and shipping, and reduction of nutrient runoff from agriculture and developed areas.
The document discusses various types and sources of marine pollution including land-based sources such as untreated sewage and heavy metals from mining; ocean-based sources such as oil spills, ship waste dumping, and overfishing; and airborne sources such as plastic waste and carbon dioxide emissions. It describes the impacts of pollution such as harm to wildlife from ingestion/entanglement, hypoxia from nutrient runoff, and ocean acidification from rising carbon levels. Solutions mentioned include prevention through education and attitude changes, as well as costly cleanup efforts, but prevention is emphasized as damage may be irreversible.
This document discusses various sources and types of marine pollution. The main sources of marine pollution include land-based activities such as agricultural and industrial runoff entering rivers and oceans, air pollution, oil spills, shipping activities, mining, and plastic waste. Some key pollutants discussed are nutrients, sediments, pathogens, chemicals, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, thermal pollution, noise pollution, and invasive species. The effects of marine pollution include harm to sea life and birds, risks to human health and fisheries/aquaculture industries, eutrophication, hypoxia, and plastic entering the food chain. Control measures discussed focus on containing and cleaning oil spills.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including land-based sources of pollution, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, plastics, and excess nutrients. Specific examples are provided of polluted rivers such as the New River in California. The main ways that pollutants enter the oceans are through direct discharge, surface runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Each of these pathways is described in more detail. The document also outlines some major human impacts on marine environments such as eutrophication, acidification, plastic debris, toxins, noise pollution, and provides suggestions for mitigating pollution and protecting marine life.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm. Pollutants can be classified as degradable, slowly degradable, or non-degradable. Marine pollution affects ocean life through pollution inputs like direct discharge, runoff, atmospheric deposition, and shipping. Overfishing has depleted fish stocks worldwide due to technological advances enabling overexploitation, with impacts like reduced catches and disruption of marine ecosystems. Solutions include pollution prevention, responsible waste disposal, and sustainable fishing practices.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including land-based sources, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, plastics, and noise. It outlines impacts such as damage to marine life from ingesting oil or becoming entangled in plastic. Specific examples of polluted areas are given like the New River in California. Sources of pollution include direct discharge, surface runoff, atmospheric deposition, shipping, and deep sea mining. Mitigation requires efforts to reduce pollution at the source, better waste management, and protection of sensitive coastal and marine habitats.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including land-based sources, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, plastics, and noise. It outlines the impacts on marine life such as poisoning, damage to organs, and disrupted communication. Specific examples of polluted areas are provided like the New River in California. The sources of pollution include direct discharge, surface runoff, atmospheric deposition, ship pollution, and deep sea mining. Mitigation requires reducing pollution inputs, better waste management, and protection of sensitive coastal and marine habitats.
Marine pollution comes from a variety of sources including land-based runoff, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, and plastics. There are five main types of pollution inputs: direct discharge, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Ship pollution includes oil spills and cargo residues while atmospheric pollution includes dust and plastic debris. Deep sea mining disturbs habitats and causes plumes of sediment. Human impacts like eutrophication, acidification, plastic debris, and other toxins threaten marine life. Noise pollution from ships also affects animals, and mitigation requires education and pollution reduction efforts.
Marine pollution, its impact on marine life and remedial measures against wat...MD. JAKIR HOSEN
Ocean is a source of valuable resources. It impacts a lot on the whole environment of the earth. So a perfect use is very necessary for the ocean. This slide is very effective about marine pollution and its remedial measures.
This document provides an overview of marine pollution presented in a seminar. It discusses various sources of marine pollution including direct discharge of industrial and urban waste, land runoff carrying pollutants, sewage, pesticides, metallic wastes, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. It also examines different types of marine pollution such as eutrophication, oil spills, radioactive pollution, thermal pollution, and plastic debris. The conclusion emphasizes that marine pollution occurs when chemicals, particles, waste, or invasive species enter the oceans and have harmful effects, disrupting marine food webs and environments.
The seminar document discusses various types of marine pollution including sewage, pesticides, plastics, metals, oil, sediment, heat, radiation, and dredge spoils. It outlines the sources and effects of these pollutants on marine life and humans. Prevention methods include reducing pollutants, removing waste, controlling oil spills, and adopting clean technologies and practices.
This document discusses marine pollution, including its sources and effects. It defines marine pollution as the discharge of waste substances into the sea, harming living resources and human health. Major pollutants include sewage, pesticides, plastics, metallic wastes, oil, sediment plumes from mining, heat, radioactive waste, and dredge spoils. These pollutants can damage ecosystems, kill wildlife, accumulate in food chains, and threaten human health if consumed from contaminated marine life. Prevention requires controlling pollution at sources, cleaning up waste, and raising awareness of the importance of protecting oceans to maintain Earth's chemical and biological balance.
This document discusses marine pollution and its causes and effects. It begins with an introduction noting that while oceans are vital, human activity has degraded marine habitats. It then defines marine pollution and discusses various pollutants like sewage, pesticides, plastics, metals, oil, thermal pollution and their harmful effects. These pollutants accumulate in marine life and enter the human food chain. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of preventing and controlling marine pollution to protect ocean ecosystems and human health.
This document discusses marine pollution and its causes and effects. It begins with an introduction noting that while oceans are vital, human activity has degraded marine habitats. It then defines marine pollution and discusses various pollutants like sewage, pesticides, plastics, metals, oil, thermal pollution and their harmful effects. These pollutants accumulate in marine life and enter the human food chain. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of preventing and controlling marine pollution to protect ocean ecosystems and human health.
Toxic chemical pollution in marine waterHanissa Rafee
Short information on toxic chemical that can pollute marine water which also can affect human health and environment.
Credit to the video : U.S MARINE YOUTUBE ACCOUNT
This document discusses various types of sea water pollution including chemicals, metals, radioactive substances, solid waste, oil, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Major pollutants released into the oceans include billions of tons of ballast water, trillions of gallons of sewage, millions of tons of oil and solid waste. Heavy metals like mercury, lead and copper released from human activities pose serious threats as they accumulate in the food chain. Pollution has severe negative effects on marine life and ecosystems as well as public health. Prevention of pollution through changes in human attitudes and behaviors is important since the impacts of pollution on the environment can be long-lasting and irreversible.
The document discusses various types of marine pollution including plastic debris, oil pollution, eutrophication, acidification, thermal pollution, radioactive pollution, and underwater noise pollution. It outlines the sources, impacts and solutions for each type of pollution. The sources discussed include land-based sources like agricultural and municipal runoff, ocean dumping, oil spills, and deep sea mining. The impacts covered are effects on marine life, human health, marine activities, and water quality. Solutions proposed are prevention through regulations, cleanup methods like bioremediation, skimming, burning, and reducing plastic and radioactive waste through various recycling and disposal methods.
Coral reef Threats, conservation and Restoration.pptxVIRENDRA KUMAR
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Saving and restoring the world's coral reefs requires a multi-pronged approach that ranges from the local to the global level.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including sewage, pesticides, plastics, metals, oil, sediment plumes, heat, radioactive waste, and dredge spoil. It explains the sources and effects of each pollutant. Methods for preventing and controlling marine pollution are also outlined, such as stabilization of ecosystems, removal of pollutants, oil skimming, and adoption of proper mining techniques. The conclusion emphasizes that oceans cover most of the earth's surface and play an important role in life, so it is necessary to protect marine waters from pollutants.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. • Marine pollution includes a range of threats including from
land-based sources,
– oil spills,
– untreated sewage,
– heavy siltation,
– eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), I
– nvasive species,
– persistent organic pollutants (POP’s),
– heavy metals from mine tailings and other sources,
– acidification,
– radioactive substances,
– marine litter,
– overfishing and destruction of coastal and marine habitats
3.
4.
5. • New River in
California: The water
at this point is three
colors: dark green,
white (foam), and
milky brown/green.
The septic stench is
pungent,
• Fecal coliforms and
fecal streptococci
have been
consistently detected
in the New River
•There are three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean:
• direct discharge of waste into the oceans,
• runoff into the waters due to rain, and
• pollutants that are released from the atmosphere
6. Direct Discharge
• Acid mine drainage
causes severe
environmental
problems in Rio tinto
river, Spain.
•Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from
urban sewerage and industrial waste discharges,
sometimes in the form of hazardous and
toxic wastes.
•Inland mining for copper, gold. etc., is another
source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is
simply soil, which ends up in rivers flowing to the
sea.
•However, some minerals discharged in the course
of the mining can cause problems, such as copper,
a common industrial pollutant, which can interfere
with the life history and development of coral
polyps.[2]
•Mining has a poor environmental track record. For
example, according to the
United States Environmental Protection Agency,
mining has contaminated portions of the
headwaters of over 40% of watersheds in the
western continental US.[3]
Much of this pollution
finishes up in the sea.
7. Surface Run-off
• Surface runoff from farming, as well as urban runoff and
runoff from the construction of roads, buildings, ports,
channels, and harbours, can carry soil and particles laden
with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals. This
nutrient-rich water can cause fleshy algae and
phytoplankton to thrive in coastal areas, known as
algal blooms, which have the potential to create hypoxic
conditions by using all available oxygen
• Polluted runoff from roads and highways can be a
significant source of water pollution in coastal areas. About
75 percent of the toxic chemicals that flow into
Puget Sound are carried by stormwater that runs off paved
roads and driveways, rooftops, yards and other developed
land.[4
8. Ship’s pollution
• Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways.:
• Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the components in crude oil, are
very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine
environment.[5]
• Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports,
waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge
illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such
actions.
• It has been estimated that container ships lose over 10,000 containers at
sea each year (usually during storms).[6]
• Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife
9. • Ballast water taken up at sea and released in port is a
major source of unwanted exotic marine life. The invasive
freshwater zebra mussels, native to the Black, Caspian and
Azov seas, were probably transported to the Great Lakes
via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel
• Mnemiopsis leidyi, a species of comb jellyfish that spread
so it now inhabits estuaries in many parts of the world. It
was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been
transported to the Black Sea in a ship’s ballast water.
– The population of the jellyfish shot up exponentially and, by
1988,
– it was wreaking havoc upon the local fishing industry. “The
anchovy catch fell from 204,000 tons in 1984 to 200 tons in
1993; sprat from 24,600 tons in 1984 to 12,000 tons in 1993;
horse mackerel from 4,000 tons in 1984 to zero in 1993.”[7]
– Now that the jellyfish have exhausted the zooplankton,
including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically,
yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the
ecosystem.
• Invasive species can take over once occupied areas,
facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new
genetic material, alter underwater seascapes and
jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food.
• Invasive species are responsible for about $138 billion
annually in lost revenue and management costs in the US
alone.[9]
10. Atmospheric pollution
•Wind blown dust and debris, including plastic bags, are blown
seaward from landfills and other areas.
•Dust from the Sahara moves into the Caribbean and Florida during the
warm season
•Dust can also be attributed to a global transport from the Gobi and
Taklamakan deserts across Korea, Japan, and the Northern Pacific to
the Hawaiian Islands.[11]
•Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought
in Africa.
•The USGS links dust events to a decline in the health of coral reefs
across the Caribbean and Florida
•Climate change is raising ocean temperatures[15]
and raising
levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These rising levels of
carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.[16]
This, in turn, is altering
aquatic ecosystems and modifying fish distributions,[17]
with impacts on
the sustainability of fisheries and the livelihoods of the communities
that depend on them
11. Deep Sea Mining
• Ocean mining sites are usually around large areas of polymetallic nodules or active and
extinct hydrothermal vents at about 1,400 - 3,700 meters below the ocean’s surface.[19]
The
vents create sulfide deposits, which contain precious metals such as silver, gold, copper,
manganese, cobalt, and zinc.[20][21]
• The deposits are mined using either hydraulic pumps or bucket systems that take ore to the
surface to be processed.
• result in disturbances to the benthic layer,
• increased toxicity of the water column and
• sediment plumes from tailings.[22]
Removing parts of the sea floor disturbs the habitat of
benthic organisms, possibly, depending on the type of mining and location, causing
permanent disturbances.[23]
• Near bottom plumes occur when the tailings are pumped back down to the mining site. The
floating particles increase the turbidity, or cloudiness, of the water, clogging filter-feeding
apparatuses used by benthic organisms.[25]
• Surface plumes cause a more serious problem. Depending on the size of the particles and
water currents the plumes could spread over vast areas.[26][27]
The plumes could impact
zooplankton and light penetration, in turn affecting the food web of the area.[28][29]
• Aside from direct impact of mining the area, leakage, spills and corrosion would alter the
mining area’s chemical makeup.
14. Eutrophication
• The biggest culprit are rivers that
empty into the ocean, and with it
the many chemicals used as
fertilizers in agriculture as well as
waste from livestock and humans.
An excess of oxygen depleting
chemicals in the water can lead to
hypoxia and the creation of a
dead zone.
• an increase in chemical nutrients,
typically compounds containing
nitrogen or phosphorus, in an
ecosystem. It can result in an
increase in the ecosystem's
primary productivity (excessive plant
growth and decay), and further
effects including lack of oxygen and
severe reductions in water quality,
fish, and other animal populations.
15. Acidification
• The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.
• Because the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are increasing, the oceans are becoming
more acidic.[31][32]
• structures made of calcium carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution, affecting corals
and the ability of shellfish to form shells.[33]
.
• Oceans and coastal ecosystems have removed about 25% of the carbon dioxide emitted by
human activities between 2000 and 2007 and about half the anthropogenic CO2 released
since the start of the industrial revolution. Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification
means that the capacity of the ocean carbon sink will gradually get weaker.
• A report from NOAA scientists published in the journal Science in May 2008 found that large
amounts of relatively acidified water are upwelling to within four miles of the Pacific
continental shelf area of North America. This area is a critical zone where most local marine
life lives or is born.[37]
• A related issue is the methane clathrate reservoirs found under sediments on the ocean
floors. These trap large amounts of the greenhouse gas methane, which ocean warming has
the potential to release.
16. Plastic Debris
• Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic - a component that has been
rapidly accumulating since the end of World War II.[46]
The mass of plastic
in the oceans may be as high as one hundred million metric tons.[47]
• Discarded plastic bags, six pack rings and other forms of plastic waste
which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries.[48]
• Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and
ingestion.[49][50][51]
• Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by
fishermen. Known as ghost nets, these entangle fish, dolphins, sea turtles,
sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other creatures,
restricting movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in
those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation.[52]
• Plastic debris, when bulky or tangled, is difficult to pass, and may become
permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the
passage of food and causing death through starvation or infection.[54][55]
17. • Plastics accumulate because they don't biodegrade in the
way many other substances do.
– They will photodegrade on exposure to the sun, but they do so
properly only under dry conditions, and
– water inhibits this process.[56]
– In marine environments, photodegraded plastic disintegrates
into ever smaller pieces while remaining polymers, even down
to the molecular level.
– When floating plastic particles photodegrade down to
zooplankton sizes, jellyfish attempt to consume them, and in
this way the plastic enters the ocean food chain. [57] [58]
– Many of these long-lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of
marine birds and animals,[59]
including sea turtles, and
black-footed albatross
18. • Plastic debris tends to accumulate at the centre of ocean gyres. In
particular, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch has a very high level of
plastic particulate suspended in the upper water column.
• In samples taken in 1999, the mass of plastic exceeded that of
zooplankton (the dominant animal life in the area) by a factor of six.
[46][61]
• Midway Atoll, in common with all the Hawaiian Islands, receives
substantial amounts of debris from the garbage patch. Ninety
percent plastic, this debris accumulates on the beaches of Midway
where it becomes a hazard to the bird population of the island.
Midway Atoll is home to two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global
population of Laysan Albatross.[62]
Nearly all of these albatross have
plastic in their digestive system[63]
and one-third of their chicks die.
19.
20. • Toxic additives used in the manufacture of plastic materials can leach out
into their surroundings when exposed to water.
• Waterborne hydrophobic pollutants collect and magnify on the surface of
plastic debris,[47]
thus making plastic far more deadly in the ocean than it
would be on land.[46]
• Hydrophobic contaminants are also known to bioaccumulate in fatty
tissues, biomagnifying up the food chain and putting pressure on
apex predators.
• Some plastic additives are known to disrupt the endocrine system when
consumed, others can suppress the immune system or decrease
reproductive rates.[61]
• Floating debris can also absorb persistent organic pollutants from
seawater, including PCBs, DDT and PAHs.[65]
Aside from toxic effects,[66]
when ingested some of these are mistaken by the animal brain for
estradiol, causing hormone disruption in the affected wildlife.[60]
21. • Apart from plastics, there are particular problems with
other toxins that do not disintegrate rapidly in the
marine environment.
– Examples of persistent toxins are PCBs, DDT, pesticides,
furans, dioxins, phenols and radioactive waste.
– Heavy metals are metallic chemical elements that have a
relatively high density and are toxic or poisonous at low
concentrations.
• Examples are mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium. Such
toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life
in a process called bioaccumulation.
• They are also known to accumulate in benthic environments, such
as estuaries and bay muds: a geological record of human activities
of the last century.
22. Noise Pollution
• Marine life can be susceptible to noise or sound pollution from sources
such as passing ships, oil exploration seismic surveys, and naval low-
frequency active sonar.
• Sound travels more rapidly and over larger distances in the sea than in the
atmosphere.
• Marine animals, such as cetaceans, often have weak eyesight, and live in a
world largely defined by acoustic information. This applies also to many
deeper sea fish, who live in a world of darkness.[80]
• Between 1950 and 1975, ambient noise in the ocean increased by about
ten decibels (that is a ten-fold increase).[81]
• Noise also makes species communicate louder, which is called the
Lombard vocal response.[82]
Whale songs are longer when submarine-
detectors are on.[83]
If creatures don't "speak" loud enough, their voice can
be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be
warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one
species begins speaking louder, it will mask other specie voices, causing
the whole ecosystem to eventually speak louder.[84
23. Mitigation
• either the human population is reduced, or
• a way is found to reduce the ecological footprint
left behind by the average human.
• The second way is for humans, individually, to
pollute less. That requires social and political will
• the most important strategy for reducing marine
pollution is education
– Awareness
– Research
– Dissemination
24. • Overall, good progress has been made on reducing Persistent organic
pollutants (POP’s), with the exception of the Arctic.
• Oil discharges and spills to the Seas has been reduced by 63% compared
to the mid-1980’ies, and tanker accidents have gone down by 75%, from
tanker operations by 90% and from industrial discharges by some 90%,
partly as a result of the shift to double-hulled tankers
• Some progress on reducing emissions of heavy metals is reported in some
regions, while increased emissions are happening in others. Electronic
waste and mine tailings are included amongst the sources of heavy metal
pollution in Southeast Asia.
• Sedimentation has decreased in some areas due to reduced river flows as
a result of terrestrial overuse for agricultural irrigation, while increasing in
other regions as a result of coastal development and deforestation along
rivers, water sheds and costal areas, and clearing of mangroves