This document summarizes information about pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. It discusses evaluating pregnancy through rectal palpation and ultrasound. Rectal palpation allows feeling the fetus after 40 days and determining the location of the uterus. Ultrasound can detect a vesicle/fetal fluid starting around 18-22 days. It also discusses several laboratory tests for pregnancy diagnosis based on measuring progesterone, estrogen, or other compounds in urine, milk, or blood that indicate the presence of a fetus. These tests include progesterone assays, Cuboni tests, phenolsulphonic acid tests, and barium chloride tests.
Reproductive traits in sheep and cyclic ovarian activityILRI
Presented by Mourad Rekik, ICARDA, at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
Reproductive traits in sheep and cyclic ovarian activityILRI
Presented by Mourad Rekik, ICARDA, at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
Puberty and sexual maturity in male animals is explained in this lecture useful for veterinary students, practitioners and all those interested in male reproduction in domestic animals
Spermatogenesis in Domestic Animals - Dr. John J. ParrishGarry D. Lasaga
This presentation is an introduction to the principles of spermatogenesis of domestic animals by Dr. John J. Parrish of the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Animal Science Department).
Methods of estrus detection in dairy cows are described. This class lecture would be useful for students of veterinary science, practitioners, and researchers.
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
Puberty and sexual maturity in male animals is explained in this lecture useful for veterinary students, practitioners and all those interested in male reproduction in domestic animals
Spermatogenesis in Domestic Animals - Dr. John J. ParrishGarry D. Lasaga
This presentation is an introduction to the principles of spermatogenesis of domestic animals by Dr. John J. Parrish of the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Animal Science Department).
Methods of estrus detection in dairy cows are described. This class lecture would be useful for students of veterinary science, practitioners, and researchers.
AnswerThe hormones and structuresorgansPituitary glandFemal.pdfanandanand521251
Answer:
The hormones and structures/organs:
Pituitary gland
Female reproductive organs, fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus
Anatomy & layout of pituitary:
In vertebrates, this is the endocrine gland with no ducts and looking like a small pea weighing
0.5 grams. It has anatomically protruded from hypothalamus & referred as “hypophysis” at the
base of brain. This gland is meticulously rests on hypophysial fossa & center to the middle
cranial fossa attaché to sphenoid bone & bony cavity i.e. sella tercica.
It composed of three main lobes:
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis): release stress hormones, growth hormones, FSH, LH
Intermediate lobe: cell synthesize melanocyte-stimulating hormone release into blood portal
system
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): This is connected to hypothalamus as described below
with median eminence, releases vasopressin, oxytocin
Gonadotrophin releaseing hormone (GnRH) formally released from GnRH neurons located
within the hypothalamus. This hormone travels through hypophyseal portal system and
stimulates adenohypophysis of pituitary gland to release gonadotrophins such as, androgen
release (testosterone synthesis hormones) follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone
(LH).
Positive feedback mechanism is defined as the output response produced by the activity of input
signal trough a specific amount of stimulus on the organ during the process of homeostasis.
Positive feedback in isolation is not sufficient to maintain homeostasis because of set point
alterations triggered by the stimulus.
Positive feedback cycle in reproductive cycle: Female reproductive system controlled by the two
phases predominantly one follicular phase from day 1 to day 14 and in this phase, follicle growth
is going be observed controlled by follicle stimulating hormone. The predominant stages
involved here primordial ell become primary followed by secondary in which one will mature
one with structures such as zona pellucida, theca follicle along with estrogen formed at day 6.
Feedback mechanism involves the following events
Stimulus: It produced on effector cells and this variable be regulated
Receptor activity: The stimulus activates receptors such as nuclear receptors to trigger gene
expression
Input via afferent nerves: Information passes through afferent nerves to the control center
Output via efferent nerves: Output effect produce by the control center via efferent pathway
Response: Finally, response in the form of either positive or negative produced via cellular
organs
Ovulation takes place on day 14 due to the stimulus given by leutinizing hormone.
Higher levels of estrogen are during the last follicular phase produces a positive feedback
mechanism on leutinizing hormone and gonadotrophic hormone and further leading to formation
of corpus luteum.
Hormones such as gonadotrophins (FSH, LH) released from the anterior pituitary are responsible
for the regulation of ovarian and uterine menstruation cycle further leading to elev.
It includes introduction on endocrine system and detail description of hypothalamus and pituitary gland with functions of various hormones and disorders.
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
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Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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3. •The endocrine system uses chemical messengers or
hormones to regulate slow body processes e.g.
growth and reproduction
•The classic definition of a hormone is a physiologic,
organic, chemical substance synthesized by a
ductless endocrine gland which passes into the
circulatory system for transport.
•Hormone inhibit, stimulates or regulate the functional
activity of the target organ.
4. The reproductive process in cattle is regulated by complex
cascade of combined activity of central nervous system, the
number of secretary tissue, target tissue and several hormones.
Three Regulatory System governs the reproductive process in
cattle –
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
3. Cell messengers
5. 1. Nervous System –
A. CNS receives information from the animal’s environment (visual,
olfactory, auditory and tactile stimuli) and conveys information relevant
for reproduction to gonads via hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis.
B. These glands not only act as hormone producer but they also act as target
organs. Pineal and hypothalamus are part of CNS but they also act as
endocrine organs.
C. Hypothalamus links the CNS to endocrine system via pituitary.
6. 2. Endocrine System –
Major endocrine glands involved in the control of female reproduction are
A. Pineal Gland
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pituitary
D. Adrenal Cortex
E. Ovary
F. Uterus
7. A) Pineal Gland –
1. It is part of brain which originates as neuro-epithelial evagination
from the roof of third ventricle and is main organ in seasonality of
breeding .
2. It secrets Melatonin which in turn control activity of GnRH in some
species.
3. Melatonin is produced and secreted during night (dark period) and
controls sexual behavior?.
9. B) Hypothalamus –
1. Hypothalamus is a small part of the brain located on its ventral side.
2. It synthesizes and secrets certain neuro hormones.
3. Hypothalamus is connected with posterior pituitary through neural
connection (hypothalamo–hypophyseal neural tract) and with anterior
pituitary through vascular connection (hypothalamo–hypophyseal portal
system).
4. Hypothalamus secrets gonadotropine releasing hormone (GnRH,
dacapeptide) which acts on anterior pituitary and cause releases of
FSH & LH.
5. The venous flow from pituitary partly goes to the hypothalamus thereby
exposing the hypothalamus to the high concentration of the pituitary
hormones (FSH & LH). This blood flow provides negative feed back
mechanism to the pituitary by which the pituitary controls the secretion
and function of the hypothalamus. This feed back mechanism is termed as
“short-loop feed back”
10. 6. The hypothalamus have two GnRH releasing centers –
Tonic release center (ventromedial nucleus and arcuate
nucleus) and Surge release center (preoptic nucleus,
anterior hypothalamic area and suprachaismatic nucleus).
7. Tonic release occurs in pulses and is control by blood
concentration of FSH and LH while surge release is
controlled by the level of oestrogen (via positive feed
back mechanism) in blood.
11.
12. C. Pituitary (hypophysis)
1. It located just below the hypothalamus in a bony depression
called sella turcica.
2. It has three parts/lobes –Anterior, intermediate and posterior.
3. The anterior part of the pituitary secretes FSH (follicle
stimulating hormone) and LH (leutinizing hormone) of major
significance for control of female reproduction.
4. FSH plays a major role in the initial development of follicles
while LH is responsible for final maturation,ovulation of
follicle and leutinization of post ovulation remanenant of
follicle for formation of corpus luteum (CL).
13. D.) Gonads
1. Every female animal contains a pair of ovaries which are
the primary sex organ.
2. Overies contains a large no. of primodial follicles which are
potentially capable of developing into ovulating follicle but
in each cycle only one follicle develops in to mature follicle
while a large no. undergo atrsia.
3. Ovarian follicle produces many hormones but Estrogen and
inhibin are of major significance.
4. Follicle post ovulation forms CL under the influence of the
LH (CL produces progestrone and oxytocin and relaxin). If
the animal becomes pregnant the CL persists and continues
to function till term , and is called corpus luteum verum.
While in cycling , non pregnant, animal CL is called corpus
luteum spurium because it is destined to regress.
14. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
○ Is a glycoprotein hormone.
○ affects granulosa cells of follicle in the ovary
○ causes initial folliculogenesis
○ stimulates estradiol synthesis
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
○ Is a glycoprotein hormone
○ affects theca interna cells and granulosa cells (and luteal
cells) follicle in the ovary
○ It stimulates final maturation of follicle, it’s ovulation and
formation of CL
PITUITARY HORMONES
15. Follicular Hormone :
Estradiol (E2)
○ steroid
○ produced by granulosa cells (follicle & placenta)
Sertoli cells also produce
○ FSH stimulated synthesis
○ uterine mass and contractility (during estrus)
○ sexual behavior
○ secondary sex characteristics
○ GnRH release (positive feedback from E2)
○ Ca metabolism
○ influences mammary gland ducts
Inhibin
○ glycoprotein
○ produced by granulosa cells of dominant ova in female
○ produced by Sertoli cells in male
○ inhibits FSH secretion without altering LH secretion
GONADAL HORMONES
16. GONADAL HORMONES
CL Hormone:
Progestins
○ progesterone (P4) – “pro-gestation”
○ produced by corpus luteum and placenta
○ uterine preparation
○ influences alveoli of mammary gland
○ inhibits GnRH
○ “maintenance of pregnancy”
17. GONADAL HORMONES
CL Hormone:
Relaxin
Made of 2 polypeptides that are connected with
disulfide bonds. It is similar in size and structure to
insulin.
Secreted by CL during pregnancy.
In some species it may be secreted by the uterus
and/or placenta.
Generally requires tissue first be exposed to
estrogens for its effects.
Functions
○ cervical dilation, pelvic ligament relaxation
○ inhibits uterine contractions
18. CL Hormone:
Oxytocin
○ paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus and CL
○ stored in & released from post pit
○ octapeptide
○ oviductal contractions
○ uterine contractions
○ milk letdown (mammary alveolar contraction)
○ Oxytocin secreted from the CL causes release of
PGF2α from uterine endometrium when the
endometrium is under the influence of estrogen.
19. UTERINE HORMONES
PROSTAGLANDINS
F2α and E2
20-carbon fatty acids
uterine endometrium
corpus luteum regression (luteolysis)
“breaks” progesterone block and thus causes
release of GnRH from hypothalamus and FSH
and LH from pituitary & thus stimulates
ovulation.
enhances uterine contractility
26. Palpation of fetus
After 40 days and mobile after 70 days
Location of the uterus
The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity or just at the pelvic brim until day 90
At 100-200 days, the gravid uterus is positioned cranial to the pelvic brim in the
abdominal cavity .
Ovarian palpation
Position of the ovaries up to 60 days of pregnancy is similar to that for the non-
pregnant mare
From then on, they are drawn cranially and medially but remain dorsal to the
uterus
The finding of both ovaries nearer to each other and close to the pelvic floor is a
positive indication for pregnancy (3 to 5 months)
Form 5 months of pregnancy onwards, the ovaries usually are not palpable as
they are under the broad ligaments
30. Methods of holding the US linear probe
A
Controlled Method
Sonographers who prefer
not to manipulate uterus
often choose to hold probe
in a very controlled manner
B
Palming Method
Frees the fingers for
retraction of uterus
32. Vesicle/fetal fluid is visible in most species between days 18-22 except in the
mare in which it appears earlier (day 10-16)
Fetal heart beat can be seen between day 24-30 and the fetus itself between
days 25-30 in most species.
Cotyledons are visible between day 30-40 and fetal extremity/bone by day 57-
60 in cattle, day 70 in sheep; however it is visible earlier (42-50 days) in the
bitch
The most appropriate time for pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography
with high accuracy in cattle, camel and buffaloes appears to be day 28-30 using
a trans rectal linear array probe of 5.0 to 7.5 mhz frequencies (filteau and des
coteaux, 1998; vyas et al., 2002; ali and fahmy, 2008; kahn et al., 1990)
Using the same probe pregnancy can be diagnosed with sufficient accuracy a
little earlier (24-25 days) in the mare (pycock, 2007)
Bitch requires a transabdominal probe of frequency 3.5 to 5.0 mhz) to
visualize pregnancy with accuracy from 25-30 days (bondestam et al., 2008)
Ultrasonography
33. Ultrasonographic features of early pregnancy in various species
Sonographic
Structure
Appearance (days
post mating)
Cow Buffalo Mare Sheep/
Goat
Sow Bitch Cam
el
Cat
Fetal fluid 18-20 18-22 10-16 20-25 18-20 18-20 17-18 10-16
Fetal Heart beat 24 30 24-25 21-23 - 24 28-30 16-18
Fetus 28-30 20-26 20-22 25-30 25-30 23-25 16-20
Cotyledons
/Allantois
35-40 30-35 20-22 40-50 - - - 25
Fetal bones/ fetal
buds
57-60 70-75 70 - 42-50 40 30-33
Fetal sex
determination
57-60 60-70 60-70 60-90 - - - 38-43
Fetal movement 42-50 47-51 40-45 - 60 - - 30-34
Reference Curran et
al., 1986;
Filteau
and
Des
Coteaux,
1998;
Curran,
1992;
Pierson
and
Ginther,
Pawshe et
al., 1994;
Karen et
al., 2007;
Ali and
Fahmy,
2008
Allen and
Goddard,
1984;
Ginther,
1986;
Sertich,
1997;
Pycock,
2007;
Holder,
2007
Garcia et al.,
1993;
Buckrell et
al., 1986;
Karen et al.,
2003; Santos
et al., 2007;
Romano and
Christians,
2008; Harsh
et al., 2008;
Suguna et
Michael,
1988;
Holtz,
1982;
Almond et
al., 1985;
Jackson,
1986
England
and Allen,
2008;
Barr,
2008
Vyas
et
al.,
2002
Zambell
i
and
Prati,
2006
34. 30 - day - old embryo 40 - day - old embryo
Fetus on day 59 with the fi rst view of the ribs embryonic mortality observed at day
30
Cow
40. Progesterone hormone assay
Specificity of around 98% (zaied et al., 1979; laing et al., 1980; waldman, 1993;
gowan et al., 1982; pennington et al 1985; nebel et al., 1987)
Accuracy of the test is low (75%) because of early embryonic death
Based on estrogen
One of the earliest written records of a urine-based pregnancy test can be
found in an ancient egyptian document
Wheat seeds when they are soaked in urine from pregnant cows which inhibits
germination compared to urine from non-pregnant cows which stimulate
germination has been described to be known as punyakoti test (nirmala et al.,
2008).
The estrone sulfate is produced by the fetomaternal axis or the conceptus and
therefore its presence in urine, milk, feces or blood is an indicator of pregnancy
41. Cuboni test
Positive -dark, only green fluorescent color in the lower sulfuric acid
layer
Negative- absence of fluorescent color and presence of a brownish
color
effective beyond 150 days of gestationand also predicts fetal viability
Phenolsulphonic acid test
Gives a pink to cherry red color if the urine is from pregnant mares
(mayer, 1944; benesch and wright, 2001).
Mucin test
Vaginal mucus from a pregnant mare showed dark staining columnar
epithelial cells (pregnancy cells) (kurosawa, 1931)
Efficacy of 94% from day 70 to end of gestation (miller and day, 1938;
day and miller, 1940)
42. Barium chloride test
Non pregnant cows a white precipitate is formed
Pregnant animals the urine remains clear (temblador and landa, 1971)
Accuracy of the test was described to be 70-95% (maslov and smirnov, 1965;
elpakov and cyganok, 1966; akmadeev and vasilev, 1967) from 15 to 210 days
of pregnancy
Camels the test was considered to be 85% accurate between days 50-90 of
pregnancy (banerjee, 1974)
Milk alchohol coagulation test
In this test there is coagulation of milk from pregnant cows when mixed with
equal quantities of alchohol and allowed to stand for 1-3 hours (linkes, 1930;
rutz, 1932; stancev and angelov, 1966; kavani, 1976)
Copper sulfate test
1 ml of milk when mixed with a few drops of 3% copper sulfate coagulates if
the animal is pregnant (tembldor and acosta, 1971; kavani, 1976)
43. Species Day of detection Reference
Mare Maternal estrogen high after 60 days
Conjugated urinary
estrogens high after 150 days
Sist et al. (1987); Cox
(1971); Bhavnani and
Woolever, 1978
Cow Day 100 of gestation Hamon et al. (1981);
Robertson et al., 1978
Goat High after day 50 of gestation Refsal et al (1991) Chaplin
and Holds worth (1982)
Sow Rise start at 20 days peak at 25-30 days
followed by a decline at
45 days and again a rise at 70-80 days
to term
Cunningham, 1982 Seren
et al.(1983) Robertson et
al.(1978); Gutherie and
Deaver, 1979
Bitch Slightly increased at implantation and
remain constantly high for
rest of gestation and decline 2 days
prepartum
Concannon et al. (1975)
Sheep Detectable by day 70; rise thereafter till
2 days prepartum
Illera et al., 2000;
Worsefold et al., 1986
Buffalo Appear at day 150 of gestation in the
serum
Prakash & Madan (1993);
Kamonpatana, 1984
Camel Increase start at day 50 and peak from
day 90-300
Skidmore et al., 1996
Appearance of estrogen in domestic animals during pregnancy
45. Pseudo-pregnancy
6-20 weeks after oestrum
Maternal behaviour, nesting, digging,
mothering inanimate objects, lactation and
milk release, weight gain, abdomen
enlargement.
46. Treatment
Elizabethan collar
Water removal overnight for 5-7 days
Frusemide 0.25 to 0.5 mg per Kg
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline for 10 to 14 days
47. Dopamine agonist
Dopamine is prolactin inhibitory hormone.
Prolactin is major luteotropic hormones
throughout the luteal phase. In pregnant and
nonpregnant bitch.
Bromocriptine and cabergoline are ergot
alkaloids, hve strong D 2 receptor activity
and suppress PRL secretion and thereby
progesterone levels.
48. Bromocriptine 0.1mg per kg PO BID after
day 30. for minimum 6 days or until all
fetuses are expelled.
Cabergoline 5 microgram per kg for 5 days
after 32 days