University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
Classification Of Parenterals,
Small Volume Parenterals: Defn & Components,
Large Volume Parenterals: Defn & Introduction,
Types of LVP,
Examples Of IV fluids,
Difference Between SVP & LVP,
Started to create milestones, we, Elegant Engineers, Noida marked our presence in the year 1998 and operate in the manufacturing / servicing of F years.F.S. Machines With Cup Filler, Automatic VFFS With Multihead Weigh Filler, Semi- Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler, F.F.S. Machine With Auger Filler, F.F.S. Machine For Liquid since 14. Our quality services / products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of F.F.S. Machines With Cup Filler, Automatic VFFS With Multihead Weigh Filler, Semi- Automatic Volumetric Cup Filler, F.F.S. Machine With Auger Filler, F.F.S. Machine For Liquid, Form Fill and Seal Machine has deepened our roots in the market. We, Elegant Engineers, Noida breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products / services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
FORMULATION OF PARENTERAL PRODUCTS REQUIREMENTS, FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, PRETREATMENT OF WATER ,REVERSE OSMOSIS ,STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP ,PYROGENS,
The presentation gives detailed account on various methods for Control of growth of Micro-organisms. Physical, chemical methods to control growth of micro-organisms. Evaluation of Disinfectant is also explained.
Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients.
Density: 997 kg/m³
Boiling point: 100 °C
Formula: H2O
Melting point: 0 °C
Molar mass: 18.01528 g/mol
Water travels throughout your body carrying nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to and from your cells and organs. Water keeps your body cool as part of your body's temperature regulating system. Water cushions your joints, and protects your tissues and organs from shock and damage.
Some waterborne pathogenic microorganisms spread by water can cause severe, life-threatening diseases. Examples are typhoid fever, cholera and Hepatitis A or E. Other microorganisms induce less dangerous diseases.
Water is one of the major commodities used by the pharmaceutical industry. It is widely used as a raw material, ingredient, and solvent in the processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates, and analytical reagents.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The ASGCT Annual Meeting was packed with exciting progress in the field advan...
manufacturing of parenterals
1. MANUFACTURE OF SMALL
VOLUME AND LARGE
VOLUME PARENTERALS
PRESENTED BY:
M.SUPRAJA DEEP,
B.PHARMACY,
ST.PETERS INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES.
2. INTRODUCTION :
DEFINITION:
Parenteral preparations are pyrogen-free
preparations intended to be administered other
than oral routes.
The term parenteral is derived from two Greek
words ,
Para outside enteron intestine
CLASSIFICATION:
Based on volume they are classified into two types:
1. Small volume parenterals (SVP’s).
2. Large volume parenterals (LVP’s).
3. SMALL VOLUME PARENTERALS :
The volume is generally less than or equal to
100ml.
They are supplied in single or multiple doses.
They are used to dispense most of the drugs.
4. LARGE VOLUME PARENTERALS :
These are supplied for
single dose having more
than 100 ml.
These are delivered
through IV route.
These generally
provide electrolytes,
nutrition to the body.
8. VEHICLES:
WATER FOR INJECTION(WFI):
water that is intended for use in the
manufacture of parenteral (i.e. injectable) drugs
whose solvent is water.
The USP (United States Pharmacopeia)
defines this as highly purified waters containing
less than 10 CFU/100 ml of Aerobic bacteria.
STERILIZED WATER FOR INJECTION
(SWFI):
sterile, nonpyrogenic, distilled water in a
single dose container for intravenous
administration after addition of a suitable solute.
It may also be used as a dispensing
container for diluent use.
9. .
No antimicrobial or other substance has
been added.
The pH is 5.5 (5.0 to 7.0).
BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR
INJECTION (BWFI):
Sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl
alcohol that is used to dilute or dissolve
medications.
The container can be reentered multiple
times (usually by a sterile needle) and the benzyl
alcohol suppresses or stops the growth of most
potentially contaminating.
10. PRETREATMENT OF
WATER:
The water for injection is most commonly used
solvent.
Water for injection is the water prepared by
reverse osmosis or distillation and contains no
added substances.
The water must be adequately pretreated to
ensure the uniformity and to promote constant
quality and high efficiency.
Some of the important elements include:
11. Chlorination or treatment with ozone to suppress
the microbial growth throughout the system.
Prefiltration through depth filters to remove iron
and any suspended matter
Injecting a flocculating agent to remove the
suspending agents, if any.
Water softening by ion-exchange to remove
alkaline earth metals, calcium and magnesium, and
thus minimize the formation of scale deposits.
Ph adjustment to 6.0-6.5 to reduce scale deposits.
Deionization by ion exchange resins to removal of
ions from feed water.
Activated carbon beds for removal of chlorine and
organics and then treatment with UV radiation to
suppress the microbial growth.
12. REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) :
This is defined as a process for the separation of
solutes from the water by applying pressure on
more concentrated solution in contact with semi
permeable membrane to give less concentrated
solution.
The solutes may be charged (ions) or essentially
neutral (organics) .
Each is excluded or removed by different
mechanisms.
Charged particles are repelled or excluded due to
interfacial tension at the water membrane
iinterface.
14. .
Organics are excluded by sieve mechanism so that
size and molecular weight are important attributes.
The higher the size or molecular weight of a
substance, the most efficiently it is excluded.
Thus virus, bacteria, and pyrogen are removed by
reverse osmosis.
The overall system primarily depends on the
composition of feed water and the quality of the
final water desired.
In addition to RO unit, other type of systems may
include chlorinators, flocculating agents, filters,
water softeners, heat exchangers, active carbon
beds, decarbonators, deionizers etc.,
15. DISTILLATION:
The action of purifying a liquid by a process of
heating and cooling.
The process of removal of impurities from the
liquid by continuous heating above 100 degrees
and at atmospheric pressure cooling
simultaneously.
This aids in killing the living microorganisms.
Prior to distillation, water used as source for WFI
should be done with pretreatment
Perfect phase change would leave all the
impurities behind producing pure water vapor.
After this the vapor is condensed to liquid water.
16. .
It is maintained at pressure greater than the water
of lower purity.
The objective is to control the number of
organisms per unit volume of water used for final
rinses of equipment and containers.
After distillation it is filtered and stored in a
chemical resistant stainless steel tank at a cold
temperature around 5c or at an elevated
temperature between 65-85 c to inhibit the
microbial growth and pyrogen formation.
18. CONTAINERS:
There are different types of containers used for
packing parenteral solutions. They are:
1) Glass containers.
Type I
Type II
Type III
NP
Generally, glass containers are used in
packaging of vials and ampoules.
2) Plastic containers.
They are used in packaging of large volume
parenterals like saline bags.
19. CLOSURES:
The mainly used closures for packing the
containers in parenteral preparations are rubber
closures.
Rubber closures and rubber extractives have
been found to influence preservative loss from
solution and antimicrobial activity respectively.
Generally used rubbers are natural and neoprene
rubber.
Loss of preservatives like chlorobutanol, methyl
paraben, benzyl alcohol, etc was minimal in the
presence of butyl rubber.
20. TERMINAL STERILIZATION:
A process whereby a product is sterilized in its
final container or packaging, which permits the
measurement and evaluation of quantifiable
microbial lethality.
In principle, the SAL should be less than 10-6.
Terminal sterilization refers that the finished
product should withstand with steam sterilization
cycle for 15minutes.
This process helps to assure the sterility of the
finished goods.
21. BLOW FILL SEAL (BFS):
Blow fill seal technology is most widely used and
accepted by USFDA.
Polypropylene granules are heated at 200 c to
form tube shaped parison
Parison reaches the mould forming container by
the sterile compressed air.
Fill nozzle known as mandrel fills the liquid in the
container
Followed by sealing neck and filled container is
released from the mould.
22. .
It takes 10-15 secs of time to produce one
container.
This method is followed to achieve the
contamination rate below 0.1%.
23. .
Rommelag’s BFS bottle-pack -321 machine
forms 3000 bottles(1000ml) in 1 hr with 6 moulds.
24. PRODUCTION FACILITIES:
◦ Clean- up area.
◦ Preparation area
◦ Aseptic area
◦ Quarantine area
◦ Finishing and packaging area
26. COMPARISION:
PARAMETERS SVP LVP
Volume <= 100 ml 101-1000 ml
Route IV, IM, SC IV
Dosage unit Single or Multiple Multiple
Preservative Used Not used
Buffer Used Not used
Isotonicity Not essential Must
Pyrogenicity Not essential Must
Formulations Solution.
Emulsion,
Suspension.
Solution,
o/w emulsion.
Uses As therapeutic agent,
As diagnostic agent.
As nutrition,
Detoxification,
Aid during surgery.