This document provides an overview of parenteral products including their definition, history, manufacturing process, quality control, packaging, types, and routes of administration. Parenterals are sterile preparations intended for injection through the skin rather than orally. Their manufacturing must ensure sterility, lack of pyrogens, and stability. Quality is tested through sterility, pyrogen, leakage, and particulate matter tests. Parenterals are packaged in containers like ampules, vials, prefilled syringes and infusion bags. They are classified as small or large volume and administered via intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous routes.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Introduction
Routes of administration of parenteral dosage form
Types of parenteral preparation
General requirements for parenteral dosage form
Formulation of parenteral preparations
Containers and closures used
Processing of parenteral preparations
Evaluation of parenteral preparations
Labeling and packaging
Production facilities
Preparation of iv fluids and admixtures
Sterlity testing
Particulate matter monitoring
Faculty seal packaging
STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Sterility Testing: done to detect if viable forms of micro-organisms are present or not on or in the pharmaceutical preparation.
The test is applied to substances or preparations which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be sterile. For example
✦ Injections
✦ Implants
✦ Syringes
✦ Bandages
✦ Dressings
✦ Surgical Instruments
✦ Needles
✦ Injectables
✦ Bulk Solids
✦ Ophthalmic Products..etc
If microorganisms are placed in a media that provides nutrients and water and kept at a favourable temperature the organism will grow and their growth can be indicated by turbidity in originally clear medium.
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD &Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Ipqc tests for sterile formulations are as follows :
Leakage Test
Clarity Test
pH
Particulate Matter Injection
SterilityTest
Pyrogen Test
Content Uniformity & Weight
Volume Filled
The tests For Sterile products are as per IP, BP & USP
Sagar Veterinary drug delivery system ppt.Sagar Goda
This article would be provided different dosage forms are used especially for veterinary and also provided the importance of veterinarian.It can also provided the European guidelines for medicinal products that used for Human and Veterinary. For discovering various animal diseases, new technological devices as well as treatments are also available in this article.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. • Introduction
History
Why parenteral?
Necessary condition of
parenteral
• Methods of preparation
• Quality control
• Packaging
• Types of parenteral products
• Routes of administration
• advantages/ disadvantages
• conclusion
3. Introduction:
The administration of drugs into the patient by
injection under one or more layer of the skin or
mucous membrane.
The term parenteral is derived from two Greek
words:
PARA (OUTSIDE)
ENTERON (INTESTINE)
It donate the route of administration other
4. Definition of parenterals:
Parenterals are those
preparations intended for
injection through the skin
or other external boundary
tissue, rather than through
the alimentary canal, so
that the active substances
they contain are
administered using gravity
or force directly into a
blood vessel, organ, or
tissue.
5. History:
1657: first recorded injection in animals- Sir Christopher
Wren
1855: first subcutaneous injection of drugs using hypodermic
needles - Dr. Alexander wood
1920:proof of microbial growth resulting in infections
- Dr. Florence Seibert
1926: inclusion in the national formulary
1931: commercial intravenous solution(Baxter)
1946:organization of parenteral drug association
1965:development of total parenteral nutrition
6. Necessities of parenteral preparations:
• Sterility (must)
• Free from pyrogen (must)
• Free from particulate
matter
• Clarity (must)
• Stability (must)
7. Isotonicity (should)
Solvents and vehicles used
must meet special purity and
other standard
Do not use coloring agents
Must be prepared under
aseptic conditions
Specific and high quality
8. MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
• A suitable test method for the preservative
properties of the formulation are provided under
Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation.
• Methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid
the introduction of contaminants and the growth of
micro-organisms follow the method of sterilization.
• Water used in the manufacture of parenteral
preparations complies with the requirements of
water for injections
• The design and maintenance of the equipment and
the method of manufacture must be such as to
ensure the stability of the active substance and of
the final product and sterility of the injection.
9. PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
DEFINITION:
Parenteral preparations are sterile preparations which may consis
of one or more active ingredients intended for administration by
injection, infusion or implantation into the body.
REQUIRED EXCIPIENTS:
• Solvents
• substances to enhance solubility
• suspending agents
• buffering agents
• substances to make the preparation isotonic with blood and
• stabilizers or antimicrobial preservatives
10. TESTS
• Parenterals are tested for particulate
contamination: sub-visible particles.
• For preparations for human use, solutions
for infusion or solutions for injection
supplied in containers with a nominal
content of more than 100 ml comply with
the test.
• Sterility. Parenteral preparations comply
with the test for sterility.
11. STORAGE
Store in a sterile, airtight, tamper-proof
container.
LABELLING
The label states :
— the name and concentration of any
added antimicrobial preservative,
— where applicable, that the solution is to
be used in conjunction with a final filter,
— where applicable, that the preparation is
free from bacterial endotoxins or that it is
apyrogenic.
12. Precautions:
• The manufacturing process should meet the
requirements of good manufacturing
practices (GMP)
• The addition of excipients is kept to a
minimum.
• When excipients are used they do not
adversely affect the stability, bioavailability,
safety or efficacy of the active ingredient(s),
or cause toxicity or undue local irritation.
• There must be no incompatibility between
any of the components.
• Sterilization may be omitted, provided that
the preparation is subject to terminal
13. Quality control
• “In a pharmaceutical
organization, the quality
control deals with testing,
sampling, specification and
documentation- a procedure
which ensures that all tests
are actually carried out prior
to release of material for sale
or use”.
14. Quality tests
there are 4 types of
quality tests.
• Sterility tests
• Pyrogen tests
• Leaker test
• Particulate matter
testing
15. Sterility test
• Sterility is the most
important test.
• Sterility means the removal
of micro-organisms.
• It is essential test for the
parenteral.
• There are two methods for
sterility.
Direct transfer method
Membrane filtration method
16. Direct transfer method
It is a traditional sterility test
method which involves a direct
transfer. This method is simple
in theory but difficult in practice
involving inoculation of require
volume of a sample in two test
tube containing a culture
medium that is FTM,SCDM.• Membrane filtration method:
• this method is basically
involve filtration of a sample
through membrane filters of
porosity 0.22 micron and
17. Pyrogen test
• Pyrogen are product of metabolism in
micro organism .
• Gm-ve bacteria produce more potent
pyrogen.
• When these are injected in to the body
then they cause ache and fever(rise in
body temperature) with in one hour.
• Two types of test are present
Rabbit test
LAL test
18. Leakage test
• The leakage test is
intended to detect the
incompletely sealed
ampoules.
• Any crack may be
present at the base and
the seal of the ampule
due to the improper
handling.
• The crack is usually
detected by the negative
pressure produced due
19. Particulate matter testing
• Particulate matter is primary concern in
parenteral products given by i.v route, all
parenteral product should be free from
insoluble particles.
• In this all containers are visually inspected.
• It is done by holding the ampule by its neck
against highly illuminated screens
• White screen for detection of black and black
for white particles
• A method utilizing the video image projection
could detect a moving particle with out
20. Parenteral Preparations and other
sterile products must be packaged in
a way that :
Maintains product sterility until the
time of use .
Prevents contamination of contents
packaging
21. A . Types of containers
There are five types of containers:
1 . Ampules,
-the oldest type of Parenteral product
containers, are made entirely of glass.
-Single use only.
Disadvantages .Because glass
particles may become dislodged
during ampule opening, the product
22. 2. Vials:
-are glass or plastic containers closed with a
rubber stopper and sealed with an aluminum
crimp.
Vials have several
advantages over
ampoules.
a. Vials can be
designed to hold
multiple doses.
b. The drug product is
easier to remove from
vials than from
ampules.
c. Vials eliminate the
23. • b. However, Vials also
have certain
disadvantages
a. The rubber stopper
can become cored,
causing a small bit of
rubber to enter the
solution.
b. Multiple withdrawals
(as with multiple-dose
vials) can result in
microbial
24. 3. Some drugs come in vials that may be attached to
an diluents containing bag for reconstitution and
administration (ADD-Vantage by abbott) .
a. The ADD-Vantage Vial is screwed into the top of
an ADD- Vantage diluent bag, and the rubber
diaphragm is dislodged from the vial, allowing the
diluent solution to dissolve the drug.
b. The reconstituted ADD-Vantage vial and IV bag are
ready for administration when hung.
25. 4. Prefilled syringes:
Prefilled syringes and cartridges are
designed for maximum convenience .
Drugs administration in an emergency
b. Prefilled cartridges
Are ready-to-use parenteral
packages that offer improved
sterility and accuracy.
They consist of a plastic
cartridges holder and prefilled
medication cartridge with a
needle attached.
26. 5. Infusion solutions.
Are divided into two
categories:
Small-volume
parenterals(SVPs), Those
having a volume less than 100
mL.
large-volume
parenterals(LVPs), Those
having a volume of 100 mL or
27. B. Packing materials
Out of the two types
of packaging
materials used, one is
glass
1. Glass, The original
Parenteral packaging
material, has superior
clarity,
Compared to plastic,
2. Plastic polymers
used for parenteral
packages include
polyvinylchloride (PVC)
and polyolefin.
a. PVC is flexible and
non rigid.
b. Polyolefin is semi
rigid; it can be stored
upright.
28. Parenterals are classified into two main
types:
1. Small Volume Parenterals(SVP),
2. Large Volume Parenterals(LVP).
3. Powder parenterals
Classification of parenterals
29. Small Volume Parenterals
They include ampules of 1ml, 2ml, 3ml up to 30
ml and vials of 1 ml up to 30 ml.
They are administered by various routes.
The most widely used small volume parenterals
are various insulin preparations used for
treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
EXAMPLES:
-DIGOXIN solutions are administered
intravenously and are used as cardiotonics.
Procaine Penicillin G- used for treatment of
bacterial infections.
30. • : LVP are Parenterals designed to provide Fluids,
Calories, Electrolytes or a combination of these.
• Volume 101-1000mL
• IV infusion technique is “Venoclysis”.
• They provide nutrition.
• Used in cases where there is loss of water,
vomiting and diarrhea or when the patient cannot
consume oral nutrition for long periods.
Large volume parenterals
32. Powder parenterals
• Dry powders available in
market are soluble in
water or any other sterile
solvent for injection prior to
use.
• They are suitable for
certain formulations
which degrade by
hydrolysis.
• For example:
34. Intravenous is a term
that means “into the
vein”.
The needle is introduce
in vein near the elbow,
wrist, or on the back of
the hand. Different sites
1) Intravenous
36. It can be used for both short term and very long
term therapies.
The injection of a drug or the implantation of a
device beneath the surface of the skin is made
in
1. loose interstitial tissues of the upper arm
2. the anterior surface of the thigh
3) Subcutaneous
37.
38.
39. Advantages
As compared to other dosage forms, parenteral
administration offers some selective advantages.
1. An immediate physiological response can be achieved if
necessary.
2. It provides a direct route for achieving the drug effect
within the body.
3. Modification of the formulation can however slow down
the onset and prolong the action. This may also be
achieved by the change in the route of injection.
4. When food cannot be taken by mouth, total nutritional
requirement can be supplied by the parenteral route.
40. 5. Low drug concentration
6. Low toxicity as
compared to solid dosage
form
7. Most suitable route for
those drugs which are
degraded or erratically or
unreliably absorbed when
administered orally
8. Most suitable if the
patient is unconscious,
difficult to swallow drug etc.
41. Disadvantages
The main disadvantages of parenteral products
are:
1. Requirement of aseptic technique in
production, compounding and handling of
product
2. Requirement of trained personnel for
administration
3. Real or psychological pain associated with the
injection
4. Highly risky if any mistake at happens any
point
42. CONCLUSION
The parenteral route of administration is the
most effective route for the delivery of
active pharmaceutical substances specially
when drugs cannot be taken orally.
Parenteral administration of drugs usually
provides an alternative route for the drugs
that are highly hydrophobic as these drugs
cannot pass through cell membranes.