The document discusses the anatomy and branches of the mandibular nerve, including its course, distribution, and supply. It describes various anesthetic techniques for blocking branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block, lingual nerve block, buccal nerve block, and mental nerve block. It also discusses potential local complications from anesthetic techniques such as needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, and soft tissue injury.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
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Dr, Kathirvel Gopalakrishnan
M.D.S (OMFS)
Presentation on Maxillary nerve block which helps for a quick refresh.
Applied aspects described well and slides contains images for easy understanding of the subject.
We in Chinthamani Laser Dental Clinic & Implant Centre ,cover every speciality and subspeciality in dentistry so that all kind of your dental problems can be treated efficiently and effectively.
Contact us:
Chinthamani Laser Dental Clinic & Implant Centre
1/464,Mount Poonamallee High Road,
Iyyapanthangal,
Chennai-56
Phone no.044-43800059 , 92 83 786776
Email:
chinthamanidental@gmail.com,
dr_mrgvl@gmail.com
Website:
www.chinthamanilaserdentalclinic.com
Introduction to biomechanics
Biomechanical properties of enamel
Biomechanical properties of dentin
Force resisting structures in enamel
Force resisting properties of dentin
Functional aspects related to forces acting on restorations
Type of tooth contacts
Functional cusps
Non Functional cusps
Areas of stress concentration in anterior teeth
Areas of stress concentrations in posterior teeth
Weak areas in teeth
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Concept of stress and strain
Modulus of Elasticity and Proportional limit
Yeild strength and Ultimate strength
Hardness and Fracture toughness
Time dependent properties- creep
BIOMECHANICAL UNIT
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN RESTORED TEETH
Retentive features of a cavity
Indications and contraindication
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of pins
Cemented pins
Friction locked pins
Self threaded pins –(TMS)
Thread mate system
Regular , minim, manikin, minuta
Standard, self shearing, two in one, link series, link plus
Factors involved
Mechanical aspect
Anatomical aspect
Mechano-anatomical principles
Mechanical aspects of Pin-Retained restoration
Pins and tooth structure
Stressing capabilities of pins
Retention of pins in dentin
Microcracking and crazing
Pins and restorative materials
Effect of pins on strength of restorative materials
Retention of pins to restorative material
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
5. Local complications
1. Needle breakage
2. Prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia
3. Facial nerve paralysis
4. Trismus
5. Soft tissue injury
6. Hematoma
7. Pain on injection
8. Burning on injection
9. Infections
10. Edema
11. Sloughing of tissue
12. Postanesthetic intraoral lesions
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
6. Systemic complications
1. Adverse drug reactions
2. Intravascular injection
3. Drug overdose
4. Allergy
Clinical implication
Motor examination
Reffered pain
Trigeminal neuralgia
Jaw jerk reflex
Anatomic variation
Age changes
7. Nerve injury
Direct injury
Lesion associated with anesthetic technique
Effect of irrigants
Effect of sealer
Effect of obturating material
Lesion associated with implant surgery
Lesion associated with third molar removal
Effect of mandibular fracture
Conclusion
References
15. Nerve to medial pterygoid & lateral
pterygoid
• Origin
• Course
• Motor
branches to
otic ganglion
16. Medial pterygoid
Origin • Tuberosity of maxilla
• Medial surface of
lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion Inner surface of angle of
mandible
Action Elevation & protrusion
NERVE SUPPLY Nerve to medial pterygoid
BLOOD
SUPPLY
Facial & maxillary artery
17. Lateral pterygoid
Origin • Upper head from crest of
greater wing of sphenoid
• Lower head from lateral
surface of lateral
pterygoid plate
Insertion Pterygoid fovea,
Ant. Margin of articular disk
Action Depress & protrude the
mandible
NERVE SUPPLY Nerve to lateral pterygoid
BLOOD SUPPLY Muscular branch of maxillary
artery
18.
19.
20. Buccal nerve
• Only sensory
branch of anterior
devision
• Course through
lateral pterygoid
• Supply: skin,
mucous
membrane,
buccinators, gums
of premolar &
molar
21. Masseteric nerve
Origin – upper
border of lateral
pterygoid, front of
TMJ
Course – runs
laterally
Enters deep
surface of
masseter
22. Masseter
Origin Anterior 2/3rd of lower
border of zygomatic arch
Insertion Ramus of mandible
Action Elevates the mandible
NERVE SUPPLY Masseteric nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY Transverse facial artery
37. Sympathetic root
From plexus on middle meningeal artery
Contains post ganglionic fibers from
superior cervical ganglion
No relay
Auriculotemporal nerve
Parotid gland
38. Sensory root
From Auriculotemporal nerve
Other fibers are –
Nerve to medial pterygoid
Chorda tympani
Nerve to pterygoid canal
41. [A] Inferior alveolar nerve block
Nerve anesthetized : IA, lingual, mental, incisive.
Area anesthetized : mandibular teeth till midline, buccal
mucoperiosteum, ant. 1/3rd of tongue & floor of mouth.
Indication : multiple extraction, buccal soft tissue
anesthesia.
Contraindication: acute infection, allergic, very young
child.
Advantage: wide area of anesthesia
Disadvantage: high rate of in adequate anesthesia, self
inflicted soft tissue trauma.
42.
43. Technique (Malamed)
Area of insertion : medial side of ramus
Orientation of needle : bevel facing towards
bone
Position of clinician : 8 o'clock & 10 o’clock
Height of injection : 6-10 mm above
occlusal plane. Changes with age.
Anteroposterior site of injection : 3/4th
width of ramus
Depth of penetration : 20-25mm. Contact
the bone.
Aspirate in 2 planes & deposit 1.5ml over 60
sec.
44.
45. Slowly withdraw the needle till half
length remain inside & deposit 0.2ml
to anesthetize lingual nerve.
Subjective symptoms : numbness of
lower lip & tongue
Objective symptoms : no response to
EPT & no pain during procedure.
Precautions : don’t deposit if bone is
not contacted.
Failure of anesthesia : deposited to
far anteriorly, posteriorly, bifid
canal.
[B] Lingual nerve block
47. [D] Mental nerve block
Area anesthetized : buccal mucous membrane ant to
mental foramen, lower lip
Technique :
Locate mental foramen
Insert at mucobuccal fold ant to mental foramen
Target area : between apices of first & second
Premolar
Depth of penetration 5-6 mm
If aspiration is –ve deposit 0.6ml over 20 sec
Procedure for incisive nerve block is similar to
Mental nerve block.
48. [E] Gow gates technique (1973)
Nerve anesthetized
Inferior alveolar
Mental
Incisive
Lingual
Mylohyoid
Auriculotemporal
Long buccal (in 75% of the cases)
49. Area anesthetized :
Mandibular teeth to midline
Buccal mucoperiosteum
Ant 2/3rd of the tongue
Floor of the mouth
Skin over the zygoma
Posterior portion of temporal region
Contraindications
Acute inflammation
Young children & mentally
handicapped adults
Patient who is unable to open their
mouth
50. Extra oral landmarks
lower border of tragus
Corner of the mouth
Intraoral landmark
Mesiolingual cusp of maxillary second molar
Technique
Ask the patient to extend his neck and to open wide
Direct the needle from opposite corner of mouth at
lower premolar area parallel to extra oral landmark.
When maxillary third molar is present site of
penetration will be distal to it.
Advance the needle until condylar neck is contacted
Depth of penetration – 25mm
Deposit 1.8ml (original 3ml)
54. Landmark
Mucogingival junction
Maxillary tuberosity
Coronoid notch
Area of insertion
Soft tissue at the medial border of
mandibular ramus. Directly adjacent to
maxillary tuberosity.
At the height of mucogingival junction
adjacent to max third molar.
Target area
Soft tissue on the medial border of
ramus as the mandibular nerve comes
out from foramen ovale.
55. Orientation of bevel : away from ramus
Ask the patient to occlude gently
Advance the needle parallel to maxillary occlusal plane
Depth of penetration- 25mm
Deposit 1.5- 1.8ml over 60 secs
After injection make the patient upright or semiupright
position.
60. Intrapulpal injection
Indication
When pain control is necessary for pulp extirpation
In absence of adequate anesthesia from other technique
Contraindication : NONE
Technique
Wedge the needle firmly into the pulp chamber
Bend the needle if necessary
Deposit 0.2-0.3 ml
61. Periodontal injection
Indications
1. Single tooth anesthesia
2. Rx of isolated teeth in both quadrants
3. Treatment of children
4. Where nerve block is contraindicated
(hemophiliac)
5. In diagnosis of mandibular pain
Contraindication
1. Inflammation
2. Presence of primary teeth
Peripress
62. Advantages
No soft tissue anesthesia
Minimum dose
Alternative to partially successful block
Rapid onset of profound anesthesia
Less traumatic
Disadvantage
Proper needle placement is difficult
Excessive pressure may break the glass cartridge
Chances of tooth extrusion
63. Technique
Area of insertion : Long axis of the tooth to be treated
on its mesial or distal root.
If interproximal contacts are tight direct from the
lingual or buccal surface
Target area : depth of gingival sulcus
Face the bevel toward the tooth
Insert and deposit 0.2ml over 20 sec.
67. Local complications
1. Needle breakage
2. Prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia
3. Facial nerve paralysis
4. Trismus
5. Soft tissue injury
6. Hematoma
7. Pain on injection
8. Burning on injection
9. Infections
10. Edema
11. Sloughing of tissue
12. Postanesthetic intraoral lesions
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
68. Systemic complications
1. Adverse drug reactions
2. Intravascular injection
3. Drug overdose
4. Allergy
Clinical implication
Motor examination
Reffered pain
Trigeminal neuralgia
Jaw jerk reflex
Anatomic variation
Age changes
69. Nerve injury
Direct injury
Lesion associated with anesthetic technique
Effect of irrigants
Effect of sealer
Effect of obturating material
Lesion associated with implant surgery
Lesion associated with third molar removal
Effect of mandibular fracture
Conclusion
References
70. Needle breakage
Occures at the hub
Causes
Intentional bending
Sudden unexpected movement of patient
Forceful contact with bone
Management
Refer to oral surgeon
Locate the fragment
Remove under anesthesia
Prevention
Don’t use short or 30 gauge needle
Do not insert to its hub
Do not bend
71. Prolong anesthesia or paresthesia
Persistent anesthesia or altered sensation beyond the
expected duration
Causes
Trauma to the nerve
Contamination with alcohol
Insertion of needle into foramen
Hemorrhage around neural sheath
Problems
Self inflicted injury
Hyperesthesia
Management
Resolve within 8weks
Tincture of time
72. Facial nerve paralysis
Cause
Introduction of LA into the
capsule of parotid gland
Over insertion of needle
Problems : unilateral paralysis of
face
Management
Contact lenses should be
removed
Eye patch applied
73. Trismus
It is prolonged tetanic spasm of the jaw muscles by
which normal opening of the muscle is restricted
Causes
Trauma to muscles or blood vessel
Contaminated solution
Management
Heat therapy
Analgesics
Muscle relaxants (diazepam)
74. Soft tissue injury
Seen in younger children, disabled children
Management
Analgesics
Lukewarm saline rinse for swelling
Antibiotics
Lubricants application
75. Hematoma
Localized collection of extravasated blood.
Cause : injection into vessels
Management
Direct pressure application
Don’t apply heat.it worsen the situation.
Cold pack
76. Burning on
injection
Cause
Acidic pH of the solution
Rapid injection
Contamination
Management
Buffering the LA
Slowing the speed
Infection
Cause
Contamination of
needle before
injection
Prevention
Avoid contamination
Management
Antibiotic
analgesic
77. Edema
Causes
Trauma during injection
Infection
Allergy
Hemorrhage
Problem
Airway obstruction
Management
Resolve on its own
If produced by infection antibiotic is given
Histamine blocker
82. Motor examination of mandibular nerve
For temporalis muscle – hollowing out of
temporal fossa
For masseter – clenching of jaw
Tensor tympani – hyperacusis
Pterygoid – sidewise movement of jaw
video
83. Referred pain
Cancer of tongue
Effect on lingual &
Auriculotemporal
nerve
Pain radiate to
ear & temporal
fossa
Rx – sectioning of
lingual nerve
84. Jaw jerk reflex
Both afferent & efferent path
supplied by mandibular nerve
Tapping of chin causes
contraction of masseter
muscle.
Unilateral lesion cause
depression of reflex
Bilateral supranuclear lesion
causes accentuated response.
86. Clinical features
Unilateral, short, stabbing severe pain.
F > M
Right > left
Don’t occur during sleep.
TRIGGER ZONE
Central
portion
of face
Nasolabial
fold
Lip,
periorbital
area
tongue
99. 1. Lesion associated with anesthetic
technique
Due to direct injury with
needle- lingual nerve
Due to anesthetic solution-
articaine
Anxious patient,
unexpected movement
100. 2.Lesion related to Endodontic
procedure
A. Position of tooth
B. By periapical infection
C. By biomechanical preparation
D. By irrigating solution
E. By root canal sealer
F. By gutta percha
101. Proximity of root apex
The proximity of the roots of the 2nd premolars and 1st
and 2nd molars
Causes paresthesia
to avoid techniques of hot condensation
Use of MTA sealed apex
102. 4 possible types of factors that can cause tissue damage and
lead to develop symptoms:
1. Chemical factors because of the neurotoxic effects of
sealer or irrigating solutions.
2. Mechanical trauma from over-instrumentation
3. A pressure phenomenon from the presence of core filling
material or sealer within the inferior alveolar canal
4. Overheating of tissues because of incorrect warm
condensation techniques
(Nikolaos et al,2017)
103. Effect of Biomechanical
Preparation & Obturation
Direct damage during BMP
Reversible and irreversible blockage of
nerve conduction or by alteration of the
nerve membrane potential
Disruption of apical constriction
Repair by scarring
105. Root canal sealer
Factors increase the risk of sealer extrusion
Over-instrumentation
The complexity of the anatomy of the root canal system,
Excessive amount of sealer,
Excessive compaction force,
Hydrostatic pressure,
The use of lentulo spirals,
Immature canal apices or root tip
resorption
106. Experimental studies have shown that sealers which
contain both eugenol and paraformaldehyde were the
most toxic
could inhibit conduction of the action potential of the
nerves
Paraformaldehyde is a potent neurotoxin and may cause
chemical destruction of the nerve axon because of its
gaseous nature
Brodin et al. reported that Endomethasone can
irreversibly inhibit the conduction in the rat phrenic
nerve.
107. 3. Lesion due to dental implant
surgery
Due to inadequate radiological & clinical diagnosis
Recklessness of clinicians
Length of implant
108.
109. 4. Lesion related to third molar
removal surgery
Due to inexperienced clinician
Loss of integrity of cortical bone
of inferior alveolar canal.
Proximity of the canal with
tooth.
When path of lingual nerve is in
retromolar pad area
110. Preventive method
Coronectomy
Wang et al. proposed the use of orthodontic
traction
Tolstunov et al. proposed pericoronal osteotomy
114. 5. Mandibular fractures
In a study conducted by Bede et al. found that
linear displacement and comminuted fractures
caused more nerve lesions
longer period of recovery.
Recovery of nerve function in 91% of cases was
obtained
117. Treatment of nerve lesion
Administration of
vitamin B12
Microsurgery
118. Conclusion
Mandibular nerve is principal nerve supply of
mandible.
As an endodontist we should have thorough
knowledge of distribution.
We should be careful while performing any
endodontic procedure, be it nerve block, BMP,
sealer application or obturation.
119. References
1. Gray’s anatomy – 3rd edition
2. Chaurasias human anatomy – 5th edition
3. Handbook of local anesthesia – Malamed 1st edition
4. Manual of local anesthesia in dentistry – AP Chitre
5. Atlas of human anatomy – Netter
6. Journal of endodontics
7. Pubmed
8. www.google.co.in
Editor's Notes
Mn has large sensory and small motor root.
Intracranial course and Extra-cranial course. SEE THE VIDEO
Mandibular teeth & gingiva. Skin of temporal region, auricle.
Lower lip, lower part of face.
Muscles of mastication.
Anterior 1/3 of tongue.
Supplies dura of middle cranial fossa.
Gives motor root to otic ganglion that does not relay & supplies tensor vali palatine & tensor tympani
Superficial head & deep head.
Fibers runs downward & backwards.
Fibers runs backwards & laterally for insertion
Also supply TMJ
Superficial & deep head from deep surface
Superficial fiber runs downward n bkward at 45
Deep fibr run vertically
Lower part – by great auricular & auricular branch of vagus nerve.
Also supplies secretomotor to parotid & TMJ
Fibers of chorda tympani which is secretomotor to submandibular & sublingual gland & gustatory to ant 2/3rd of the tongue are distributed through lingual nerve.
Accompanied by the inf alveolar artery.
Mylohyoid nerve pierces sphenomandibular ligament with mylohyoid artery , runs along the mylohyoid groove. Supplies to ant belly of digastric.
Situation- jus below foramen ovale. Medial to mandibular nerve, lateral to tensor vali palatine.
Surrounds nerve to lateral pterygoid.
Area of injection landmark procedure
Place figure at mucobuccal fold at first molar area.
Run anteriorly till concavity or irregularity felt.
Given by George albert Edwards gow gets from australia
Keep pt mouth open for 1-2 mins
Failure happens due to closure of mouth.
Given by joseph akinosi. In 1960 similar method ws given by Vazirani. So the name.
In 1992 wolf gave modification. Needle is bended 45 degree
Described as Peridental injection in 1912-1923.
Regained popularity in 1980 coz of manufacturer
Greatest benefit- provide pulpal & soft tissue anesthesia in localized area.
Malamed reported a clinical trial- shows 74% pt preffered pdl inj. Coz lack of lingual & labial soft tissue anesthesia.
Specialized technique uses STA (single tooth anesthesia ) device
C-CLAD computer controlled LA delivery
injection in the first stage 3–6 mm distance, second stage 12 mm distance, and in the third stage 24 mm distance of needle insertion
Nystagmas- disorder of ocular motor instability resulting in spontenious involuntary ossilation of eye
Anphylactic or hypersensitivity rxn
Cytotoxic rxn
Immune complex mediated
Cell mediated
PREVENTION- ASK HISTORY BEFORE. USE H1 BLOCKER. GA OR ESTER LA
Ueda et al. [12] classified
IAN canal into three groups according to its morphology: round/oval,
teardrop, and dumbbell shapes
We concluded that Goto's modification
of Masson-Goldner's goto stain method is the best staining
method at present for the morphometric evaluation
of nerve fibers'''')
lidocaine was involved in 25%, articaine in 33% and prilocaine in 34% of cases with paresthesiae. However, the study of Hillerup et al. [8] concludes that articaine provokes a higher Neurotoxicity.
Injection of local anesthetic solutions contaminated by alcohol or sterilizing solution may produce irritation resulting in edema and increased pressure, leading to paresthesia. Alcohol, especially, is neurolytic and can produce paresthesia lasting for months to years. Another factor to consider is trauma to the nerve sheath
by the needle. In these cases, the patient reports the sensation of an electric shock. Hemorrhage into or around the neural sheath may increase pressure on the nerve and lead to paresthesia.22
The proximity of the roots of the 2nd premolars and 1st and 2nd molars, should remind us of the possibility of nerve damage as a result of a little careful manipulation of endodontic filling materials. If there is a very close relationship, we should question the need to avoid techniques of hot condensation, which are potentially more extrusive and require greater control, as well as to assess the proper caliber of the apex.
In these cases, the MTA sealed apex can avoid uncomfortable complications [15].
.Paresthesia resulting from periapical pathosis or various stages of root canal treatment is of great importance in the field of endodontics.
Grossman found that repair of mechanical damage to the IAN by scarring can cause immediate but temporary paresthesia.
Furthermore, excessive preparation of the root canal often results in disruption of the apical constriction,25 which in turn, is responsible for extrusion of irrigants, medicaments and obturation materials (gutta-percha and sealer) into the periapical region and subsequent chemical and mechanical nerve injury.
NaOCl beyond the apical foramen may occur in teeth with wide apical foramina or when the apical constriction has been destroyed during root canal preparation or by resorption.
In addition, extreme pressure during irrigation or binding of the irrigation needle tip in the root canal leaving no room for the irrigant to leave the
root canal coronally may result in large volumes of the irrigant contacting apical tissues. If this occurs, the excellent tissue-dissolving leads to tissue necrosis.
Commonly happens for premolar n molar
Many authors believe that the extruded root canal filling material does not remain in one specific area of the antrum and acts as a foreign body. The ciliated mucosal cells tend to move it towards the natural orifice, which may then become occluded13.
Stasis of secretion leads to an anaerobic condition which favors the growth of Aspergillus spores. In most cases, Aspergillus infection is caused by root canal filling
materials which contain zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) and paraformaldehyde that are accidentally introduced into
the sinus. The results are reactions of inflammation and the blocking of ciliary movement.
contain both eugenol and paraformaldehyde, such as
Endomethasone and N2
The pain can be spontaneous, intermittent, or permanent. Eating, speaking, cold, or heat may trigger its onset. The patient may also complain of a burning sensation, a feeling of ‘pins and needles’, or pressure on the teeth18. Pain can be accompanied by local inflammatory signs with the tooth painful on percussion, painful upon palpation of the buccal alveolar process or a combination of signs of mechanical trauma and inferior dental nerve inflammation with pain or numbness of the lower lip.
in cases of severe mandibular atrophy, the use of short implants constitute a valid alternative
Long et al. [23] carried out a systematic review of this alternative technique. They concluded that coronectomy allows, in a high percentage, the migration of the
remaining roots away from the path of the nerve,.
Wang et al. [29] and Bonetti et al. [30] propose the use of orthodontic traction for a period of 3 to 10 weeks, placing microimplants or orthodontic brackets in antagonistic maxillary molars for third molars disimpaction. Once the third molar roots are away from the canal, then they extract them, thus preventing the nerve injury [29,30.
Tolstunov et al. proposed an alternative to coronectomy, called
pericoronal ostectomy that achieves satisfactory results with only
temporary neurodeficiency. This technique is performed by means of
an osteotomy at the level of the clinical crown; then, we wait for a third
molar eruption