1. The document discusses various techniques for administering local anesthesia, including infiltration, nerve blocks, and intraosseous injections.
2. It describes in detail the inferior alveolar nerve block and Gow-Gates techniques, including proper patient positioning, needle placement, and structures anesthetized.
3. Factors that influence diffusion of local anesthetic solutions and barriers that can slow anesthesia are examined, along with tips for minimizing pain during injection.
Exodontia or Extraction is the painless removal of whole tooth or tooth root with minimal trauma to the investing tissues, so that the wound heals uneventfully and no post-operative prosthetic problem is created.
Exodontia or Extraction is the painless removal of whole tooth or tooth root with minimal trauma to the investing tissues, so that the wound heals uneventfully and no post-operative prosthetic problem is created.
Techniques for different Nerve blocks that are used in Mandible for various dental procedures such as Dental Extractions, Root canal Treatment etc
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Mandibular nerve block and mental nerve / oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Terminology in Orthodontics
Copyright by Department of Orthodontics
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
Feel free to request to take it down this slide if you are copyright owner.
Techniques for different Nerve blocks that are used in Mandible for various dental procedures such as Dental Extractions, Root canal Treatment etc
Visit my Blog https://www.facialsurgeon.in/blog
Mandibular nerve block and mental nerve / oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Terminology in Orthodontics
Copyright by Department of Orthodontics
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
Feel free to request to take it down this slide if you are copyright owner.
Mandibular Nerve Block - By Dr Saikat Saha Dr Saikat Saha
Mandibular nerve block techniques in short for Dental Surgeons. Mandibular nerve blocks are very important for all dental surgeons as it becomes a part and parcel of all dental and oral surgeons. This presentation will be useful for students of dentistry and doctors.
Local Anesthesia and Pain Control Pediatric Dentistry by Dr. Ahmed Sami Abde...AhmedAbdelMoaty8
Pediatric Dentistry, Pedodontics. Local Anesthesia and Pain Control Pediatric Dentistry. Pain management of young children. Methods of injection for local anesthesia in children. Reducing pain before, during and after dental treatment of children and adolescents. Topical anesthesia. Maxillary teeth. Mandible Teeth. Upper arch. Lower arch. Presented by Dr. Ahmed Sami AbdelMoaty Mousa who has a master's degree in pediatric Dentistry 'BSc and MDs" and passionate and professional Pedodontist.
Oral surgery
Mandibular nerve block.
Local anaesthesia.
Areas anaesthetised.
Technique
Placement of needle
advanatges and disadvantages of this technique
Complications
Failure of IANB
Anatomy
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
4. Induction of L.A.
• Diffusion:
Depend on concentration of L.A. The amount should be related to
the SIZE of the nerve to be anesthetized and its SITE.
Type of nerve example Amount of anesthesia needed
Terminal branches Mucosa of palate 0.2ml
Small branches block Long buccal 0.6 ml
Large branches block Inferior alveolar 1.2 ml
Main nerve trunk mandibular 3.0 ml
9. Infiltration anesthesia Nerve block anesthesia
Small terminal branches Large Nerve branches or nerve trunk
Small area anesthetized Large area anesthetized
Short duration Longer duration
Proper haemostasis Vasoconstriction away from the field
Safe With some risk
More anesthetic solution Mostly require Less anesthetic solution.
Rapid onset Prolonged onset
High success rate < 98% Less success rate > 85%
Easy to perform Need skill
11. Most of terminal nerve
endings that supply the pulp
of teeth with their investing
structures are located inside
the jaw bone.
The deposited anesthetic
solution should reach the
terminal nerve endings to
do its anesthetic effect.
12. The buccal cortical
plate of bone has
small pores that
permit diffusion of
anesthetic solution
from outside to inside
the bone
Buccal
side
Multiple Bone Pores
13. Bone porosity found only
in maxilla and anterior
region of the mandible.
Mandibular bone porosity
decrease by age.
15. Needle: Short needle 20 mm/ 27 G
Syringe: Any type
Adjust patient position
Take your position
Patient draping
Dental unite preparation
16. Back rest 45 degree with the floor.
Head rest & backrest on one line.
Maxilla level near to the shoulder.
8 o’clock position
Operator position.Patient position.
17. Insert the needle.
Retract tissue [cheek , lip or tongue]using mirror.
Dry the tissue in the future site of injection.
Apply antiseptic to the area.
Apply topical anesthetic.
Wait for 2 minutes.
Proper syringe handling.
Communicate with the patient.
Make tissue taut by retraction.
Make syringe out of the patient’s line of sight
18. Vertical:
2 mm. Above tooth root apex
Horizontal:
Mid point of tooth bisecting line
Bevel of the needle:
45 degree with long axis of tooth.
Facing bone.
2mm
22. Point of injection:
Mid way between gingival margin and
median palatine raphe.
Direction of the bevel:
Non significant.
Direction of the needle:
From other side.
There are some exceptions:
Last molar at the same point of second molar.
Central incisor at the incisive papillae.
23. Deposit 0.3 ml of solution slowly.
Withdraw the needle.
Perform your procedure.
24.
25. Back rest 5 degree with the floor.
Head rest & backrest on one line.
Mandible at the level of elbow.
8 o’clock position for labial
Operator position.Patient position.
11 o’clock position for lingual
26. Vertical:
2 mm. below tooth root apex
Horizontal:
Mid point of tooth bisecting line
Bevel of the needle:
45 degree with long axis of tooth.
Facing bone. 2mm
27. Deposit 1.5 ml of solution slowly.
Withdraw the needle.
Waite for 2 minutes.
Perform lingual injection if needed.
29. Point of injection:
Lingual mucosa.
Direction of the bevel:
Non significant.
Direction of the needle:
From operator side.
30. Deposit 0.3 ml of solution slowly.
Withdraw the needle.
Perform your procedure.
31.
32. Most of nerve block
techniques performed on
main nerve trunk or its large
branches.
The deposited anesthetic
solution should be near
the required nerve.
34. The area that couldn’t be anesthetized with infiltration
anesthesia.
Longer procedure.
Multiple teeth procedure [large area].
Infection [acidic media] at the site of infiltration
anesthesia.
Indications:
35. Molars and premolars.
[pulp + investing st].
Structures supplied with
Inferior alveolar nerve and its branches.
Inferior alveolar + Mental N. + Incisive N.
Buccal mucoperiosteum.
Labial mucoperiosteum.
Skin, mucosa of lower lip.
Anterior teeth.
[pulp + investing st].
8 7 6 5 4 321
36. Soft tissue.
Molars and premolars.
[pulp + investing st].
Anterior teeth.
[pulp + investing st].
Buccal mucoperiosteum[premolars].
Labial mucoperiosteum.[anteriors]
Skin, mucosa of lower lip.
Hard structures
38. Diagnosis confirmation.
Medical history
Determination of anesthetic type.
Needle: Long needle 32-36 mm/ 25 G.
Bevel direction: non significant.
Syringe: Aspirating syringe
Adjust patient position
Take your position
Patient draping
Dental unite preparation
39. Back rest 5 degree with the floor.
Head rest & backrest on one line.
Mandible at the level of elbow.
Patient position.
40. 8 o’clock position.
Lt side injection Rt side injection
8 o’clock position.
Cross hand technique
10 o’clock position.
Behind technique.
48. 5- Needle should
touch bone at distance
about 25 mm from
surface mucosa.
[ 2/3 of the long
needle “36mm”inside
tissue].
49. 5-Needle should touch bone at distance about
25 mm from surface mucosa.
2-Syringe from other side at the premolar region.
3-Needle ½ cm bisecting finger nail.
1-Coronoid notch imaginary line.
4-Needle should be lateral to the raphe
50. The mandibular ramus
vary in angulations
from patient to
another, furthermore
may differ from side to
side.
51. In case of diverged ramus the barrel of the
syringe should be above molar region.
The needle touches bone at a longer distance than
usual “late touch” [ e.g:30 mm] = diverged rmus.
52. In case of converged ramus the barrel of the
syringe should be above anterior region.
The needle touches bone at a shorter distance than
usual “ early touch”[ e.g:15 mm] = converged ramus.
53. Deposit 1 ml of anesthetic solution at the site of
inferior alveolar nerve.
Withdraw needle about its half the distance [ 25/2 = 12.5
mm.] And inject 0.5 ml of anesthetic solution for lingual
nerve.
Withdraw the needle out side the tissues.
54. Buccal mucoperiosteum of molar region supplied with
long buccal nerve.
To anesthetize the long buccal nerve submucosal injection
Of 0.3 ml of the anesthetic solution is required to be
deposited opposite the intended tooth.
55. Wait for 10-15 for deep anesthesia.
Start your procedure after anesthesia
confirmation.
56. Structures pierced by needle during IANB
Mucosa
Buccinator muscle.
Buccal bad of fat.
Loose areolar C.T
Distribution of anesthetic solution during IANB
1 ml for inferior alveolar nerve.
0.5 for lingual nerve.
0.3 long buccal nerve [molars].
or cutaneous coli nerve [premolars].
57. Mental & incisive nerve blocks
Injecting of anesthetic solution at the
mental foramen will anesthetizes the
terminal branches of inferior alveolar
nerve “mental nerve and incisive nerve”.
The point of needle insertion is buccal and behind the
foramen. Needle advanced 4-6 mm and should touch
bone.
After aspiration deposit 0.6 ml of anesthetic solution and
massage the area after injection to force the anesthetic
solution to pass through the foramen.
58. Mental & incisive nerve blocks
The structures anesthetized :
1-The labial mucoperiosteum of anterior
teeth.[mental]
2-Buccal mucoperiosteum of premolars.[mental]
3-Skin and mucosa of lower lip.[mental]
4-The pulp and investing structures of anterior
teeth.[incisive]
5-The pulp and investing structures of premolars
[inferior alv.]
59. Long buccal nerve block.
Locate the retro molar triangle a the
area buccal and distal to the lower last
molar.
Insert the needle tip sub mucosally
and inject 0.6 ml of anesthetic
solution.
Structures anesthetized:
Buccal mucoperiosteum of mandibular
molars.
61. Inferior alveolar –lingual nerve
block
Gow-Gates –mandibular nerve
block.
Success rate 80-85% Success rate > 95%
Positive aspiration 10-15% Positive aspiration 2%
Accessory innervations to teeth
pulps require separate injection.
Anesthetized with the
technique.
Duration about 4 hours Longer duration.
Supplementary long buccal
required
Only in few cases.
Trismus post op complication. null
Anatomical deviations require
technique modifications.
Non significant.
62. Technique of Gow-Gates anesthesia
The area that couldn’t be anesthetized with IANB.
Longer procedure.
Multiple teeth procedure [large area].
Infection [acidic media] at the site of IANB anesthesia.
Indications:
63. Molars and premolars.
[pulp + investing st].
Structures supplied with Inferior alveolar nerve and its branches.
Inferior alveolar + Mental N. + Incisive N.
Buccal mucoperiosteum.
Labial mucoperiosteum.
Skin, mucosa of lower lip.
Anterior teeth.
[pulp + investing st].
8 7 6 5 4 321
Structures supplied with lingual nerve .
Structures supplied with long buccal nerve [75%] .
Structures supplied with nerve to mylohyoid nerve .
64. Buccal mucoperiosteum.
Labial mucoperiosteum.
Skin, mucosa of cheek and
lower lip.
Tongue, floor of the mouth and
lingual mucosa of same side
Hard structures
ALL Teeth with their supporting
structures.
Soft tissue.
70. 4-Needle below mesio-palatal cusp of
maxillary second molar.
3-Distance of 10 mm above coronoid notch.
1-Mouth widely opened.
5-Imaginary Line from tragus of the
ear to the corner of the mouth.
6-Needle should touch bone “head
of the condyle” [about 25 mm
inside tissue].
2-Syringe above mandibular premolars.
71. Deposit 1.8 ml of anesthetic solution.
Withdraw the needle.
Patient asked to maintain his mouth opened for one minute
after injection.
Wait for 10-15 minutes before operation to ensure profound
deep anesthesia.
72.
73. 1-Anterior superior alveolar N.B.
2-Middle superior alveolar N.B.
3-Posterior superior alveolar N.B.
4-Nasopalatine[incisive canal] N.B.
5-Greater palatine N.B.
Infra-orbital
nerve block
74. fix your index finger on the infra-orbital notch
and use your thumb to retract upper lip.
Insert needle 4 mm. lateral to the mucobuccal
fold until touch bone.
Inject 1ml of anesthetic solution after negative
aspiration followed by proper massage.
Infra-orbital NB
75. Structures anesthetized by anterior , middle
superior alveolar nerve block.
Soft tissue structures hard tissue structures
Pulp & investing structures
[ anteriors, premolars and MB root of
upper first molar]
Labial mucoperiosteum.
Buccal mucoperiosteum
[ premolars & MB root of upper first molar].
Upper lip skin & mucosa.
Skin of nose & lower eye lid.
76. 3-Posterior superior alveolar N.B.
Retract cheek opposite to the last upper
molar tooth.
Adjust needle to be 45 degree with the
sagittal plane.
At the area of maxillary tuberosity and
above the level of last molar root apices.
inject 1 ml of anesthetic solution after
bone is touched and negative aspiration.
Structures anesthetized:
Pulp, Investing structures and buccal
muco-periosteum of upper molar teeth
except MB root and related
mucoperiosteum.
45
77. 4-Nasopalatine [incisive canal] N.B.
Naso palatine nerves of both sides of the maxillary
anterior region could be anesthetized through injection
of palatine papilla.
Lateral injection of palatine papilla with 0.5 ml after
negative aspiration.
78. 4-Nasopalatine [incisive canal] N.B.
palatal mucoperiosteum of upper centrals and
lateral incisors teeth.
Partial mucoperiosteum of upper canines.
Structures anesthetized
79. 5-Greater palatine N.B.
greater palatine main nerve go out through the greater
palatine foramen which located 1 cm from the gingival
margin distal to the second molar.
Injection of 0.6 ml after negative aspiration.
85. How to achieve painless injection
Use fine needle gauge 25 or more.
Apply topical anesthetic two minutes before
injection.
Change needle after every three tissue
penetration.
Use Paraperiosteal injection which is less
painful than sub-periosteal.
Do not inject excess amount in palatal side.
deposit few drops before injection then while
the needle inside the tissue wait for a while
before injection to be completed.
86. Make tissues taut.
The cartridge should be brought to room
temperature.
Ask patient to receive analgesic two hours
before procedure.
Apply pressure on soft tissue structures
near injection site.
Syringe away from the sight of the patient.
Communicate with the patient.
Painless injection:
87. How to test anesthesia
Last structures to be anesthetized is the best to test
Golden rules:
Site of test should be not harm tissues.
Site of test should represent nerve to be tested.
Objective test is better than subjective one.
88. How to test anesthesia
Last structures to be anesthetized is the best to test
Golden rules:
92. Objective test is better than subjective one.
Tests of anesthesia
Use of reliable tools is much better than
depending on patient feelings.
93. Subjective test:
depend on patient description.
Patient tell about numbness.
Numbness in mucosa or skin covering muscular structures.
Disappearance of pre-anesthetic pain.
Tests of anesthesia
94. How to test anesthesia
Objective test
performed by operator.
Use of tool to stimulate pain.
explorer
Pulp tester
95. Site of examination according to nerve supply:
Infiltration anesthesia:[PL of tooth and palatal or lingual mucosa]
Inf. Alv. N: [Periodontal ligament of all mandibular teeth]
Lingual N [lingual mucosa of all lower teeth].
Long buccal N [buccal mucosa of lower molar region]
Anterior Sup Alv [call upper anterior teeth]
Middle sup Alv. [P.L. of premolars and MB root of first molar]
Posterior sup Alv. [P.L. of upper molars except MB root of 1st molar
Grater palatine [Palatal mucosa of premolars and molars]
Nasopalatine [Palatal mucosa of anterior teeth].
Test of anesthesia
96. Significance of test results:
Determine degree of anesthesia :
[evaluation of anesthesia]
Failed
anesthesia
Weak anesthesia
Deep anesthesia
Deep profound anesthesia
97. Significance of test results:
Deep profound anesthesia:
Pain and general sensation completely blocked.
Weak anesthesia:
Partial block of pain
Deep anesthesia:
Pain but not general sensation blocked.
failed anesthesia:
No block of pain
98. Causes of non profound anesthesia :
Improper injection site [depend on distance]
Improper technique
Insufficient anesthetic amount [depend on amount]
Intravascular injection [failure]
Inflammation at the injection site.[ depend on degree of inf]
Multiple needle penetration.
Presence of accessory innervations.[weak]
Anatomical variation.
Age changes.
Improper timing.
99. Q.Are multiple injections before start of
anesthesia preferable?
The local anesthetic solutions are slightly acidic and
increase in its amount in the field decreases the pH
of the media and delays the dissociation of the free
base form. In contrast multiple injections after start
of anesthesia potentiates its action and elongate the
duration of anesthesia.