The document discusses magnetic materials and the Earth's magnetic field. It provides the following key points: 1. The Earth has a magnetic field generated by circulating ions in its liquid iron core. This field emerges from the geographic north pole and re-enters at the south pole. 2. Magnetic materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic depending on their atomic structure and response to magnetic fields. 3. Ferromagnetic materials contain tiny magnetic regions called domains that align when exposed to an external magnetic field, producing north and south poles. Hysteresis curves describe how magnetic fields interact with these materials.

1. MAGNETIC MATERIALS

2. Magnetic Fields The region where the magnetic forces act is called the “magnetic field”

3. EARTH’S MAGNETISM The Earth itself has a huge magnetic field - as if it had a huge bar magnet embedded at its centre. The Earth’s magnetic field lines emerge from near the geographical north pole and re-enter it at the south pole. The nature of the field around the Earth varies in both strength and direction. The Earth’s magnetic field is strongest at the magnetic poles and weakest near the Equator.

4. Why does the Earth have a magnetic field? The Earth has, at its centre, a dense liquid core, of about half the radius of the Earth, with a solid inner core. This core is though to be mostly made of molten iron and nickel perhaps mixed with some lighter elements. Circulating ions of iron and nickel in highly conducting liquid region of earth’s core might be forming current loops and producing earth’s magnetism.

5. The Earth’s magnetic field

6. Magnetic Elements Magnetic Declination Magnetic Inclination or Magnetic Dip

7. Magnetic Declination The small angle between magnetic axis and geographic axis at a place is defined as the magnetic declination .

8. Magnetic Inclination or Magnetic Dip The angle which the direction of total strength of earth’s magnetic field makes with a horizontal line in magnetic meridian.

9. Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due to the spin of the atom’s electrons. These areas of atoms are called “domains” Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields are all going in the same direction

10. When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a magnetic field, the substance can become magnetized. This happens when the spinning electrons line up in the same direction.

11. The metals affected by magnetism consist of tiny regions called 'Domains' which behave like tiny magnets. Normally they are arranged in the magnetic material all pointing in different directions in a completely random fashion and so their magnetic effects cancel each other out. If an object is magnetized it is because the domains are all made to point in the same direction. This can be done by stroking the magnetic material with a magnet (or magnets) as shown in the diagram. When aligned the domains reinforce one another and create north and south poles at either end.

12. Classification of magnetic materials Diamagnetic Substances Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances

13. Diamagnetic substances The diamagnetic substances are those in which the individual atoms or ions do not possess any net magnetic moment on their own. When such substances are placed in an external magnetizing field, they get feebly magnetized in a direction opposite to a magnetizing field.

14. Paramagnetic Substances Paramagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom or molecule or ion has a net non zero magnetic moment of its own. When such substances are placed in an external magnetic field, they get feebly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.

15. Ferromagnetic materials Ferromagnetic Domains in Materials Ferromagnetic material are those in which each individual atom or molecule has a non zero magnetic moment

16. Hysteresis Curve The relationship between magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic flux density (B) will follow a curve up to a point where further increases in magnetic field strength will result in no further change in flux density. This condition is called magnetic saturation till point (a)

17. the plotted relationship will follow a different curve back towards zero field strength at which point it will be offset from the original curve by an amount called the remanent flux density or Retentity as shown in graph at point (b) The 'thickness' of the middle, describes the amount of hysteresis, related to the coercivity of the material as from (c) to (f)

21. Hysteresis curve of soft and steel The retentivity of soft iron > retentivity of steel Soft iron is more strongly magnetized than steel Coercivity of soft iron < Coercivity of steel Hence, soft iron loses its magnetism more rapidly than steel does.

22. An electromagnet A soft iron rod has no magnetic field When current flows in the wire the soft iron becomes magnetized so a magnetic field is detected by the plotting compasses.

23. THANK YOU Efforts By :- Lovish Uppal Rajat Verma