The document discusses lubricating oils and their properties. It asks questions about the basic requirements and performance requirements of lubricants as well as their related properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, etc. It also discusses SAE and ISO viscosity grades for engine oils and industrial lubricants. Greases are discussed including types of greases and their properties. Finally, it addresses the safety of using regenerated oil and outlines guidelines for determining when oil should be changed based on its condition rather than only operating hours.
Klüber Summit DSL oils are fully synthetic air compressor oils that provide benefits such as low maintenance costs due to extended oil change intervals of up to 8,000 operating hours. They have good soil dissolving capacity to keep the oil circuit clean and form few oxidation residues to increase filter and separator life. Klüber Summit DSL 32, 46, and 68 are also biodegradable and suitable for sensitive applications.
These oils are blended hydraulic fluids recommended for general hydraulic equipment in control and power transmission systems. They exhibit good oxidation resistance, anti-rust properties, anti-wear properties, and anti-foam properties. The oils meet Indian standards IS 3098 and IS 10522 for various viscosity grades and provide characteristics such as density, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point within typical ranges.
SWEPCO 704 Synthetic Anti-Wear Hydraulic Oil delivers industry-leading performance for demanding stationary or mobile hydraulic applications. It uses proprietary Syntheon synthetic base stock blends and LUBIUM II oxidation and corrosion resistant chemistry to provide long lubricant life, system cleanliness, superior wear protection, improved efficiencies and reduced energy consumption. SWEPCO 704 can significantly extend equipment life, reduce waste oil disposal and costs, and lower electrical utility costs through improved hydraulic efficiency.
Exporting and supplying a range of automotive care products like engine carbon cleaner, lubricant spray, lubricating oil additives. These are used for various maintenance services in automotive industry such as Heavy Duty Release Lubricant, 20 ST Paste, Anti Seize Paste, Chuck Paste, Engine Clear Coat, Engine Oil Additives, Automotive Rubbing Compound..
Dafram SpA is an Italian manufacturer of ball valves and other forged and cast metal components established in 1956. It employs 147 people across 32,000 square meters of facilities, including a 12,000 square meter factory. Dafram specializes in custom manufacturing according to client specifications across industries like oil and gas. It holds various international certifications and has approval from major companies in the industry. Production has increased annually in recent years across various valve sizes up to 48 inches. Dafram utilizes modern machining centers and testing facilities and sources raw materials from Western European suppliers.
Huntsman Advanced Materials produces a range of thermosetting composite resin systems for various manufacturing industries. They offer technical support and expertise to help customers optimize processes and develop customized solutions. Their product range includes resin formulations for wet layup, resin transfer molding, infusion, filament winding, and other composites manufacturing methods. Huntsman works with customers to select the best resin system for their needs, improve quality and performance, and accelerate time to market.
This document provides recommended physical and chemical properties for a new ISO VG #32 lubricating oil, including:
1. It should have a flash point over 180°C, kinematic viscosity between 28.8-35.2 mm2/s at 40°C and 17.5-22.5 mm2/s at 100°C, and viscosity index over 95.
2. It must contain multiple additives like anti-oxidants, rust inhibitors, and antifoamers. Total acid number should be less than 0.2 mgKOH/g initially and less than 1.0 mgKOH/g after 1000 hours.
3. Other properties listed include a pour
Devasco is a welding filler metals engineering and manufacturing company incorporated in 1991 in Tomball, Texas with a worldwide customer base. They specialize in designing and producing alloys for welding and coating applications across various industries. Devasco aims to understand customer needs and requirements to develop products that meet specifications for strength, corrosion resistance, and other properties.
Klüber Summit DSL oils are fully synthetic air compressor oils that provide benefits such as low maintenance costs due to extended oil change intervals of up to 8,000 operating hours. They have good soil dissolving capacity to keep the oil circuit clean and form few oxidation residues to increase filter and separator life. Klüber Summit DSL 32, 46, and 68 are also biodegradable and suitable for sensitive applications.
These oils are blended hydraulic fluids recommended for general hydraulic equipment in control and power transmission systems. They exhibit good oxidation resistance, anti-rust properties, anti-wear properties, and anti-foam properties. The oils meet Indian standards IS 3098 and IS 10522 for various viscosity grades and provide characteristics such as density, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point within typical ranges.
SWEPCO 704 Synthetic Anti-Wear Hydraulic Oil delivers industry-leading performance for demanding stationary or mobile hydraulic applications. It uses proprietary Syntheon synthetic base stock blends and LUBIUM II oxidation and corrosion resistant chemistry to provide long lubricant life, system cleanliness, superior wear protection, improved efficiencies and reduced energy consumption. SWEPCO 704 can significantly extend equipment life, reduce waste oil disposal and costs, and lower electrical utility costs through improved hydraulic efficiency.
Exporting and supplying a range of automotive care products like engine carbon cleaner, lubricant spray, lubricating oil additives. These are used for various maintenance services in automotive industry such as Heavy Duty Release Lubricant, 20 ST Paste, Anti Seize Paste, Chuck Paste, Engine Clear Coat, Engine Oil Additives, Automotive Rubbing Compound..
Dafram SpA is an Italian manufacturer of ball valves and other forged and cast metal components established in 1956. It employs 147 people across 32,000 square meters of facilities, including a 12,000 square meter factory. Dafram specializes in custom manufacturing according to client specifications across industries like oil and gas. It holds various international certifications and has approval from major companies in the industry. Production has increased annually in recent years across various valve sizes up to 48 inches. Dafram utilizes modern machining centers and testing facilities and sources raw materials from Western European suppliers.
Huntsman Advanced Materials produces a range of thermosetting composite resin systems for various manufacturing industries. They offer technical support and expertise to help customers optimize processes and develop customized solutions. Their product range includes resin formulations for wet layup, resin transfer molding, infusion, filament winding, and other composites manufacturing methods. Huntsman works with customers to select the best resin system for their needs, improve quality and performance, and accelerate time to market.
This document provides recommended physical and chemical properties for a new ISO VG #32 lubricating oil, including:
1. It should have a flash point over 180°C, kinematic viscosity between 28.8-35.2 mm2/s at 40°C and 17.5-22.5 mm2/s at 100°C, and viscosity index over 95.
2. It must contain multiple additives like anti-oxidants, rust inhibitors, and antifoamers. Total acid number should be less than 0.2 mgKOH/g initially and less than 1.0 mgKOH/g after 1000 hours.
3. Other properties listed include a pour
Devasco is a welding filler metals engineering and manufacturing company incorporated in 1991 in Tomball, Texas with a worldwide customer base. They specialize in designing and producing alloys for welding and coating applications across various industries. Devasco aims to understand customer needs and requirements to develop products that meet specifications for strength, corrosion resistance, and other properties.
This document provides product information for Klübersynth HB 72-52, a synthetic high-temperature grease. Some key details include: it has a wide service temperature range from -30°C to 180°C; contains ester oil and polyurea thickener; offers long service life, good corrosion protection and water resistance; and is compatible with EPDM seals. It is especially suited for lifetime lubrication of rolling bearings in applications like brake components.
Western Heat & Forge is an integrated forging and machining facility established in 1988 in India. It has over 400 employees and manufactures heat treated, machined forgings and coated components up to 18,000 tons annually via closed and open die forging. The company serves industries such as oil/gas, mining, automotive and has various certifications. It provides customized forging, heat treatment, machining and coating services to customers.
This document provides information on Gazpromneft Hydraulic HD premium anti-wear hydraulic fluids. It is intended for use in hydraulic systems in industrial applications and heavy-duty machinery, especially high pressure pumps, machine tools, presses, and systems with gears and bearings. The fluids provide benefits such as high performance over long periods, protection from corrosion and deposits, thermal and oxidation stability, demulsibility, anti-foam and anti-wear properties, and compatibility with common hydraulic system components. Specifications met by the fluids are listed, along with typical physical property data for different viscosity grades.
This document describes Klüberfluid C-F 4 Ultra, a transparent lubricant for large open gear drives. It provides benefits like preventing wear, damping vibrations, and decreasing temperatures. The lubricant is suitable for use up to 110°C and in applications like cement production, mining, and offshore equipment. It can be applied by methods like immersion, circulation systems, and spray and offers good adhesion, pressure resistance, and wear protection.
Pb-Free Reflow, PCB Degradation, and the Influence of Moisture AbsorptionCheryl Tulkoff
Increasing number of companies reporting cracking and delamination of printed circuit boards
–Predominantly under Pb-free reflow but some under SnPb reflow conditions
Several telecom and enterprise OEMs are reporting PCB robustness is their primary concern regarding Pb-free reliability
Cracking or delamination during reflow is a stress vs. strength phenomenon
–Either the environmental stress was higher than expected or the material strength was lower than expected
iMFT
REVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGY
With highly innovative iMFTTM technology we are setting new boundaries in manufacturing of conformal cooling components for die-casting industry.
ADVANTAGES Component dimension
• 900 x 600 x 500 mm
Functionality
• mirror polished inner channels
• no geometry limitations
Material used
• premium forged tool steel as required by the process
Efficiency
• short lead time
• high cost efficiency
A Solidworks simulation analyzed stress in a .38 caliber revolver cylinder under firing conditions. The model used a Smith & Wesson model 10 loaded to 22,000 psi with a 110 grain 38 special cartridge. The cylinder was made of titanium and adaptively meshed before applying pressure. Stress, elastic deformation, and a safety factor above 1 were determined, showing the titanium cylinder would withstand firing pressures. Higher grain cartridges may require proof testing.
The document describes research into developing an advanced calcium-lithium soap grease using minimal lithium hydroxide. Researchers aimed to create a grease with properties similar to lithium soap greases which have high heat resistance and shear stability. The developed grease was found to have a dropping point, mechanical stability, and wear resistance comparable to lithium soap greases. It also showed much less tendency to harden than conventional calcium greases. The grease can potentially help address the increasing demand and costs of lithium hydroxide from batteries and other uses.
Development of Advanced Calcium-Lithium Soap Grease with Minimum Uses of Lith...Dr. Ashok Kumar Goyal
The document describes the development of an advanced calcium-lithium soap grease with minimum use of lithium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide was used as the main base to develop a grease with properties similar to lithium soap greases. The developed grease was found to have a dropping point near lithium soap greases, excellent shear stability, no hardening tendency, and good anti-wear performance making it suitable for multipurpose applications. Testing showed the grease had superior properties compared to conventional calcium and calcium complex greases, and its properties were comparable to lithium soap greases despite using less lithium hydroxide.
Texaco Meropa si presenta come un olio per ingranaggi che assicura una elevata stabilità terminca ed un'ottima resistenza all'ossidazione. I Texaco Meropa distribuiti su Fornid assicurano una lubrificazione ottimale di tutti gli ingranaggi industriali
This document discusses oil ratings and viscosity. It explains that modern engine oils are rated using various standards like the API, ILSAC, and ACEA systems. Key factors discussed include viscosity grades (like SAE 5W-30), which affect oil thickness at different temperatures. Additives are described that improve properties like viscosity index and protection against wear, corrosion, and oxidation. The importance of using the specific oil recommended for each vehicle is emphasized to avoid problems that can arise from using the wrong oil.
Epoxy Oilserv Nigeria Limited is an authorized distributor of Shell lubricants in Nigeria. They provide a full range of automotive and industrial lubricants including Shell's line of hydraulic fluids, gear oils, greases, and other products. Their management team has extensive experience and they have offices in Port Harcourt and Lagos to serve customers across Nigeria.
Gearcon Lubricants manufactures and supplies an extensive range of automotive and industrial lubricants including gear oil, engine oil, hydraulic oil, cutting oil, and grease. The products are manufactured using high quality raw materials and strict quality control standards. The company's lubricants meet various automotive and industrial specifications. The document then lists and provides details of various lubricant products produced by Gearcon including gear oils, hydraulic oils, engine oils, cutting oils, and grease. It provides information on the applications and specifications of each product type.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals and base oil refining processes. It discusses the importance of lubrication, key lubricant properties like viscosity and viscosity index, and how additives are used to improve properties. It then describes how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, and how further refining like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking is used to create base stocks of different qualities that are the building blocks for finished lubricants.
The document provides an overview of lubricant base oils and refining processes. It discusses how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, which are then refined through various processes like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking to produce Group I through Group III base stocks. Higher quality base stocks produced through more advanced refining have properties like very low sulfur and nitrogen levels, higher viscosity indexes, and excellent low-temperature performance.
SKF is a leading manufacturer of lubrication products and systems for rotating machinery. Their catalog provides an overview of their extensive product offerings, which include lubricants, manual lubrication tools, automatic lubricators, centralized lubrication systems, and accessories. SKF has over 100 years of experience in bearings and lubrication science. They offer a wide range of greases and oils that are carefully formulated for different applications based on extensive research.
This document provides an overview of crude oil characteristics and refinery products. It discusses the chemical composition of crude oil and how properties like API gravity, sulfur and metal content, oxygen and nitrogen compounds affect refining. It also describes different types of crude oils and how their characteristics influence refinery configuration and product selection. The key factors affecting crude oil selection for a refinery are discussed.
Geartex EP-C is a high performance automotive gear lubricant suitable for hypoid drive axles, steering systems, and non-synchronized transmissions requiring API GL-5. It provides reliable shear stability, low temperature fluidity for rapid lubrication, high performance EP protection against scuffing and wear, robust oxidation stability, and compatibility with elastomers. It is approved against specifications including API, Daimler, MAN, US Military, Volvo, and ZF.
Description: Recommended for passenger cars, sport utility vehicles and light trucks operating on gasoline. They are also recommended for use in gasoline engines which have been converted to operate on compressed natural gas (CNG), liquified natural gas (LNG), and liquified petroleum gas.
The document provides an overview of lubrication basics, including what lubricants are expected to do, the causes of friction, lubrication regimens and intervals, and one minute inspections. It discusses key lubrication topics like viscosity, lubrication regimes, and reducing wear through proper lubricant selection and maintenance practices. The presentation aims to educate about modern engine lubrication needs and how condition monitoring and analysis can help extend equipment life.
The document discusses transformer oil analysis. It describes the key components of a transformer's insulating system as the oil and paper. Transformer oil classifications include naphthenic oil, paraffinic oil, and silicon oil. The document outlines specifications for new and in-service transformer oils according to various standards. It explains the importance of various oil properties like appearance, acidity, dielectric strength, and oxidation stability and how they impact transformer performance and life.
This document provides information on best lubrication practices to improve machine performance and total cost of ownership. It discusses industry trends in cleanliness practices, storage, manufacturers' requirements, and solutions. It emphasizes the importance of safety and outlines key factors like contamination control, particle size and counts, filtration cleanliness levels, and effects of water, heat, air and other contaminants. Maintaining clean lubricants through proper filtration, storage, breather protection and other best practices can significantly improve machine reliability and lifespan.
This document provides product information for Klübersynth HB 72-52, a synthetic high-temperature grease. Some key details include: it has a wide service temperature range from -30°C to 180°C; contains ester oil and polyurea thickener; offers long service life, good corrosion protection and water resistance; and is compatible with EPDM seals. It is especially suited for lifetime lubrication of rolling bearings in applications like brake components.
Western Heat & Forge is an integrated forging and machining facility established in 1988 in India. It has over 400 employees and manufactures heat treated, machined forgings and coated components up to 18,000 tons annually via closed and open die forging. The company serves industries such as oil/gas, mining, automotive and has various certifications. It provides customized forging, heat treatment, machining and coating services to customers.
This document provides information on Gazpromneft Hydraulic HD premium anti-wear hydraulic fluids. It is intended for use in hydraulic systems in industrial applications and heavy-duty machinery, especially high pressure pumps, machine tools, presses, and systems with gears and bearings. The fluids provide benefits such as high performance over long periods, protection from corrosion and deposits, thermal and oxidation stability, demulsibility, anti-foam and anti-wear properties, and compatibility with common hydraulic system components. Specifications met by the fluids are listed, along with typical physical property data for different viscosity grades.
This document describes Klüberfluid C-F 4 Ultra, a transparent lubricant for large open gear drives. It provides benefits like preventing wear, damping vibrations, and decreasing temperatures. The lubricant is suitable for use up to 110°C and in applications like cement production, mining, and offshore equipment. It can be applied by methods like immersion, circulation systems, and spray and offers good adhesion, pressure resistance, and wear protection.
Pb-Free Reflow, PCB Degradation, and the Influence of Moisture AbsorptionCheryl Tulkoff
Increasing number of companies reporting cracking and delamination of printed circuit boards
–Predominantly under Pb-free reflow but some under SnPb reflow conditions
Several telecom and enterprise OEMs are reporting PCB robustness is their primary concern regarding Pb-free reliability
Cracking or delamination during reflow is a stress vs. strength phenomenon
–Either the environmental stress was higher than expected or the material strength was lower than expected
iMFT
REVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGY
With highly innovative iMFTTM technology we are setting new boundaries in manufacturing of conformal cooling components for die-casting industry.
ADVANTAGES Component dimension
• 900 x 600 x 500 mm
Functionality
• mirror polished inner channels
• no geometry limitations
Material used
• premium forged tool steel as required by the process
Efficiency
• short lead time
• high cost efficiency
A Solidworks simulation analyzed stress in a .38 caliber revolver cylinder under firing conditions. The model used a Smith & Wesson model 10 loaded to 22,000 psi with a 110 grain 38 special cartridge. The cylinder was made of titanium and adaptively meshed before applying pressure. Stress, elastic deformation, and a safety factor above 1 were determined, showing the titanium cylinder would withstand firing pressures. Higher grain cartridges may require proof testing.
The document describes research into developing an advanced calcium-lithium soap grease using minimal lithium hydroxide. Researchers aimed to create a grease with properties similar to lithium soap greases which have high heat resistance and shear stability. The developed grease was found to have a dropping point, mechanical stability, and wear resistance comparable to lithium soap greases. It also showed much less tendency to harden than conventional calcium greases. The grease can potentially help address the increasing demand and costs of lithium hydroxide from batteries and other uses.
Development of Advanced Calcium-Lithium Soap Grease with Minimum Uses of Lith...Dr. Ashok Kumar Goyal
The document describes the development of an advanced calcium-lithium soap grease with minimum use of lithium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide was used as the main base to develop a grease with properties similar to lithium soap greases. The developed grease was found to have a dropping point near lithium soap greases, excellent shear stability, no hardening tendency, and good anti-wear performance making it suitable for multipurpose applications. Testing showed the grease had superior properties compared to conventional calcium and calcium complex greases, and its properties were comparable to lithium soap greases despite using less lithium hydroxide.
Texaco Meropa si presenta come un olio per ingranaggi che assicura una elevata stabilità terminca ed un'ottima resistenza all'ossidazione. I Texaco Meropa distribuiti su Fornid assicurano una lubrificazione ottimale di tutti gli ingranaggi industriali
This document discusses oil ratings and viscosity. It explains that modern engine oils are rated using various standards like the API, ILSAC, and ACEA systems. Key factors discussed include viscosity grades (like SAE 5W-30), which affect oil thickness at different temperatures. Additives are described that improve properties like viscosity index and protection against wear, corrosion, and oxidation. The importance of using the specific oil recommended for each vehicle is emphasized to avoid problems that can arise from using the wrong oil.
Epoxy Oilserv Nigeria Limited is an authorized distributor of Shell lubricants in Nigeria. They provide a full range of automotive and industrial lubricants including Shell's line of hydraulic fluids, gear oils, greases, and other products. Their management team has extensive experience and they have offices in Port Harcourt and Lagos to serve customers across Nigeria.
Gearcon Lubricants manufactures and supplies an extensive range of automotive and industrial lubricants including gear oil, engine oil, hydraulic oil, cutting oil, and grease. The products are manufactured using high quality raw materials and strict quality control standards. The company's lubricants meet various automotive and industrial specifications. The document then lists and provides details of various lubricant products produced by Gearcon including gear oils, hydraulic oils, engine oils, cutting oils, and grease. It provides information on the applications and specifications of each product type.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals and base oil refining processes. It discusses the importance of lubrication, key lubricant properties like viscosity and viscosity index, and how additives are used to improve properties. It then describes how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, and how further refining like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking is used to create base stocks of different qualities that are the building blocks for finished lubricants.
The document provides an overview of lubricant base oils and refining processes. It discusses how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, which are then refined through various processes like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking to produce Group I through Group III base stocks. Higher quality base stocks produced through more advanced refining have properties like very low sulfur and nitrogen levels, higher viscosity indexes, and excellent low-temperature performance.
SKF is a leading manufacturer of lubrication products and systems for rotating machinery. Their catalog provides an overview of their extensive product offerings, which include lubricants, manual lubrication tools, automatic lubricators, centralized lubrication systems, and accessories. SKF has over 100 years of experience in bearings and lubrication science. They offer a wide range of greases and oils that are carefully formulated for different applications based on extensive research.
This document provides an overview of crude oil characteristics and refinery products. It discusses the chemical composition of crude oil and how properties like API gravity, sulfur and metal content, oxygen and nitrogen compounds affect refining. It also describes different types of crude oils and how their characteristics influence refinery configuration and product selection. The key factors affecting crude oil selection for a refinery are discussed.
Geartex EP-C is a high performance automotive gear lubricant suitable for hypoid drive axles, steering systems, and non-synchronized transmissions requiring API GL-5. It provides reliable shear stability, low temperature fluidity for rapid lubrication, high performance EP protection against scuffing and wear, robust oxidation stability, and compatibility with elastomers. It is approved against specifications including API, Daimler, MAN, US Military, Volvo, and ZF.
Description: Recommended for passenger cars, sport utility vehicles and light trucks operating on gasoline. They are also recommended for use in gasoline engines which have been converted to operate on compressed natural gas (CNG), liquified natural gas (LNG), and liquified petroleum gas.
The document provides an overview of lubrication basics, including what lubricants are expected to do, the causes of friction, lubrication regimens and intervals, and one minute inspections. It discusses key lubrication topics like viscosity, lubrication regimes, and reducing wear through proper lubricant selection and maintenance practices. The presentation aims to educate about modern engine lubrication needs and how condition monitoring and analysis can help extend equipment life.
The document discusses transformer oil analysis. It describes the key components of a transformer's insulating system as the oil and paper. Transformer oil classifications include naphthenic oil, paraffinic oil, and silicon oil. The document outlines specifications for new and in-service transformer oils according to various standards. It explains the importance of various oil properties like appearance, acidity, dielectric strength, and oxidation stability and how they impact transformer performance and life.
This document provides information on best lubrication practices to improve machine performance and total cost of ownership. It discusses industry trends in cleanliness practices, storage, manufacturers' requirements, and solutions. It emphasizes the importance of safety and outlines key factors like contamination control, particle size and counts, filtration cleanliness levels, and effects of water, heat, air and other contaminants. Maintaining clean lubricants through proper filtration, storage, breather protection and other best practices can significantly improve machine reliability and lifespan.
The document discusses the basics of lubrication and lubricants. It defines lubrication as using a material between surfaces to reduce friction. There are two main methods of lubrication - hydrodynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication. Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when two surfaces are completely separated by a fluid film, while boundary lubrication occurs when hydrodynamic lubrication fails through adsorption or chemical reaction. Common types of lubricants include liquids, solids, and semi-solids. The document also discusses properties of lubricants like viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point. It provides examples of typical lubricant applications and components like base oils and additives.
Hyundai r15 7 mini excavator service repair manualfjjsekdmme
This service manual provides maintenance and repair instructions for the HY1570001 excavator. It outlines inspection and maintenance procedures, including checking fluid levels, lubricating parts, inspecting wear items, and adjusting components. The manual emphasizes performing repairs correctly using the proper tools, materials, and techniques. Maintaining the excavator according to the schedules in the manual will help ensure long life and prevent failures.
Hyundai r15 7 mini excavator service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This service manual provides maintenance and repair instructions for the HY1570001 excavator. It outlines inspection and maintenance procedures, including checking fluid levels, lubricating parts, inspecting wear items, and adjusting components. The manual emphasizes performing repairs correctly using the proper tools, fasteners, and techniques. It also provides troubleshooting information and specifications to aid technicians in efficiently servicing the excavator.
Hyundai r15 7 mini excavator service repair manualidkkddmmd1
This service manual provides maintenance and repair instructions for the HY1570001 excavator. It outlines inspection and maintenance procedures to ensure proper operation and a long life for the machine. The manual includes sections on safety precautions, an outline of the machine components, maintenance schedules, and troubleshooting guides. Technicians should follow the correct procedures, methods, and safety checks described to efficiently service the excavator and keep it in good working condition.
Hyundai R15-7 Mini Excavator Service Repair Manual.pdfdjfksekmdmdm
The service manual provides instructions for properly maintaining and repairing the machine to ensure long life. It details inspection and repair procedures for the engine, pumps, controls, hydraulics, undercarriage, and electrical systems. Following the manual's guidance on maintenance methods, safety precautions, and correct repair techniques will allow for efficient repairs.
Fixed carbon from proximate analysis measures non-volatile carbon remaining after combustion, while total carbon from ultimate analysis includes some organic carbon lost as emissions. Fixed carbon content rises with increasing coal rank, and is used to define ranks above medium-volatile bituminous coal based on the non-volatile carbon percentage.
The document discusses energy performance assessment of boilers. It defines key terms like boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio. It describes standards for boiler testing from British, ASME, and Indian standards. It then explains the direct and indirect methods for testing boiler efficiency, including measuring inputs of fuel, air, and outputs of steam. Instruments used for assessment are also outlined. Formats for collecting boiler specifications and performance data are provided. The document calculates boiler efficiency using an example and discusses factors affecting boiler performance.
The document discusses condensate, its formation and effects in steam systems used in pulp and paper mills. It notes that condensate forms due to unavoidable heat losses during steam distribution and heat transfer. Left in the system, condensate can reduce equipment capacity and efficiency. Air and carbon dioxide must also be removed from condensate. The document then focuses on paper drying, describing the basic drying process and factors that influence drying efficiency like condensate removal, furnish properties, and dryer design elements. It provides typical energy consumption figures for dryer sections and discusses steam and condensate systems as well as devices used for condensate removal from dryers.
A belt conveyor transports bulk materials between locations using an endless rubber belt stretched over pulleys. It consists of a belt made of layers of fabric and rubber moving over idlers and pulleys. Belt conveyors are used extensively in cement plants to transport materials like limestone, coal, and clinker over long distances. Proper loading conditions and maintenance are required to minimize belt wear and failures. Safety precautions must also be followed when working with belt conveyors.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
This presentation provides an overview of reverse osmosis membrane filtration fundamentals. It discusses types of filtration processes including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. It covers key concepts such as osmosis, reverse osmosis, net driving pressure and rejection rates of different ion types. The presentation also examines reverse osmosis membrane types, configurations, and system design considerations including permeate recovery, flux, and staging approaches.
The document provides information on governing systems and common problems encountered. It discusses:
1. The components of a typical governing system block diagram including pumps, valves, filters and overspeed trip devices.
2. Cleaning procedures and stroke check requirements for governing systems.
3. Parameters that should be followed such as oil pressures, signals, valve lifts and temperatures.
4. Common governing problems like hunting, chattering, and sudden speed variations.
5. Case studies examining issues like improper servomotor assembly and a bent pilot valve spring causing load hunting.
This document outlines the operational limits of a generator, including:
1. The maximum continuous rating limits the generator's stator current, voltage, rotor current, voltage, MW output, and power factor.
2. There are five principal limitations on operation: stator current, rotor current, MW output, stability, and stator end heating. These limitations can be represented on a "capability curve" diagram.
3. The document then describes each limitation in more detail, explaining how exceeding design limits could damage the generator. It provides examples of allowable overloads and hydrogen pressures before damage may occur.
Hydraullically assisted pressure relief valve service sheetAshish Kumar Jain
Sigma Energy Solutions can test safety relief valves on-line at normal operating pressures using hydraulic equipment. This allows valves to be tested without interrupting plant operations or over-pressuring the system. The hydraulic system applies a measured force to assist the process pressure in lifting the valve, and sensors record the valve movement and pressures to calculate the lift and reseat pressures within 1%. This helps ensure relief valves are functioning properly and meet regulatory requirements.
This document provides installation, operation and maintenance instructions for Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 1700 series safety valves. It describes the design features of the valves including materials used, service life considerations and temperature compensation. It provides guidelines for handling, storage, installation, setting the popping pressure, maintenance, testing and repair of the safety valves. The document aims to ensure the safe and proper use of the safety valves.
This document provides information on Stork Thermeq B.V.'s spray-type deaerator system. It describes the deaerating process which involves heating, partial deaeration, and cooling of feedwater using a spray device, steam charging device, and vessel. It compares the layout and operation of spray-type deaerators to cascade or spray/tray-type systems, noting advantages of the Stork design including its more compact size, simpler operation, and flexibility. The document also outlines typical design parameters for pressure, capacity, materials used, and internal components.
The document discusses the basics of a lithium bromide (LiBr) desiccant system. It covers the hygroscopic nature and properties of LiBr as well as the properties of water that make it suitable for use in absorption refrigeration systems using LiBr as the desiccant.
Belt conveyors transport bulk materials like crushed limestone and coal in cement plants. A belt conveyor consists of an endless rubber belt stretched over several pulleys that travels constantly. It includes belt elements, idlers, pulleys, take-ups, and other components. Proper loading conditions and regular maintenance are important to prevent belt wear and failures. Safety precautions must also be followed when working with belt conveyors.
The document provides information on governing systems and common problems encountered. It discusses:
1. The key components of a governing system block diagram including pumps, valves, filters and overspeed testers.
2. Cleaning procedures and stroke check requirements for governing systems.
3. Parameters that should be followed including pressures, signals, valve lifts and temperatures.
4. Common governing problems like hunting, chattering, and sudden speed variations.
5. Case studies examining issues like improper servomotor assembly and a bent pilot valve spring causing load hunting.
This document provides information about balancing high speed rotors. It defines balancing as correcting the mass distribution of a rotor so that vibration forces and displacements are within specified limits when the rotor is rotating. It discusses the different types of unbalance that can occur, including static, couple, quasi-static and dynamic unbalance. The causes of unbalance are described as design errors, material faults, and machining/assembly errors. The balancing procedure and standards followed at BHEL Hyderabad are outlined, including low and high speed balancing of flexible rotors using modal and influence coefficient methods.
This document provides 35 Excel tips that could save time working with spreadsheets. It includes tips for splitting windows and freezing panes, using the IF, SUMIF, and VLOOKUP functions, sorting data, and using tools like Goal Seek and Solver to analyze data. The target audience is first year associates and business analysts, though others can benefit. It is intended to be covered in a 3-4 hour training and includes exercises to practice each skill.
1. The document discusses various boiler emergency situations during operation with an emphasis on safety aspects like boiler protection systems and controls. It provides descriptions of potential causes, effects, and recommended actions for issues like low or high drum level, high furnace draft, flame failure, boiler feed pump failure, high boiler pressure, furnace explosion, tube failures, coal feeder or burner trips, and more. The goal is to safely manage emergencies and prevent damage to the boiler.
This document lists various boiler and turbine emergencies and provides instructions on actions to take in response to each emergency. It covers issues like low or high drum levels, fan trips, temperature deviations, pressure changes, pump trips, fires and more. The instructions emphasize safeguarding equipment, investigating causes, monitoring key parameters and load reductions as needed.
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
1) Cogeneration involves the combined production of electrical power and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source. This allows for better utilization of resources and independence in power and steam.
2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
The document describes the Rankine cycle, which is a vapor power cycle that can be practically implemented. It discusses the ideal Rankine cycle process of:
1. Isentropic compression in a pump
2. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
It also discusses deviations from the ideal cycle, such as non-ideal pump and turbine efficiencies. Methods to increase cycle efficiency include lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising the boiler pressure. Advanced cycles like reheat and regeneration are also mentioned to further improve performance.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. FEW QUESTIONSFEW QUESTIONS
What are Basic Requirements of Lubricants ?What are Basic Requirements of Lubricants ?
What are Performance Requirements of lubricants ?What are Performance Requirements of lubricants ?
What are Related Properties ?What are Related Properties ?
What is Viscosity & How is it measured ?What is Viscosity & How is it measured ?
What are SAE and ISO VG grades ?What are SAE and ISO VG grades ?
3. Few questions contdFew questions contd ……
What is meant by 15W/40 Grade ?What is meant by 15W/40 Grade ?
What is Viscosity Index ?What is Viscosity Index ?
What are TAN – TBN – Flash Point – Pour Point ?What are TAN – TBN – Flash Point – Pour Point ?
What is Grease ? What are their properties ?What is Grease ? What are their properties ?
finallyfinally
How safe is it to use Regenerated Oil ?How safe is it to use Regenerated Oil ?
9. BASIC REQUIREMENTSBASIC REQUIREMENTS
• Adequate body to provide lubrication and overcome
friction in rubbing surfaces (consistency)
• Low rate of change of consistency with temperature
• Safety at high temperature operation
• Low temperature fluidity
• Ability to cling to water in special applications
• To be friendly with system material (not to be
reactive or corrosive)
• Ability to neutralise acid if formed in the system
10. What should be performance requirements of a
Lubricant ?
11. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSPERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
• Ability to shed water
• Ability to withstand rust formation in water contamination
• Ability to resist foaming
• Ability to disperse entrapped air bubble
• Oxidation Stability
• Thermal Stability
• Ability to protect moving parts from wear and tear
13. Properties connected to Basic Requirements
• Adequate Body to provide lubrication
Viscosity
• Rate of change of consistency
Viscosity Index
• Handling Safety
Flash Point (COC)
• Low Temperature fluidity
Pour Point
14. Properties connected to Basic Requirements
(contd…)
• Ability to cling to water
Emulsion Stability
• Friendly to system
Measure of Acidity (Neut No. or TAN)
Measure of Corrosivity (Copper Strip Corrosion)
• Ability to neutralise generated acidity
Measure of Basicity (TBN)
15. Properties connected to Performance requirements
• Ability to shed water
Water Demulsibility (ASTM) or Steam
Demulsibility (IP)
Ability to withstand rust formation in water contamination
ASTM Rust Test
• Ability to resist foaming
Foaming Characteristics
• Ability to disperse entrapped air bubble
Air release property
16. Properties connected to Performance requirements
(contd….)
• Oxidation stability
ROBOT
• Ability to protect moving parts from wear and tear
Timken Load
Shell Four Ball test
SAE Rig Test
FZG Test
18. Different Viscosity Units
America
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU or SUS)
Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS)
United Kingdom
Redwood Seconds
Germany
Engler
Universal
Kinematic
India utilises all these standards depending on Clients’ need
19. Viscosity Contd…..
• Saybolt or Redwood Viscosity
- Measured volume of oil
- Standard orifice
- Actual time of flow
• Viscosity Kinematic (KV)
- Expressed as Centi Stokes (CS)
- Capillary glass tube of appropriate size
Tube Constant X Time of flow
- Minimum time of flow 200 seconds
20.
21.
22. • Viscosity Contd…
• Absolute viscosity expressed in Poise or Centipoises (CP)
• KV gives other standards of viscosity
• For KV Up to 75 CS tables available
• For KV above 75CS,
Engler = CS X 0.132
SUS = CS X 4.632
RW = CS X 4.08
• CP = CS X Density at same temperature
Viscosity has no meaning without temperature
23. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AS PER CONSISTENCY
Specifying AuthoritiesSpecifying Authorities
SAE for Automotive lubricantsSAE for Automotive lubricants
ISO for Industrial LubricantsISO for Industrial Lubricants
NLGI for GreasesNLGI for Greases
29. MONO GRADE AND MULTI GRADE ENGINE OILS
• Servo Super 20W – A mono grade oil
• Servo Super 40 – A mono grade oil
• Servo Super 20 W/ 40 – A multi grade oil
• Servo Premium 15W/40 – A multi grade oil
•Servo Gear 75W/90 – A multi gradew Gear oil
30. RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITH
TEMPERATURE
VISCOSITY INDEX (VI)
VI - Characterizes variation of viscosity with temperature
VI – a number. Higher the VI, relatively smaller is the
change of viscosity with temperature and vice versa
Comparison against reference oils of 0 VI and 100 VI
31. VI CALCULATION
• We need three sets of data for comparison purpose.
- Test Oil data
- 100 VI reference Oil data
- 0 VI reference oil data
OILS KV 40C KV 100C
1. Test Oil U
r
2. 100 VI reference H r
3. 0 VI reference L r
VI =
L-U
L-H
32. 40 60 80 100
120
100
60
40
20
0
Temperature in Degree Celsius
68.5
73.3
8.86
VI Determination Graph
KinematicViscosityCS
120
L – 0 VI oil
U – Test oil
H – 100 VI oil
U
H
L
VI =
L - U
L - H
X 100
120 – 73.3
120 – 68.5
X 100 = 92
33. L & H FIGURES
Where to Get ?
• ISO 2909 and Joint Publication ASTM D2270 / IP 226
• IS 1448 (P:56) adopted the data
KV 100C L H D (L-H)
3.00 15.49 12.15 3.334
8.80 118.50 68.79 49.75
8.90 120.90 69.94 50.96
5.40 47.31 32.37 14.94
10.0 147.70 82.87 64.86
60.0 3676.0 1222.00 2454.00
70.0 4905.0 1558.00 3346.00
34. HOW TO CALCULATE VI 100 AND ABOVE ?
Formula gets altered
Data on 0 VI reference oil not needed
OILS KV 40C KV 100C
1. Test Oil U r
2. 100 VI reference H r
VI = [(antilog N) – 1] / 0.00715 +100
N = (log H – log U) /log r
Example
U=22.83, r = 5.05. From table wrt r=5.05, H=28.97
N = (log 28.97-log 22.83)/ log 5.05 = 0.14708
VI =(antilog 0.14708 –1/0.00715+100 = 156
35. DISCUSSIONS ON OTHER TESTS
• Flash Point (COC)
• Pour Point
•Emulsion Stability
• Measure of Acidity (Neut No. or TAN)
• Measure of Corrosivity (Copper Strip Corrosion)
• Measure of Basicity (TBN)
• Water Demulsibility (ASTM) or Steam
Demulsibility (IP)
• ASTM Rust Test
• Foaming Characteristics
•Air release property
36.
37.
38. GREASES
• Oil thickened with Soap
• Lubrication by Oil
• Consistency and drop point important properties
• Percentage of soap gives consistency
Type of soap determines drop point
• When oil is expended, soap remains as spent thickener with
no function
39. TYPES OF GREASES
Lithium soap greases.
Lime or calcium soap greases.
Soda or sodium soap greases.
Aluminium greases.
Mixed soap greases
Complex greases
Non-soap type greases
(Clay thickened, Polymer thickened)
40. ADVANTAGES OF USING GREASES
• Sealing agent
• Dripping and spattering eliminated.
• Less frequent application – Inaccessible areas
• Method of application is far simpler then in the case of
oils.
DISADVANTAGES
Tendency to harden with age
Susceptible to oil separation both on storage and in use.
Inability to carry away heat.
Dust and dirt entering the system cannot be flushed
away as in the case of oils
41. PROPERTIES OF GREASES
Consistency(ASTM D-217)
Drop point (ASTM D-566)
Mechanical stability(ASTM D-1831)
Water resistance (ASTM D-1264)
Oil seperation(ASTM D-1742)
Load carrying characteristics(ASTM D-2596)
Oxidative stability test(ASTM D-942)
45. TWO TYPES OF CHANGES IN OIL
• Internal or Chemical change
Due to inherent structural configurations and
transformation
• External change
Due to influence of outside factors
46. •Two enemies of oil :-
Temperature
Oxygen in air
HYDROCARBONS
OXIDATION ONLY CHEMICAL CHANGE
…
Ketones & Alcohols Org. Acids
• Oil becomes corrosive and attacks metal
• Metal soaps produced
• Gummy resinous substance forms
• Hydrocarbon carbonation takes place
• Molecular structure changes
• Oil may become thick
Incorporated additives guard against these phenomenon
47. EXTERNAL CHANGE (OUTSIDE FACTORS)
• Contamination is the culprit
• Two areas of concern
- Lubricant itself – its degradation products
- Major outside contaminants
48. CHANGES IN OIL
1. Change in Viscosity ?
• Chemical change has taken place ?
Increase in TAN ?
Confirmed by Copper Strip Corrosion ?
3. Reserve Alkalinity O.K. ?
TBN value abnormally low ?
4. Increase in Sediment level ? Nature of sediment ?
5. Increase in water content ?
49. • Is rusting taking place ?
• Any foaming problem ?
• Any stable emulsion formation ?
• Excessive Wear ?
Source ? Gear or Bearing or any other parts ?
Changes in oil ( contd...)
50. 1 – Viscosity variation - Can be corrected by make-up
2 & 3 – Causes of Concern
4 – Sediment - Remove by Filtration
5 – Water - Remove by draining & Vacuum filtration
or Centrifuging.
6, 7 & 8 – Rust/ Foam/ Emulsion – Needs Additive
Treatment.
9 – Excessive Wear - Relative to 4
So long Sediment level remains within limit why
to spend time and money on wear metal analysis ?
Exclude gear as a source of wear metal by visual
examination.
Do not take risk on 2 & 3
CHANGES IN OIL ( Contd...)
52. DISTURBING THOUGHTS
Additive has been depleted in used oil
Where to get Additives to upgrade RO?
Regenerated oil will contaminate Virgin oil
53. • Why not we look at virgin oil as source ofWhy not we look at virgin oil as source of
Additive replenishment ?Additive replenishment ?
• Are we downgrading our virgin oil ?Are we downgrading our virgin oil ?
oror
• Are we not upgrading our regeneratedAre we not upgrading our regenerated
Oil?Oil?
54. OEM’s 1000 HOURS
• OEM dictates “Change Oil after 1000 Hours”
• Whose 1000 hours ? Equipment’s ? Or Oil’s ?
• Is it possible to calculate Oil’s 1000 hours ?
55. Your Organisation
Started in 1970 with 100 employees
Retirement Criteria – 35 Yrs of
Service
Today 2005 – Organisation has run 35
Yrs. Total employee = 100
How many People to retire ?
Can we Identify these people ?
1975
1980
1995
2004
1975
1980
1995
2004
+ 10
T1
+ 30
T2
+ 40
T3
+ 5
T4
(-10) L1
(-30) L2
(-40) L3
(-5) L4
56. 1000 HRS. NOT A PRACTICAL GUIDE LINE
• We cannot identify which portion of sump oil has been
subjected to 1000 hours
• Basing our assumption on 1000 hours of equipment
running, yesterday’s “Top UP” being thrown away today
• What is the alternative ?
• Monitor condition and decide on further use
57. OUR GUIDELINES
1. Change in Viscosity ?
• Chemical change has taken place ?
Increase in TAN ?
Confirmed by Copper Strip Corrosion ?
3. Reserve Alkalinity O.K. ?
TBN value abnormally low ?
4. Increase in Sediment level ? Nature of sediment ?
5. Increase in water content ?
58. Changes in oil ( contd...)
• Is rusting taking place ?
• Any foaming problem ?
• Any stable emulsion ?
• Excessive Wear ?
Source ? Gear or Bearing or any other parts ?