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The Basics of Lubricant Additives
                         or
                         It’s Not Just Oil!

                         March 2009




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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It’s Not




                                                     G
     Just Oil!




                                                      ro
                                                       up
                                                Ba


                                                           II
                                                  se
                                                   St
                                                     oc
                                                       k                                            Viscosity
                                                                                                     Index
                                                   Anti-                                           Improvers
                                                  Oxidants
                                                                                                 Dispersants
                                                 Detergents
                                                                                                    Rust and
                                                                                                    Corrosion
                                                 Pour Point                                         Inhibitor
                                                Depressants
                                                                                                     Foam
                                                                                                   Inhibitors
                                                  Friction
                                                  Modifiers
                                                                                                    Antiwear
                                                                                                     Agents

G010075

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                             Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Typical Lubricant Composition

                                                                       Pour Point Depressant
                                                                       0-2%
                                                                                                                      Viscosity
                                                                                                                      Modifier
                                                                                                                      0-15%
                                                                                                                                     DI
                                                                                                                                     Package
                                                                                                                                     2-30%




                                      Base Oil
                                      70-95%



© 2006 Chevron Corporation                       Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.      Global Lubricants
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Formulating a Superior Lubricant Requires Optimizing
    Additive Combinations to Meet Performance Targets


                                                                   Viscosity
                                                                   Engine Cleanliness
                                                                   Wear Control
                                                                   Fuel Economy
                                                                   Drain Interval
                                                                   Cost




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Graphic Representation of an
    Additive Molecule


                                           Sticky End                                                             Slippery Tail




            Sticky End                                                                        Slippery Tail
                      Consists of a Surface                                                               Consists of a Hydrocarbon
                      Active Group Containing                                                             Chain
                      Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
                      or Phosphorus




G010077

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                        Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Ashless Dispersants




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Ashless Dispersants

     Function                                   • Control Sludge and Varnish Formation at
                                                  Lower Operating Temperatures
                                                • Control Thickening Caused by Soot


     Structure                                  • High Molecular Weight Tail With Surface
                                                  Active Head

     Mechanism                                  • Keep Sludge, Soot, and Deposit
                                                  Precursors Suspended in Oil




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                          Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Dispersants Impede Particle Aggregation

                                                                                                                 Rate of
                                                                                                            Aggregation Slowed

                                                (Solid Particles)




               (Dispersant)




G010078

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Dispersant Selection

           Must Balance Performance Attributes
                     Need to Control Soot Thickening, Sludge
                     Too Much May Hurt Seal Performance

                     (More is Not Always Better!)




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Metallic Detergents




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Metallic Detergents

     Function                                   • Provide High Temperature Cleanliness
                                                • Control Corrosive Wear

     Types                                      • Metallic Soaps; Normally Na, Ca, or Mg
                                                • “Soap” Substrates
                                                    - Sulfonates
                                                    - Salicylates
                                                    - Phenates


     Mechanism                                  • Neutralize Acids From Engine Blow-By




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Overbased Detergent


                                                                                                                               Soap
                    Basic
                                                                                                                              Molecule
                    Core

                                                                    CaCO3
                                                               CaCO     CaCO3
                                                                             3
                                                                               CaCO3
                                                            CaCO3
                                                                                                  CaCO3
                                                              CaCO3
                                                         CaCO3      CaCO3
                                                             CaCO3 CaCO
                                                                                                        3
                                                                 CaCO3 CaCO
                                                                            3
                                                                    CaCO3




G010079

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.     Global Lubricants
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Detergency in Oils

            Gum Being Polar, Sticks on Polar Surfaces



           The Polar Ends of Detergents Also Stick to Polar Surface




           An Effective Detergent Displaces Gum (Deposits)




G010080

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Detergent Selection

           Balance Cost and Performance Requirements
           Too Much May Hurt Wear Performance
           May Use Multiple Types of Detergent
                     Phenates for Higher Temperatures
                     Sulfonates for Lower Temperatures




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Relationship of TBN and Ash

                              100
    Total Base Number (TBN)
    ASTM D 2896 mg KOH/g




                              90
                              80
                                                                                                                              Marine Oil
                              70
                              60
                              50                       Railroad             Marine Oil
                                                         Oil
                              40
                                               HDMO
                              30
                                         PCMO
                              20
                              10
                               0
                                    0              1      2              3                 4                5               6               7   8        9        10
                                                                                    Sulfated Ash, %


© 2006 Chevron Corporation                                    Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.           Global Lubricants
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Antioxidants




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Antioxidant Formulation

     Function                                   •   Control Oxidative Decomposition of Oil
                                                •   Minimize Oil Thickening
                                                •   Decrease Sludge and Varnish Formation
                                                •   Decrease Formation of Corrosive
                                                    Compounds (Acids)

     Types                                      • Organic – Phenols, Amines
                                                • Metal-Containing – Zinc Dithiophosphates
                                                  (ZDP), Molybdenum Compounds

     Mechanism                                  • Decrease Rates of Chemical Reactions
                                                  With Oxygen



© 2006 Chevron Corporation                            Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Factors Affecting Oxidation

           Temperature
           Catalysts (Metal Ions)
           Aeration Rate
           Additive System
           Base Stock




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Antioxidant Selection

           Most Performance Comes From the Antiwear Additive
           (ZDP)
           Supplement to Meet Sequence IIIE
           Compatibility With Seals
           Cost
           May Use Multiple Antioxidants




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI   LubAdd   RFarina          All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
Antiwear Agents




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI   LubAdd   RFarina          All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
Antiwear Agent

     Function                                   • Reduce Wear of Rubbing Metal Surfaces


     Types                                      • Amine or Metal Phosphites, Phosphates,
                                                  or Thiophosphates (ZDP)
                                                • Boron Compounds
                                                • Sulfurized Olefins


     Mechanism                                  • Adhere to Metal Surfaces, Forming a
                                                  Protective Film Which Shears
                                                  Preferentially Under Wear Conditions




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                           Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Formation of a Zinc Dithiophosphate (ZDP)
    Antiwear Film

                                           Bulk Oil
                                        ZDP
                        ZDP
                                                       ZDP
                                      ZDP

                                                                                                           Adsorbed ZDP Layer
                  ZDP                                  ZDP
                                                 ZDP                 ZDP




                                                                                                                        Metal Surface
                                      Metal Surface




                                                                                                                                    T
                                                                                                                                    T
                                                                                                                                EAA
                                                                                                                               HE
                                                                                                                               H
                                                                                              Phosphorous Containing
                                                                                                  Antiwear Film




                                                                                                                  Metal Surface
G010081

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                             Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.      Global Lubricants
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Friction Modifiers




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Friction Modifiers

     Function                                   • Reduce Friction of Rubbing Metal
                                                  Surfaces


     Types                                      • Fatty Compounds With Polar Ends
                                                • Graphite
                                                • Molybdenum Compounds


     Mechanism                                  • Forms an Easily Shearable Film on
                                                  Metal Surface




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                          Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Lubricated Metal Surfaces With Friction
    Modifier Present

                                                                                                                        Metal
                                                                                                                        Oxide/Metal Zone
                                                                                                                        Oxide Rich Layer
                                                                                                                        Adsorbed Film of F.M.
                                                                                                                        (Three Stories High)


                                                                                                                        Oil Film



                                                                                                                        Adsorbed Film of F.M.
                                                                                                                        (Five Stories High)

                                                                                                                        Oxide Rich Layer
                                                                                                                        Oxide/Metal Zone
                                                                                                                        Metal

G010082

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.        Global Lubricants
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Asperity Riding on
    Friction Modifier Layer




                                                                                                                        Moving Asperity




                                                                                                      Friction Modifier Film
                                                                                                      (Five Levels
                                                                                                      Remaining)
                                                                                                      Oxide Layer




G010083

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.      Global Lubricants
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Antifoam Agent

     Function                                   • Prevent Oil Loss or Oil Starvation
                                                  Caused by Foaming
                                                • Reduce Oil Aeration

     Types                                      • Polydimethyl Siloxanes
                                                • Polyacrylates

     Mechanism                                  • Reduce Surface Tension of Oil
                                                  Causing Bubbles to Collapse




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                          Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Viscosity Modifiers




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Viscosity Modifiers on Temperature
    Dependence of Viscosity

                        Viscosity Modifiers Are Materials (Usually Polymers)
                        Which Improve (i.e., Increase) the VI of a Base Oil

                                                          SN 250
                                                          SN 250                                           Base Oil + Viscosity Modifier
                                                                                                           (High VI)
      SAE 10W Max
      SAE 10W Max
                                Viscosity




                                                                                                                                    SAE 30 Min
                                                                                                                                    SAE 30 Min

                                                                                      SN 100
                                                                                      SN 100


                                                              Temperature
       Viscosity Modifier (VM’s)                                                        Viscosity Index Improvers (VII’s)



© 2006 Chevron Corporation                            Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.        Global Lubricants
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Viscosity Modifier Mechanism

                                       Increasing Temperature


                                                                                                                              Polymer
                                                                                                                              Molecule
                                                                                                                              Oil
                                                                                                                              Associated
                                                                                                                              With Polymer
                             Increasing Viscosity Contribution

                   (Increasing Effective Size of Polymer)




G010075

© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Pour Point Depressants




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Pour Point Depressants

     Function                                   • Reduce Viscosity Increase at Low
                                                  Temperatures Resulting From Wax
                                                  Crystallization
                                                • Improve Low Temperature Pumpability


     Structure                                  • Organic Polymer


     Mechanism                                  • Promote Formation of Smaller, Rounded
                                                  Particles Which Are Less Likely to Form
                                                  Interlocking Crystals




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                           Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Pour Point Depressants
    Wax Crystal Morphology




                               Without PPD                                                                                    With PPD


G010084
© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.         Global Lubricants
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Other Additives
    (See Supplemental Materials)


           Corrosion Inhibitors
           Demulsifiers
           Emulsifiers
           EP (Extreme Pressure) Agents
           Metal Deactivators
           Rust Inhibitors




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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Some Key Points to Remember

           Additives Are Carefully Balanced to Enable Base Oils to
           Meet Defined Performance Criteria
                     More is Not Necessarily Better
                     Additive Interactions Are Strong
                     Developing a Successful Formulation Requires
                     Extensive Testing and Verification
                     Chevron Experience and Commitment to Technical
                     Excellence is Key




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
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The Basics of Lubricant Additives




     Supplemental Information




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                      Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.   Global Lubricants
11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI   LubAdd   RFarina          All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
Global Lubricants




                      Questions




© 2006 Chevron Corporation
11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI   LubAdd   RFarina
Where Additives Are Used




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Stabilizers And Dyes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Metal Deactivators
                                                                                                                                                                                                           Extreme Pressure


                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Friction Modifiers
                                                                                                                                                                                         Antifoam Agents
                                                                                                                                      Antiwear Agents
                                                                                         Viscosity Index




                                                                                                                                                                       Rust Inhibitors
                              Often Used




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Demulisifiers
                                                                                                                                                        Antioxidants




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Depressants
                                                                                                                        Dispersants




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Emulsifiers
                                                                                                           Detergents




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Pour Point
                                                                                         Improvers




                                                                                                                                                                                                           Additives
                              Occasionally Used


                  Engine Oils             Crankcase Engine Oil

                                          Automatic Transmission Fluid

                                          Rear Axle Lubricants

                                          Manual Transmission Lubricants

                                          Power Steering Fluid

                                          Body/Chassis Greases

                                          Shock Absorber Fluid

                                          Pre-Lubricants

                  Industrial Oils         Turbine and Other R&O Fluids

                                          Antiwear Hydraulic Fluids

                                          Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids

                                          Metalworking Lubricants

                                          Industrial Gear Oils

                                          Plant Machinery Greases

                                          Paper Machine Oils

                                          Soluble Oils



© 2006 Chevron Corporation                                       Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.                                                                                                                                          Global Lubricants
11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI   LubAdd   RFarina                           All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
Additives Commonly Found
    in Lubricants

             Additive                                  What It Does                                                                     How It Works
       Antiwear                       •     Minimizes wear caused by metal-to-                               •     Additive reacts chemically and
       Agent                                metal contact during conditions of                                     forms a film on metal surfaces
                                            mild boundary lubrication.                                             under normal operating conditions.
       Antioxidant or                 •     Inhibits varnish and sludge formation.                           •     Slows the rate of reaction with
       Oxidation                                                                                                   oxygen by interruption of chain
                                      •     Reduces viscosity increase resulting
       Inhibitor                                                                                                   reactions or by decomposing
                                            from oil oxidation.
                                                                                                                   reactive peroxides.
                                      •     Reduces formation of corrosive acids.
       Demulsifier                    •     Loosens and breaks stable emulsions.                             •     Lowers emulsion stability.
       Corrosion                      •     Prevents corrosive attack on                                     •     Forms a film on nonferrous metallic
       Inhibitor                            nonferrous metallic surfaces.                                          parts thus protecting them from
                                                                                                                   attack by contaminants in the oil.
       Detergent                      •     Prevents oxidation products (gums)                               •     Chemically react with oxidation
                                            which have formed in the oil from                                      products (gums) so that they
                                            sticking to metal parts.                                               remain soluble in the oil and do not
                                                                                                                   stick to metal surfaces.
                                      •     Neutralizes acidic contaminants.
                                                                                                             •     Metallic Base Reacts With Acid
       Dispersant                     •     Keeps oxidation products separated                               •     Additive adsorbs on surface of gum
                                            and suspended in the oil, retards                                      particles or soot and inhibits
                                            formation of sludge and reduces soot                                   agglomeration.
                                            related viscosity increase.




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                                Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.              Global Lubricants
11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI   LubAdd       RFarina                All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
Additives Commonly Found in Lubricants
     (Continued)


                Additive                                What It Does                                                                   How It Works
       Extreme Pressure                  • Prevents welding and subsequent wear                            • Additive combines chemically with surface to
       (EP) Agents                         or seizure of contacting metal parts                              form a surface film.
                                           under extreme or shock load
                                                                                                           • Reaction usually occurs at high temperatures,
                                           conditions.
                                                                                                             which result when asperities collide.
       Emulsifier                        • Promotes rapid mixing of oil and water                          • Reduces interfacial tension and permits
                                           promoting formation of a stable                                   intimate mixing of oil and water.
                                           emulsion.
       Foam Inhibitor                    • Prevents formation of stable foam.                              • Promotes combination of small bubbles into
                                                                                                             large bubbles, which in turn collapse more
                                                                                                             easily.
       Friction Modifier                 • Alters coefficient of friction.                                 • Forms an easily shearable film on metal
                                                                                                             surfaces.
       Metal Deactivator                 • Reduces the catalytic effect of metals                          • Forms an inactive film on metal surfaces by
                                           on oxidation rate.                                                combining with metallic ions.
       Rust Inhibitor                    • Prevent rusting of ferrous (iron or                             • Forms a film on ferrous parts thus protecting
                                           steel) machine parts.                                             them from water or other destructive
                                                                                                             materials.
       Pour Point                        • Lowers the pour point and enables the                           • Changes the size and shape wax crystals.
       Depressant                          lubricant to flow at low temperature.
       Viscosity Modifier                • Reduces rate of change of viscosity                             • Polymers uncoil as temperature rises, thus
       (VM) or Viscosity                   with temperature and makes possible                               increasing their effective size and viscosity.
       Index Improver                      the formulation of multigrade oils.
       (VII)




© 2006 Chevron Corporation                               Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.            Global Lubricants
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Basics of lubricant additives

  • 1. The Basics of Lubricant Additives or It’s Not Just Oil! March 2009 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 2. It’s Not G Just Oil! ro up Ba II se St oc k Viscosity Index Anti- Improvers Oxidants Dispersants Detergents Rust and Corrosion Pour Point Inhibitor Depressants Foam Inhibitors Friction Modifiers Antiwear Agents G010075 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 3. Typical Lubricant Composition Pour Point Depressant 0-2% Viscosity Modifier 0-15% DI Package 2-30% Base Oil 70-95% © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 4. Formulating a Superior Lubricant Requires Optimizing Additive Combinations to Meet Performance Targets Viscosity Engine Cleanliness Wear Control Fuel Economy Drain Interval Cost © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 5. Graphic Representation of an Additive Molecule Sticky End Slippery Tail Sticky End Slippery Tail Consists of a Surface Consists of a Hydrocarbon Active Group Containing Chain Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, or Phosphorus G010077 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 6. Ashless Dispersants © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 7. Ashless Dispersants Function • Control Sludge and Varnish Formation at Lower Operating Temperatures • Control Thickening Caused by Soot Structure • High Molecular Weight Tail With Surface Active Head Mechanism • Keep Sludge, Soot, and Deposit Precursors Suspended in Oil © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 8. Dispersants Impede Particle Aggregation Rate of Aggregation Slowed (Solid Particles) (Dispersant) G010078 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 9. Dispersant Selection Must Balance Performance Attributes Need to Control Soot Thickening, Sludge Too Much May Hurt Seal Performance (More is Not Always Better!) © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 10. Metallic Detergents © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 11. Metallic Detergents Function • Provide High Temperature Cleanliness • Control Corrosive Wear Types • Metallic Soaps; Normally Na, Ca, or Mg • “Soap” Substrates - Sulfonates - Salicylates - Phenates Mechanism • Neutralize Acids From Engine Blow-By © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 12. Overbased Detergent Soap Basic Molecule Core CaCO3 CaCO CaCO3 3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO 3 CaCO3 CaCO 3 CaCO3 G010079 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 13. Detergency in Oils Gum Being Polar, Sticks on Polar Surfaces The Polar Ends of Detergents Also Stick to Polar Surface An Effective Detergent Displaces Gum (Deposits) G010080 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 14. Detergent Selection Balance Cost and Performance Requirements Too Much May Hurt Wear Performance May Use Multiple Types of Detergent Phenates for Higher Temperatures Sulfonates for Lower Temperatures © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 15. Relationship of TBN and Ash 100 Total Base Number (TBN) ASTM D 2896 mg KOH/g 90 80 Marine Oil 70 60 50 Railroad Marine Oil Oil 40 HDMO 30 PCMO 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sulfated Ash, % © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 16. Antioxidants © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 17. Antioxidant Formulation Function • Control Oxidative Decomposition of Oil • Minimize Oil Thickening • Decrease Sludge and Varnish Formation • Decrease Formation of Corrosive Compounds (Acids) Types • Organic – Phenols, Amines • Metal-Containing – Zinc Dithiophosphates (ZDP), Molybdenum Compounds Mechanism • Decrease Rates of Chemical Reactions With Oxygen © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 18. Factors Affecting Oxidation Temperature Catalysts (Metal Ions) Aeration Rate Additive System Base Stock © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 19. Antioxidant Selection Most Performance Comes From the Antiwear Additive (ZDP) Supplement to Meet Sequence IIIE Compatibility With Seals Cost May Use Multiple Antioxidants © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 20. Antiwear Agents © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 21. Antiwear Agent Function • Reduce Wear of Rubbing Metal Surfaces Types • Amine or Metal Phosphites, Phosphates, or Thiophosphates (ZDP) • Boron Compounds • Sulfurized Olefins Mechanism • Adhere to Metal Surfaces, Forming a Protective Film Which Shears Preferentially Under Wear Conditions © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 22. Formation of a Zinc Dithiophosphate (ZDP) Antiwear Film Bulk Oil ZDP ZDP ZDP ZDP Adsorbed ZDP Layer ZDP ZDP ZDP ZDP Metal Surface Metal Surface T T EAA HE H Phosphorous Containing Antiwear Film Metal Surface G010081 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 23. Friction Modifiers © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 24. Friction Modifiers Function • Reduce Friction of Rubbing Metal Surfaces Types • Fatty Compounds With Polar Ends • Graphite • Molybdenum Compounds Mechanism • Forms an Easily Shearable Film on Metal Surface © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 25. Lubricated Metal Surfaces With Friction Modifier Present Metal Oxide/Metal Zone Oxide Rich Layer Adsorbed Film of F.M. (Three Stories High) Oil Film Adsorbed Film of F.M. (Five Stories High) Oxide Rich Layer Oxide/Metal Zone Metal G010082 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 26. Asperity Riding on Friction Modifier Layer Moving Asperity Friction Modifier Film (Five Levels Remaining) Oxide Layer G010083 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 27. Antifoam Agent Function • Prevent Oil Loss or Oil Starvation Caused by Foaming • Reduce Oil Aeration Types • Polydimethyl Siloxanes • Polyacrylates Mechanism • Reduce Surface Tension of Oil Causing Bubbles to Collapse © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 28. Viscosity Modifiers © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 29. Viscosity Modifiers on Temperature Dependence of Viscosity Viscosity Modifiers Are Materials (Usually Polymers) Which Improve (i.e., Increase) the VI of a Base Oil SN 250 SN 250 Base Oil + Viscosity Modifier (High VI) SAE 10W Max SAE 10W Max Viscosity SAE 30 Min SAE 30 Min SN 100 SN 100 Temperature Viscosity Modifier (VM’s) Viscosity Index Improvers (VII’s) © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 30. Viscosity Modifier Mechanism Increasing Temperature Polymer Molecule Oil Associated With Polymer Increasing Viscosity Contribution (Increasing Effective Size of Polymer) G010075 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 31. Pour Point Depressants © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 32. Pour Point Depressants Function • Reduce Viscosity Increase at Low Temperatures Resulting From Wax Crystallization • Improve Low Temperature Pumpability Structure • Organic Polymer Mechanism • Promote Formation of Smaller, Rounded Particles Which Are Less Likely to Form Interlocking Crystals © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 33. Pour Point Depressants Wax Crystal Morphology Without PPD With PPD G010084 © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 34. Other Additives (See Supplemental Materials) Corrosion Inhibitors Demulsifiers Emulsifiers EP (Extreme Pressure) Agents Metal Deactivators Rust Inhibitors © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 35. Some Key Points to Remember Additives Are Carefully Balanced to Enable Base Oils to Meet Defined Performance Criteria More is Not Necessarily Better Additive Interactions Are Strong Developing a Successful Formulation Requires Extensive Testing and Verification Chevron Experience and Commitment to Technical Excellence is Key © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 36. The Basics of Lubricant Additives Supplemental Information © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 37. Global Lubricants Questions © 2006 Chevron Corporation 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina
  • 38. Where Additives Are Used Stabilizers And Dyes Metal Deactivators Extreme Pressure Friction Modifiers Antifoam Agents Antiwear Agents Viscosity Index Rust Inhibitors Often Used Demulisifiers Antioxidants Depressants Dispersants Emulsifiers Detergents Pour Point Improvers Additives Occasionally Used Engine Oils Crankcase Engine Oil Automatic Transmission Fluid Rear Axle Lubricants Manual Transmission Lubricants Power Steering Fluid Body/Chassis Greases Shock Absorber Fluid Pre-Lubricants Industrial Oils Turbine and Other R&O Fluids Antiwear Hydraulic Fluids Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids Metalworking Lubricants Industrial Gear Oils Plant Machinery Greases Paper Machine Oils Soluble Oils © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 39. Additives Commonly Found in Lubricants Additive What It Does How It Works Antiwear • Minimizes wear caused by metal-to- • Additive reacts chemically and Agent metal contact during conditions of forms a film on metal surfaces mild boundary lubrication. under normal operating conditions. Antioxidant or • Inhibits varnish and sludge formation. • Slows the rate of reaction with Oxidation oxygen by interruption of chain • Reduces viscosity increase resulting Inhibitor reactions or by decomposing from oil oxidation. reactive peroxides. • Reduces formation of corrosive acids. Demulsifier • Loosens and breaks stable emulsions. • Lowers emulsion stability. Corrosion • Prevents corrosive attack on • Forms a film on nonferrous metallic Inhibitor nonferrous metallic surfaces. parts thus protecting them from attack by contaminants in the oil. Detergent • Prevents oxidation products (gums) • Chemically react with oxidation which have formed in the oil from products (gums) so that they sticking to metal parts. remain soluble in the oil and do not stick to metal surfaces. • Neutralizes acidic contaminants. • Metallic Base Reacts With Acid Dispersant • Keeps oxidation products separated • Additive adsorbs on surface of gum and suspended in the oil, retards particles or soot and inhibits formation of sludge and reduces soot agglomeration. related viscosity increase. © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
  • 40. Additives Commonly Found in Lubricants (Continued) Additive What It Does How It Works Extreme Pressure • Prevents welding and subsequent wear • Additive combines chemically with surface to (EP) Agents or seizure of contacting metal parts form a surface film. under extreme or shock load • Reaction usually occurs at high temperatures, conditions. which result when asperities collide. Emulsifier • Promotes rapid mixing of oil and water • Reduces interfacial tension and permits promoting formation of a stable intimate mixing of oil and water. emulsion. Foam Inhibitor • Prevents formation of stable foam. • Promotes combination of small bubbles into large bubbles, which in turn collapse more easily. Friction Modifier • Alters coefficient of friction. • Forms an easily shearable film on metal surfaces. Metal Deactivator • Reduces the catalytic effect of metals • Forms an inactive film on metal surfaces by on oxidation rate. combining with metallic ions. Rust Inhibitor • Prevent rusting of ferrous (iron or • Forms a film on ferrous parts thus protecting steel) machine parts. them from water or other destructive materials. Pour Point • Lowers the pour point and enables the • Changes the size and shape wax crystals. Depressant lubricant to flow at low temperature. Viscosity Modifier • Reduces rate of change of viscosity • Polymers uncoil as temperature rises, thus (VM) or Viscosity with temperature and makes possible increasing their effective size and viscosity. Index Improver the formulation of multigrade oils. (VII) © 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants 11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.