Setting out of works
horizontal and vertical curves
Horizontal Alignment
ØAn introduction to horizontal curve &Vertical curve.
ØTypes of curves.
ØElements of horizontal circular curve.
ØGeometric of circular curve
Ø Methods of setting out circular curve
Ø Setting out of horizontal curve on ground
Ø Vertical curve Definition.
ØElements of the vertical curves.
ØAvailable methods for computing the elements of vertical curves
Types of Curves
1- Horizontal Curves
2- Vertical Curves
Horizontal Curves
are circular curves. They connect tangent lines around
obstacles, such as building, swamps, lakes, change
direction in rural areas, and intersections in urban areas.
-Compound Curve.
-Reverse curve.
-Transition or Spiral Curves.
-Horizontal Curve: Simple circular
curve
-Elements of horizontal curves.
-Formulas for simple circular
curves.
-Properties of circular curves.
example:A horizontal curve having R= 500m, ∆=40°, station P.I=
12+00 ,prepare a setting out table to set out the curve
using deflection angle from the tangent and chord length
method, dividing the arc into 50m stations.
:Example H.W
A Horizontal curve is designed with a 600m radius and is
known to have a tangent of 52 m the PI is Station
200+00 determent the Stationing of the PT?
-PROCEDURE SETTING OUT Practical .
Vertical Curves
Elevation and Stations of main points on the Vertical Curve .
Assumptions of vertical curve projection.
Example: A vertical parabola curve 400m long is to be set
between 2% (upgrade) and 1% (down grade), which meet
at chainage of 2000 m, the R.L of point of intersection of
the two gradients being (500.00 m). Calculate the R.L of
the tangent and at every (50m) parabola.
Thank you all
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
In order to have smooth vehicle movements on the roads, the changes in the gradient should be smoothened out by the vertical curves.
The vertical alignment is the elevation or profile of the centre line of the road. The vertical alignment consists of grades and vertical curves.
Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway alignment due to various reasons such as topographic considerations, obligatory points.
The geometric design elements pertaining to horizontal alignment of highway should consider safe and comfortable movement of vehicles at the given design speed of the highway.
It is therefore necessary to avoid sudden changes in direction with sharp curves or reverse curves which could not be safely and conveniently negotiated by the vehicles at design speed.
Improper design of horizontal alignment of roads would necessitate speed changes resulting m higher accident rate and increase in vehicle operation cost.
In order to have smooth vehicle movements on the roads, the changes in the gradient should be smoothened out by the vertical curves.
The vertical alignment is the elevation or profile of the centre line of the road. The vertical alignment consists of grades and vertical curves.
Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway alignment due to various reasons such as topographic considerations, obligatory points.
The geometric design elements pertaining to horizontal alignment of highway should consider safe and comfortable movement of vehicles at the given design speed of the highway.
It is therefore necessary to avoid sudden changes in direction with sharp curves or reverse curves which could not be safely and conveniently negotiated by the vehicles at design speed.
Improper design of horizontal alignment of roads would necessitate speed changes resulting m higher accident rate and increase in vehicle operation cost.
Overview:
The vertical alignment of a road consists of gradients(straight lines in a vertical plane) and vertical curves. The vertical alignment is usually drawn as a profile, which is a graph with elevation as vertical axis and the horizontal distance along the centre line of the road as the the horizontal axis.
This presentation constitutes an integral component of a designated course curriculum and is crafted and disseminated for its intended audience. None of the contents within this presentation should be construed as a formal publication on the subject matter. The author has extensively referenced published resources in the preparation of this presentation, and proper citations will be provided in the bibliography upon completion of its development.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide LaboratoryBahzad5
الجامعة التكنولوجية
قسم هندسة البناء والإنشاءات
فرع هندسة الطرق والجسور
مختبر الأسفلت
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية
Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
:أعداد
م.د. زينب ابراهيم قاسم
م شرف مختبر الاسفلت
University of Technology
Building and Construction
Engineering Department
Highways and Bridges Engineering Branch
Asphalt Laboratory
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT FOR WORKS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONBahzad5
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES INGENIEURS-CONSEILS
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
FOR WORKS OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
PART I GENERAL CONDITIONS
WITH FORMS OF TENDER AND AGREEMENT
FOURTH EDITION 1987
Reprinted 1988 with editorial amendments
Reprinted 1992 with further amendments
الشروط العامة لمقاولات اعمال الهندسة المدنيةBahzad5
الشروط العامة لمقاولات اعمال الهندسة المدنية ((بقسميها الاول والثاني)) المعدة من وزارة التخطيط مع اخر التعديلات عليها بغداد 2002
توزيع المكتبة القانونية - بغداد
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS Bahzad5
REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
MINISTRY OF PLANNING
LEGAL DEPARTMENT
GENERAL CONDITIONS
FOR
CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART I & II
PREPARED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE AND
APPROVED BY THE PLANNING BOARD
JUNE 1973
Dar Al-Hurriyah
Al-Jamhurriyah Press, Baghdad
The Planning Board at its fifth meeting held on 12/6/1972 approved
these conditions vide resolution No. 2 and enforced the distribution
thereof to Ministries and Public establishments to act accordingly when
announcing tenders and adhering to the application thereof in all
contracts of civil engineering works together with the observance of
accuracy in the application of the second part for these conditions as to
harmonize with the volume and nature of each contract.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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2. Horizontal Alignment
ØAn introduction to horizontal curve &Vertical curve.
ØTypes of curves.
ØElements of horizontal circular curve.
ØGeometric of circular curve
Ø Methods of setting out circular curve
Ø Setting out of horizontal curve on ground
Ø Vertical curve Definition.
ØElements of the vertical curves.
ØAvailable methods for computing the elements of vertical
curves
2
3. Types of Curves
1- Horizontal Curves
2- Vertical Curves
Horizontal Curves
are circular curves. They connect tangent lines around
obstacles, such as building, swamps, lakes, change
direction in rural areas, and intersections in urban areas.
3
4. Types of Horizontal Curves
Simple circular curve It is a curve of single constant
radius connecting two straights .
4
5. Compound Curve
When there are more than one radius of an arc connecting two
intersecting straights is called compound curves of two radius or
more joined together.
5
6. Reverse curve
Two circular arcs tangent to each other, with their centers
on opposite sides of the alignment.
6
7. Transition or Spiral Curves:-
— When circular curve is introduced between straights it
becomes very difficult for a fast moving vehicle to change
from straight line path having zero curvature to a curved
path having a specified curvature therefore transition
curves are provided in which the curvature varies
gradually from zero of the straight line path to specific
value depending upon the radius of the circular curve
7
9. Horizontal Curve: Simple circular
curve
— Considerations for Horizontal Curves
§ Safety.
§ Economic evaluation
Simple Curves have 3 variables
— Radius
— Design Speed
— Super elevation
9
10. Point of Intersection (PI): the point at which the two tangents to
the curve intersect
Point of Curvature (PC): the beginning point
of the curve
Point of Tangency (PT): the end point of the curve
Delta Angle: the angle between the tangents
is also equal to the angle at the center of
the curve
Tangent Distance (T): the distance from the PC to PI or from the PI
to PT
10
11. External Distance (E): the distance from the PI to the middle
point of the curve
Middle Ordinate (M): the distance from
the middle point of the curve to the middle
of the chord joining the PC and PT
Long Chord (LC): the straight distance
Along the line joining the PC and the PT
Length of Curve(L): the difference in stationing along the
curve between the PC and the PT
11
Elements of Horizontal curve
12. Formulas for simple circular
curves
12
2
tan
D
= R
T
Tangent length
D
= R
L
180
p
2
sin
2
D
= R
Lc
Length of curve
Length of chord
External distance ÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
D
= 1
2
cos
1
R
E
Middle ordinate
14. α (degree)=(90/π) * (C/R)
Chainage: it is a station with equal distance, or it is an equal chord.
10m, l = Length of small chord.
For 200m
200/10 = 20 chainage
205 = 20+5 chainage
207 = 20+7 chainage
The station of intersection
points are always known. 14
D = 2 α
16. 16
Example
A horizontal curve having R= 500m, ∆=40°, station P.I=
12+00 ,prepare a setting out table to set out the curve
using deflection angle from the tangent and chord length
method, dividing the arc into 50m stations.
17. 17
Solution
1-Find the length of curve = R=500 dalta= 40
L = 349.07 m
2- Find tangent length
T= R tan ∆/2 = 500 * tan 40/2 =181.99m
=181.99/50= 3.6398 =3+31.99 Chains
3- Find the station of point of curve (PC)
PC=PI - T= 12*50 - T
P.C= 600 –T ; P.C= 600-181.99 = 418.01 m = 8+18.01chains
OR
P.C. = 12 – T = (12+00) – (3+31.99) = (8 + 18.01) Chains
18. 18
4- Find point of tangent (P.T).
P.T= Station P.C+L= 418.01+349.07= 767.08m= 15+17.08
5- find the individual tangential angle for the first station.
We should calculate the partial chords (C)
Here, the chainage of arc is 50m
For full chord length of 50 m (α) in degrees=(90/π)*(50/500)
= 2.865° = 2° 51’ 54”
Station of PC=8+18.01; First station on the curve= 9+00
Hence, C=(9+00)-(8+18.01)=31.99m, (8+50)-(8+18.01)=31.99
For chord 50m α = 2° 51’ 54”;for 18.01m chord α1=1° 49´ 59”
OR
α (degree)=(90/π) * (C/R)
α1 (degree)=90/π(31.99/500)= 1° 49´ 59”
20. :Example H.W
A Horizontal curve is designed with a 600m radius and is
known to have a tangent of 52 m the PI is Station
200+00 determent the Stationing of the PT?
20
21. PROCEDURE SETTING OUT Practical
I
70m
P
C
P
T
GIVEN DEFLECTION
ANGLE , θ=13018’ 32”
13016’ 00”
21
23. Vertical Curves
Vertical curves are in the shape of a parabola. A curve in the
longitudinal section of a roadway to provide easy change of
gradient.
23
24. Vertical curves (VC) are used to connect intersecting
gradients in the vertical plane. Thus, in route design they
are provided at all changes of gradient. They should be
sufficiently large curvature to provide comfort to the
driver, that is, they should have a low ‘rate change of
grade’. In addition, they should afford adequate ‘sight
distances’ for safe stopping at a given design speed.
25. The type of curve generally used to connect the
intersecting gradients g1 and g2 in the simple
parabola. Its uses as a sag or crest curve
Gradient:
In vertical curve design the gradients are
expressed as percentages, with a negative for a
downgrade and a positive for an upgrade,
e.g. A downgrade of 1 in 20= 5 in 100= −5%=−g1%
An upgrade of 1 in 25=4 in 100= +4%=+g2%
26. The angle of deflection of the two intersecting
gradients is called the grade angle. The grade
angle simply represents the change of grade
through which the vertical curve deflects and is
the algebraic difference of the two gradients:
A %=( g1%−g2%)
In the above example A %=( −5%−4%) =−9%
(negative indicates a sag curve).
35. • r= rate of change of grade per station
• g1= initial grade in percent
• g2= final grade in percent
• L= Length of the curve in stations
• A= Algebraic difference in grade
• A= g2-g1
35
36. ELEMENTS OF VERTICAL CURVES
1 - B.V.C or P.V.C: Beginning of vertical curve or point of vertical
curvature.
2 - P.V.I: Point of vertical intersection.
3 - P.V.T or E.V.C: End of vertical curve or point of vertical
tangency.
36
37. Elevation and Stations of main points on the
Vertical Curve
• If the Station and Elevation of P.V.I is known
37
38. Assumptions of vertical curve projection:
1. L = Lc because the slope is very small.
2. T= L/2 since MA= MH
AH= 2AM
Ø Usually the Reduced level at P.I is known and
the chainage also is known.
44. Example: A vertical parabola curve 400m long is to be set
between 2% (upgrade) and 1% (down grade), which meet
at chainage of 2000 m, the R.L of point of intersection of
the two gradients being (500.00 m). Calculate the R.L of
the tangent and at every (50m) parabola.