Presented by Lora L. Iannotti (Washington University) at the Expert panel: Sustainable solutions for the livestock sector: the time is ripe! 10th Global Forum for Food and Agriculture, Berlin, 19 January 2018
This document discusses feeding of swine, including their nutrient requirements and different diets. Some key points:
- Pigs have high feed efficiency and are classified as omnivores. About 70-75% of production costs come from feed.
- Nutrient requirements vary by age and function. Creep feed for piglets contains 24% protein while finishing pig diets contain 13% protein.
- Common diets include starter, grower, and finisher. Piglets may get anemia without supplemental iron in the creep feed.
- Breeding pigs are fed lower protein (12%) to avoid fattening. Flushing increases ovulation for higher piglet production.
Factors affecting quality and quantity of milk in dairy cattleDr. IRSHAD A
The document summarizes factors that affect the quantity and quality of milk produced by dairy cattle. It discusses physiological factors like breed, age, lactation stage, and environmental factors like nutrition, climate, and management practices. Higher quality milk has a lower somatic cell count and bacterial content. Milk quantity is most impacted by breed, age, lactation stage, dry period length, calving season, and nutrition. Milk composition varies by genetic factors, breed, lactation stage, milking practices, season, and health issues like mastitis.
Dr. Milo Wiltbank presented this for a DAIReXNET webinar on Wednesday, March 2, 2016. The full presentation recording can be found at http://bit.ly/1wb83YV.
- Worldwide consumption of poultry is increasing, with India emerging as the 2nd largest market growing at over 14% annually. However, per capita consumption in India remains well below recommended levels.
- The poultry industry in Jharkhand is growing at 20% annually but local production meets only a fraction of daily demand. A market study identified potential for expansion.
- A proposed commercial poultry farm in Hazaribagh, Jharkhand was estimated to generate a net profit within 6 years, through rearing broiler chickens in batches of 500 birds each week for meat production. Infrastructure, equipment, feed and operating costs were calculated.
- While demand exceeds supply locally, opportunities exist
This document provides information on basic nutrition for goats and sheep. It discusses the importance of nutrition for health and production. As ruminants, goats and sheep have a compartmentalized stomach and digest high-fiber forage diets well through rumination. The document outlines essential nutrients including water, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. It notes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, physiological state, production level, health, housing, and climate. Proper nutrition is key to the health and productivity of goats and sheep.
The document discusses the Rural Dairy Farmer Empowerment Program. It covers various topics related to dairy farming including principles of dairy farm management, factors affecting dairy herd production and health like nutrition, cow comfort and reproduction. It also discusses facilities, environment, calf rearing, breeding, milking methods and organic milk production. The key aspects covered are the three factors of nutrition, comfort and reproduction that determine dairy cow health and productivity and the life cycle of a dairy cow from birth to dry periods that can largely be managed through scheduled activities.
This document discusses the growth of ethnic populations in the United States and its implications for the sheep and goat industries. It notes that the Muslim, Hispanic, and Asian populations are growing rapidly as percentages of the total population and that these groups favor lamb and goat meat. This growth provides opportunities for expanded markets for sheep and goat producers if they understand the preferences and traditions of these ethnic groups. The document advocates that producers market directly to ethnic communities through halal or live animal sales to take advantage of growing demand from a diversifying American population.
Presented by Muhammad Farooq Tareen at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
This document discusses feeding of swine, including their nutrient requirements and different diets. Some key points:
- Pigs have high feed efficiency and are classified as omnivores. About 70-75% of production costs come from feed.
- Nutrient requirements vary by age and function. Creep feed for piglets contains 24% protein while finishing pig diets contain 13% protein.
- Common diets include starter, grower, and finisher. Piglets may get anemia without supplemental iron in the creep feed.
- Breeding pigs are fed lower protein (12%) to avoid fattening. Flushing increases ovulation for higher piglet production.
Factors affecting quality and quantity of milk in dairy cattleDr. IRSHAD A
The document summarizes factors that affect the quantity and quality of milk produced by dairy cattle. It discusses physiological factors like breed, age, lactation stage, and environmental factors like nutrition, climate, and management practices. Higher quality milk has a lower somatic cell count and bacterial content. Milk quantity is most impacted by breed, age, lactation stage, dry period length, calving season, and nutrition. Milk composition varies by genetic factors, breed, lactation stage, milking practices, season, and health issues like mastitis.
Dr. Milo Wiltbank presented this for a DAIReXNET webinar on Wednesday, March 2, 2016. The full presentation recording can be found at http://bit.ly/1wb83YV.
- Worldwide consumption of poultry is increasing, with India emerging as the 2nd largest market growing at over 14% annually. However, per capita consumption in India remains well below recommended levels.
- The poultry industry in Jharkhand is growing at 20% annually but local production meets only a fraction of daily demand. A market study identified potential for expansion.
- A proposed commercial poultry farm in Hazaribagh, Jharkhand was estimated to generate a net profit within 6 years, through rearing broiler chickens in batches of 500 birds each week for meat production. Infrastructure, equipment, feed and operating costs were calculated.
- While demand exceeds supply locally, opportunities exist
This document provides information on basic nutrition for goats and sheep. It discusses the importance of nutrition for health and production. As ruminants, goats and sheep have a compartmentalized stomach and digest high-fiber forage diets well through rumination. The document outlines essential nutrients including water, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. It notes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, physiological state, production level, health, housing, and climate. Proper nutrition is key to the health and productivity of goats and sheep.
The document discusses the Rural Dairy Farmer Empowerment Program. It covers various topics related to dairy farming including principles of dairy farm management, factors affecting dairy herd production and health like nutrition, cow comfort and reproduction. It also discusses facilities, environment, calf rearing, breeding, milking methods and organic milk production. The key aspects covered are the three factors of nutrition, comfort and reproduction that determine dairy cow health and productivity and the life cycle of a dairy cow from birth to dry periods that can largely be managed through scheduled activities.
This document discusses the growth of ethnic populations in the United States and its implications for the sheep and goat industries. It notes that the Muslim, Hispanic, and Asian populations are growing rapidly as percentages of the total population and that these groups favor lamb and goat meat. This growth provides opportunities for expanded markets for sheep and goat producers if they understand the preferences and traditions of these ethnic groups. The document advocates that producers market directly to ethnic communities through halal or live animal sales to take advantage of growing demand from a diversifying American population.
Presented by Muhammad Farooq Tareen at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
Use of poultry_house_waste_as_livestock__feed__and_fertilizerHARISH J
This document discusses the quality and use of poultry manure and litter. It notes that poultry waste contains higher concentrations of nutrients like nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus than other animal wastes. It also describes different types of poultry waste including manure and litter. The document discusses feeding poultry waste to various livestock and how it can be processed through methods like dehydration, stacking, and chemical treatment to improve its feeding value and safety.
This document discusses precision feeding in livestock. It begins by explaining how precision feeding aims to meet the exact nutrient requirements of individual animals through determining the right amount, composition, and timing of feed. This is achieved through tools like precise nutrient analysis, ration formulation based on digestible nutrients, use of additives, and appropriate feeding management methods like phase and split-sex feeding. Phase feeding in particular is described as improving performance and economic return while reducing nutrient excretion compared to single-diet feeding programs. The overall goal of precision feeding is optimizing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.
Biosecurity measures are incomplete if there are no specialized officer in charge of monitoring the operation. Poultry farms and farm animals are prone to disease invasion except when the right measures are not only put in place but also monitored by officer(s).
clean milk should be:
1- Normal physical , Chemical properties
2- Low bacterial count.
3- Free from pathogenic microorganisms
4- Free from dirt , hazard residues.
5- High keeping quality.
6- High nutritive value.
This document discusses the processing of feeds and forage crops. It begins by defining feed processing as altering the physical nature of feed commodities to optimize animal utilization and diet stability. It then discusses various forage plants and their classification. Common feed processing methods like particle size reduction using cutting, crushing, shearing and impact grinding are explained. Commonly used mills in feed processing like hammer mills and roller mills are described. The key steps in feed mixing like achieving uniform distribution of ingredients are covered. Different types of mixers used in feed processing like vertical batch mixers and horizontal mixers are explained.
This document discusses calf fattening in Pakistan. It notes the increasing demand for meat due to population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes. Per capita meat consumption in Pakistan has risen from 11 kg in 1983 to a projected 47 kg in 2020. The majority of beef production comes from traditional, inefficient systems involving young calves. The document advocates for commercial feedlot systems to finish calves on balanced diets to higher weights to produce quality beef. It provides details on feedlot design, selection of animals, feeding, and management. Feeding trials demonstrated growth rates of over 1 kg per day. Commercial feedlot systems can yield good profits but farmers must sell processed, high quality meat through organized markets.
This document provides information on animal nutrition including the classification and composition of various feeds and fodders. It discusses summer and winter fodders as well as dry fodders. Several ration formulas are presented for dairy animals with different milk production levels. Feeding recommendations for calves including milk replacers and calf starters are also covered. The document concludes with discussions on feed supplements, mineral mixtures, baled rations, and health products.
This document discusses ways to add value and enhance the nutrient profile of eggs and poultry meat through modifications made during raising or processing. It provides examples of how nutrient levels like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins E and D, minerals like selenium, and carotenoids can be manipulated by changing the feed given to hens and broilers. Specific oils, algae, and natural extracts that can be used to enrich eggs with various healthy compounds are outlined. The benefits and considerations of enriching eggs are also presented in brief.
This document provides a manual for conducting various analyses in an animal nutrition laboratory. It describes procedures for analyzing feed, silage, milk, and blood samples. The manual covers topics such as sample receiving and preparation, determining dry matter, ash, crude protein, fiber, fat, minerals, tannins, digestibility, and assessing silage and milk quality. Various instruments used in the laboratory are also depicted, including ovens, balances, centrifuges, and Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer. The manual is intended to guide technicians in conducting analyses and to inform scientists on the services provided by the laboratory.
Sheep and goats were among the first animals domesticated for dairy production around 6000-7000 BC. They are multi-purpose animals used for meat, milk, fiber, skins and more. While sheep and goats share some similarities as small ruminants, there are key physical, behavioral, and production differences between the two. The global sheep and goat populations are over 1 billion each, with China and India having the largest inventories. In the US, the sheep industry has declined since WWII but the goat industry has grown, focused mainly on meat production in Texas. Both industries face challenges around infrastructure, regulations, and competition.
The document provides information on managing dry cows through their dry period in 3 phases to maintain body condition and health for optimal subsequent milk production. It discusses feeding dry cows balanced diets with adequate forages and minimal grains to avoid metabolic disorders while maintaining energy reserves. Special care is needed around calving to gradually transition diets and allow mammary adaptation through a normal dry period of around 60 days.
The document discusses feeding practices for livestock in India. It notes that feeding accounts for 70% of total livestock production costs. Major constraints to feeding include scarcity of quality feed resources and imbalanced feeding. The document recommends strategies like precision feeding, using protected nutrients like bypass protein and fat, area-specific mineral mixtures, feed processing techniques like silage and complete feed blocks. It provides feeding schedules and formulations for dairy cattle, poultry and laying hens. The document emphasizes adopting the right feeding strategies tailored to individual animal needs for economical and sustainable livestock production.
Insects as PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY
Introduction
Insects as a alternative feed
Type of insects
Insect farming
Nutritional value of insets and functional properties
Feeding value in different sps of animals
Risk profile and major concerns
Cost economics and environmental foot print
Future research
Conclusions and recommendations
India is facing scarcity of feed and fodder for feeding of livestock and poultry, which limits livestock productivity. Feed and Fodder development Platform is very essential to deal with scarcity of quality feed and fodder in Livestock. Accelerated fodder production and their preservation, collection, storage and utilization of agro-industrial by-products like rice and wheat straw using bailing, cubing etc. and fodder bank may help in dealing with scarcity of fodder. Ration balancing at farmer`s doorstep, regular quality of feed and fodder will be very helpful in sustaining livestock productivity.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. It begins by describing the ruminant digestive system and how it processes different types of feeds. It then discusses the five essential nutrients required by sheep and goats: water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For each nutrient, it provides details on sources, requirements, and factors that can affect requirements. The document emphasizes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, stage of production, production level, and other environmental factors. It concludes with steps for balancing rations to meet animal nutrient needs.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
This document discusses feeding strategies for high-yielding dairy cows. It notes that milk is synthesized from nutrients absorbed from the bloodstream. High yielders are defined as cows producing over 20 kg/day or buffaloes over 15 kg/day. Feeding strategies for high yielders include providing extra rations of high-quality roughage and concentrates, gradually increasing concentrates, and maintaining 14% crude protein. Challenge feeding involves increasing concentrates before calving to prepare cows for high milk production. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are also important to meet requirements and prevent issues like milk fever. Buffers help maintain rumen pH for optimal fiber digestion and milk fat levels.
This study investigated the effects of moderate perinatal choline deficiency in piglets. Sows were fed either a choline sufficient or deficient diet during gestation. After farrowing, piglets were fed one of two milk replacers, either choline sufficient or deficient, for 4 weeks. Piglets exposed to postnatal choline deficiency had lower plasma choline levels and higher liver enzymes. They also had higher liver lipid content and lower plasma cholesterol. Prenatal choline deficiency resulted in smaller brain size. The results suggest piglets are a useful model for studying effects of perinatal choline deficiency seen in humans and rodents.
This document discusses systemic nutrition security and transformative change. It begins by stating that nutrition is critical for human development and economic development, and there is a need to view nutrition as good politics. Acting to reduce undernutrition and overnutrition is a political choice about optimally using agricultural resources. The document then discusses definitions of nutrition from 1974 to 2005 that have expanded to include socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. It also outlines current trends in child malnutrition and obesity worldwide. Key issues in prioritizing nutrition are discussed such as meeting water, energy, and protein needs before vitamins and minerals. The concepts of malnutrition and the protein-energy percentage ratio of diets are explained. The document stresses investing in nutritional sciences and balancing food, feed,
Use of poultry_house_waste_as_livestock__feed__and_fertilizerHARISH J
This document discusses the quality and use of poultry manure and litter. It notes that poultry waste contains higher concentrations of nutrients like nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus than other animal wastes. It also describes different types of poultry waste including manure and litter. The document discusses feeding poultry waste to various livestock and how it can be processed through methods like dehydration, stacking, and chemical treatment to improve its feeding value and safety.
This document discusses precision feeding in livestock. It begins by explaining how precision feeding aims to meet the exact nutrient requirements of individual animals through determining the right amount, composition, and timing of feed. This is achieved through tools like precise nutrient analysis, ration formulation based on digestible nutrients, use of additives, and appropriate feeding management methods like phase and split-sex feeding. Phase feeding in particular is described as improving performance and economic return while reducing nutrient excretion compared to single-diet feeding programs. The overall goal of precision feeding is optimizing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.
Biosecurity measures are incomplete if there are no specialized officer in charge of monitoring the operation. Poultry farms and farm animals are prone to disease invasion except when the right measures are not only put in place but also monitored by officer(s).
clean milk should be:
1- Normal physical , Chemical properties
2- Low bacterial count.
3- Free from pathogenic microorganisms
4- Free from dirt , hazard residues.
5- High keeping quality.
6- High nutritive value.
This document discusses the processing of feeds and forage crops. It begins by defining feed processing as altering the physical nature of feed commodities to optimize animal utilization and diet stability. It then discusses various forage plants and their classification. Common feed processing methods like particle size reduction using cutting, crushing, shearing and impact grinding are explained. Commonly used mills in feed processing like hammer mills and roller mills are described. The key steps in feed mixing like achieving uniform distribution of ingredients are covered. Different types of mixers used in feed processing like vertical batch mixers and horizontal mixers are explained.
This document discusses calf fattening in Pakistan. It notes the increasing demand for meat due to population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes. Per capita meat consumption in Pakistan has risen from 11 kg in 1983 to a projected 47 kg in 2020. The majority of beef production comes from traditional, inefficient systems involving young calves. The document advocates for commercial feedlot systems to finish calves on balanced diets to higher weights to produce quality beef. It provides details on feedlot design, selection of animals, feeding, and management. Feeding trials demonstrated growth rates of over 1 kg per day. Commercial feedlot systems can yield good profits but farmers must sell processed, high quality meat through organized markets.
This document provides information on animal nutrition including the classification and composition of various feeds and fodders. It discusses summer and winter fodders as well as dry fodders. Several ration formulas are presented for dairy animals with different milk production levels. Feeding recommendations for calves including milk replacers and calf starters are also covered. The document concludes with discussions on feed supplements, mineral mixtures, baled rations, and health products.
This document discusses ways to add value and enhance the nutrient profile of eggs and poultry meat through modifications made during raising or processing. It provides examples of how nutrient levels like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins E and D, minerals like selenium, and carotenoids can be manipulated by changing the feed given to hens and broilers. Specific oils, algae, and natural extracts that can be used to enrich eggs with various healthy compounds are outlined. The benefits and considerations of enriching eggs are also presented in brief.
This document provides a manual for conducting various analyses in an animal nutrition laboratory. It describes procedures for analyzing feed, silage, milk, and blood samples. The manual covers topics such as sample receiving and preparation, determining dry matter, ash, crude protein, fiber, fat, minerals, tannins, digestibility, and assessing silage and milk quality. Various instruments used in the laboratory are also depicted, including ovens, balances, centrifuges, and Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer. The manual is intended to guide technicians in conducting analyses and to inform scientists on the services provided by the laboratory.
Sheep and goats were among the first animals domesticated for dairy production around 6000-7000 BC. They are multi-purpose animals used for meat, milk, fiber, skins and more. While sheep and goats share some similarities as small ruminants, there are key physical, behavioral, and production differences between the two. The global sheep and goat populations are over 1 billion each, with China and India having the largest inventories. In the US, the sheep industry has declined since WWII but the goat industry has grown, focused mainly on meat production in Texas. Both industries face challenges around infrastructure, regulations, and competition.
The document provides information on managing dry cows through their dry period in 3 phases to maintain body condition and health for optimal subsequent milk production. It discusses feeding dry cows balanced diets with adequate forages and minimal grains to avoid metabolic disorders while maintaining energy reserves. Special care is needed around calving to gradually transition diets and allow mammary adaptation through a normal dry period of around 60 days.
The document discusses feeding practices for livestock in India. It notes that feeding accounts for 70% of total livestock production costs. Major constraints to feeding include scarcity of quality feed resources and imbalanced feeding. The document recommends strategies like precision feeding, using protected nutrients like bypass protein and fat, area-specific mineral mixtures, feed processing techniques like silage and complete feed blocks. It provides feeding schedules and formulations for dairy cattle, poultry and laying hens. The document emphasizes adopting the right feeding strategies tailored to individual animal needs for economical and sustainable livestock production.
Insects as PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY
Introduction
Insects as a alternative feed
Type of insects
Insect farming
Nutritional value of insets and functional properties
Feeding value in different sps of animals
Risk profile and major concerns
Cost economics and environmental foot print
Future research
Conclusions and recommendations
India is facing scarcity of feed and fodder for feeding of livestock and poultry, which limits livestock productivity. Feed and Fodder development Platform is very essential to deal with scarcity of quality feed and fodder in Livestock. Accelerated fodder production and their preservation, collection, storage and utilization of agro-industrial by-products like rice and wheat straw using bailing, cubing etc. and fodder bank may help in dealing with scarcity of fodder. Ration balancing at farmer`s doorstep, regular quality of feed and fodder will be very helpful in sustaining livestock productivity.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. It begins by describing the ruminant digestive system and how it processes different types of feeds. It then discusses the five essential nutrients required by sheep and goats: water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For each nutrient, it provides details on sources, requirements, and factors that can affect requirements. The document emphasizes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, stage of production, production level, and other environmental factors. It concludes with steps for balancing rations to meet animal nutrient needs.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
This document discusses feeding strategies for high-yielding dairy cows. It notes that milk is synthesized from nutrients absorbed from the bloodstream. High yielders are defined as cows producing over 20 kg/day or buffaloes over 15 kg/day. Feeding strategies for high yielders include providing extra rations of high-quality roughage and concentrates, gradually increasing concentrates, and maintaining 14% crude protein. Challenge feeding involves increasing concentrates before calving to prepare cows for high milk production. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are also important to meet requirements and prevent issues like milk fever. Buffers help maintain rumen pH for optimal fiber digestion and milk fat levels.
This study investigated the effects of moderate perinatal choline deficiency in piglets. Sows were fed either a choline sufficient or deficient diet during gestation. After farrowing, piglets were fed one of two milk replacers, either choline sufficient or deficient, for 4 weeks. Piglets exposed to postnatal choline deficiency had lower plasma choline levels and higher liver enzymes. They also had higher liver lipid content and lower plasma cholesterol. Prenatal choline deficiency resulted in smaller brain size. The results suggest piglets are a useful model for studying effects of perinatal choline deficiency seen in humans and rodents.
This document discusses systemic nutrition security and transformative change. It begins by stating that nutrition is critical for human development and economic development, and there is a need to view nutrition as good politics. Acting to reduce undernutrition and overnutrition is a political choice about optimally using agricultural resources. The document then discusses definitions of nutrition from 1974 to 2005 that have expanded to include socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. It also outlines current trends in child malnutrition and obesity worldwide. Key issues in prioritizing nutrition are discussed such as meeting water, energy, and protein needs before vitamins and minerals. The concepts of malnutrition and the protein-energy percentage ratio of diets are explained. The document stresses investing in nutritional sciences and balancing food, feed,
This document describes a study investigating whether women of grandmother age (35-70 years old) who have previously breastfed children can re-establish milk production through "re-lactation" to potentially prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in Kenya. The study found that breast milk samples from grandmothers undergoing a 6-week re-lactation intervention contained living cells like those normally present in human breast milk, including macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and neutrophils. This suggests that re-lactation may provide a way for grandmothers to feed at-risk infants and reduce pediatric AIDS cases in Kenya, where over 30,000 newborns acquire HIV annually through breastfeeding despite prevention efforts.
CommentaryOrigins and evolution of the Western diet healt.docxmonicafrancis71118
Commentary
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the
21st century1,2
Loren Cordain, S Boyd Eaton, Anthony Sebastian, Neil Mann, Staffan Lindeberg, Bruce A Watkins, James H O’Keefe,
and Janette Brand-Miller
ABSTRACT
There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the envi-
ronment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with
the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry �10 000 y ago
occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human
genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our
ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural,
and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of
the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged. In particular,
food staples and food-processing procedures introduced during the
Neolithic and Industrial Periods have fundamentally altered 7 cru-
cial nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets: 1) glyce-
mic load, 2) fatty acid composition, 3) macronutrient composition,
4) micronutrient density, 5) acid-base balance, 6) sodium-potassium
ratio, and 7) fiber content. The evolutionary collision of our ancient
genome with the nutritional qualities of recently introduced foods may
underlie many of the chronic diseases of Western civilization. Am
J Clin Nutr 2005;81:341–54.
KEY WORDS Westernized diets, chronic disease, processed
foods, genetic discordance, hunter-gatherers, human evolution
EVOLUTIONARY DISCORDANCE
Evolution acting through natural selection represents an on-
going interaction between a species’ genome and its environment
over the course of multiple generations. Genetic traits may be
positively or negatively selected relative to their concordance or
discordance with environmental selective pressures (1). When
the environment remains relatively constant, stabilizing selec-
tion tends to maintain genetic traits that represent the optimal
average for a population (2). When environmental conditions
permanently change, evolutionary discordance arises between a
species’ genome and its environment, and stabilizing selection is
replaced by directional selection, moving the average population
genome to a new set point (1, 2). Initially, when permanent
environmental changes occur in a population, individuals bear-
ing the previous average status quo genome experience evolu-
tionary discordance (2, 3). In the affected genotype, this evolu-
tionary discordance manifests itself phenotypically as disease,
increased morbidity and mortality, and reduced reproductive
success (1–3).
Similar to all species, contemporary humans are genetically
adapted to the environment of their ancestors—that is, to the
environment that their ancestors survived in and that conse-
quently conditioned their genetic makeup (1–3). There is grow-
ing awareness that the profound environmental changes (eg, in
diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduc-
tion of agriculture and.
Using a One Health approach to promote food and nutrition security in Tanzani...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Using a One Health approach, this project aims to reduce childhood stunting in Tanzania and Zambia by improving integration of family poultry and crop systems. The project brings together teams from Tanzania, Zambia, UK, Australia to assess current systems and test interventions. Key activities include analyzing women's roles and the impact of improved systems on nutrition. Major challenges include achieving nutrition-sensitive agriculture sustainably and encouraging food chains to support nutrition. Lessons highlight the need to consider seasonal nutritional variations and connect theory with rural realities. The One Health approach integrates disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment.
This is a PPT I made for an hour long talk given for my Seminar in Evolutionary Biology class at JSU. It explores in great depth the evolution of the human/hominid dietary pattern in pursuit of a single question: What is the most optimal diet for human consumption, encouraging health and longevity, based on evolutionary trends?
The question has been raised: Does milk really do a body good? Upon reviewing professional opinions on this subject, the evidence presented speaks against this issue.
Heat stress negatively impacts livestock in several ways:
1) It reduces feed intake and nutrient digestibility, decreasing nutrient uptake by up to 30% which leads to lower milk production and weight loss.
2) It decreases rumination time and depresses appetite, reducing digestive efficiency.
3) It alters rumen physiology like decreasing rumen motility and changing fermentation, impairing digestive and reproductive performance.
A plant-based diet is the healthiest option for children according to the author. Animal products promote diseases like cancer while vegetarian diets protect health. The document outlines how animal products can cause allergies, intolerances and diseases in children. It recommends encouraging children to adopt a plant-based diet from a young age to promote lifelong good health and reduce disease risk.
From Nutrigenomics to Systems Nutrition - The role of nutrition in metabolic...Norwich Research Park
1) The document discusses moving beyond traditional nutrition science to a systems approach to understand the complex interactions between diet, genes, microbiome, and health.
2) A healthy gut microbiome is essential for overall health, and nutrition plays a key role in shaping the microbiome.
3) While no single "superfood" exists, eating a variety of plants foods along with minimizing highly processed foods can help maintain a flexible system and optimal health.
The document discusses the nexus between food systems and health and outlines several focus areas and challenges. It notes that food and health are interconnected in complex ways and addresses issues like nutrition, obesity, food safety, and access. Key goals are to ensure nutritious and safe food, promote strategies to combat childhood obesity, and work with communities to fight hunger and food insecurity. Several organizations like USDA, land-grant universities, and NIFA support research, education, and programs in this area. The focus is on developing a sustainable food system that improves environmental, economic, and social factors of health.
This is the key address that Professor Robyn Alders gave on 10th of February in Ahmedabad, India, during the first annual One Health Poultry Hub conference.
Malnutrition has many causes and correlates:
- Inadequate diet, disease, and poor maternal/child care lead to malnutrition.
- Unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, poverty, lack of education, and poor public health further contribute to malnutrition.
- Malnutrition is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting growth indicators and impacts individuals throughout the lifecycle.
Forests and forest research for improved food security and nutritionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation couples statistics about world hunger and malnutrition with statistics about the micronutrients and ecosystem services forests provide, provoking us to consider the question: what is the role of forests in a world of hungry or malnourished people? Post-doc Research Fellow Bronwen Powell gave this presentation at CIFOR’s Annual Meeting 2012, which was held on 1–5 October at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia.
'Lo último en obesidad'. Este es el título del Simposio Internacional que organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces los días 1 y 2 de diciembre de 2015. En colaboración con la Fundación General CSIC, reunió a algunos de los mayores expertos en la materia para analizar cómo reducir este grave problema de salud pública.
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
This document summarizes a conference on food in the Anthropocene era. It discusses how current diets and food systems are driving poor health outcomes and environmental degradation. Science-based targets are proposed to create a shared vision for low risk diets and sustainable land use. These targets include limits on nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, fresh water use, biodiversity loss and more. Achieving these targets will require changes across science, business and policy to transform food systems and make food a solution to environmental and health problems.
The use of genetic engineering technology in animals has been associated with ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare. Discuss examples of genetically engineered animals and evaluate the ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
Tondini_IL44-15 Effects of nutritional technologies on cattle digestibilitySara Tondini
This study examined the effects of various nutritional technologies on digestibility in cattle fed a corn stalk-based diet. Ninety-six cows were assigned to one of two treatments: Treatment A received a supplement containing Fibrozyme, Bio-Mos, Integral A+, algae, Sel-Plex, and chelated trace minerals. Treatment B received a supplement with inorganic minerals but no other technologies. Treatment A showed a 7% increase in total tract digestibility compared to Treatment B. The results indicate that the nutritional technologies in the Treatment A supplement improved digestibility of the poor quality forage diet.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
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A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
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Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
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Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Livestock and human nutrition
1. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Livestock and human nutrition
Lora L. Iannotti
Expert panel: Sustainable solutions for the livestock sector: The time is ripe!
10th Global Forum for Food and Agriculture, Berlin, 19 January 2018
2. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
1) Globally, 156 million young children have stunted growth and development.
Animal source foods (ASF) can play a crucial role in meeting the World Health Assembly
nutrition target (2025) to reduce stunting by 40%.
2) Biological and evolutionary rationale underpin the need for ASF in human nutrition.
ASF provide limiting nutrients (vitamins A, B12, choline, iron, zinc) in highly bioavailable
matrices enabling more efficient absorption and metabolism in human nutrition.
3) Eggs and animal milk, among nature’s first foods, may provide a sustainable
solution for confronting critical nutrient deficiencies.
Strong evidence is emerging for egg nutrition in stunting reduction and biomarkers of brain
development.
Key messages
3. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Undernutrition in first 1,000 days…
• Undernutrition in young children < 5 yrs
– 156 million stunted (22.9%)
– 50 million wasted (8%)
• Hidden hunger – particular nutrient deficiencies
– 33% children vitamin A deficient
– 42.6% children and 29.4% women anemic
– 17.3% world zinc deficient; 28% world iodine deficient
3.1 million (45%) of deaths to children <5 yr
4. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
… the next 3,000 days
• Brain development: prefrontal cortex for
higher cognitive functions; synaptogenesis
and pruning; and neurogenesis in
hippocampus
• Micronutrient deficiencies: 20-30% of
school-aged children have deficiencies in iron,
iodine, zinc, and vitamin A
• School feeding programs: largest
investment in public food programs globally
– Potential for local livestock development &
nutrition impacts
5. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Food matrices: the importance of packaging
Limiting nutrient
Vit A →
Iron →
Zinc →
Choline →
ASF vs. plant
absorption rate
12-24x (ug)
2x (mg)
2x (mg)
?
ASF matrix
6. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Evolutionary basis for ASF: anthropology of anthropometry
• Hominid diet included more ASF
– Shore-based paradigm - freshwater fish, crustaceans,
shellfish, amphibians, spawning fish, sea bird nestlings/eggs,
and plants
– Homo erectus (2.6 mya) - differed from Australopithecus garhi
& Homo habilis; bigger brain & body. “Meat made us human”
• Genome-nutrition divergence
– Discordance theory - human genome evolved to adapt to
conditions that no longer exist
– Agriculture (10,000 ya) & Industrial Revolution (200 ya)
https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Common_Gallinule/id
http://www.writeopinions.com/evolution
7. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Nature’s First Nutrients
Seeds, Eggs, Milk
• Designed to sustain and support early life, entirely
• Complete set of nutrients and other bioactive factors
• Economically affordable and renewable
8. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Eggs: provides >50% of nutrients (++); 20-50% (+) for breastfed infants 7-12 mo
Iannotti et al. Nutrition Reviews 2014
9. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
LULUN PROJECT – ECUADOR
G. Reinhart photo
10. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Lulun Project
• RCT
– Cotopaxi: mixed indigenous, high baseline stunting
– Intervention: 1 egg/day for 6 mo, eggs purchased locally
– Longitudinal follow-up: baseline (6-9 mo), endline (12-15 mo)
– Social marketing: ownership, participation, compliance
• Mixed methods
– Quantitative: caregiver surveys, anthropometry, GPS
– Biomarkers: LC/MS/MS at Wash U, ELISA at NETLAB
– Qualitative: grounded theory, structured observations, focus groups,
and in-depth interviews
11. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Egg increased linear growth by 0.63 LAZ, reduced stunting 47%
Control group
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2-6
Length-for-age Z score (LAZ)
Egg group
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Kernaldensityestimate
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Length-for-age Z score (LAZ)
(Iannotti et al. Pediatrics 2017)baseline (dashed); endline (solid)
12. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
• Choline → 0.35 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.57)
– cell membrane (phosphatidylcholine); neurotransmission (acetylcholine);
memory & learning (hippocampus); gene expression (betaine to
methionine)
• Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) → 0.43 (95%CI: 0.13, 0.73)
– predominant n-3 fatty acid in the brain
– neurogenesis, neurotransmission, myelination, synaptic plasticity
• Methionine, betaine, TMAO, DMA, histidine, aspartic acid
– microbiome effects
Egg increased biomarkers of brain development and growth
13. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
ASF Research – next steps
• East Africa
– Milk nutrition in Samburu pastoralists
– Fish nutrition in Sustainable Aquaculture and
Fisheries Zones
• Ecuador Lulun Project
– Sustainability and scalability of egg nutrition:
poultry production; household economics;
environment
• Malawi Mazira Study
– Replication study: egg effects on growth, biomarkers,
and child development
14. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
Global Nutrition Targets 2025 – ASF Contribution
1) Stunting →
2) Anemia →
3) Low birthweight→
15. Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
1) Globally, 156 million young children have stunted growth and development.
Animal source foods (ASF) can play a crucial role in meeting the World Health Assembly
nutrition target (2025) to reduce stunting by 40%.
2) Biological and evolutionary rationale underpin the need for ASF in human nutrition.
ASF provide limiting nutrients (vitamins A, B12, choline, iron, zinc) in highly bioavailable
matrices enabling more efficient absorption and metabolism in human nutrition.
3) Eggs and animal milk, among nature’s first foods, may provide a sustainable
solution for confronting critical nutrient deficiencies.
Strong evidence is emerging for egg nutrition in stunting reduction and biomarkers of brain
development.
Key messages