This document provides information on animal nutrition including the classification and composition of various feeds and fodders. It discusses summer and winter fodders as well as dry fodders. Several ration formulas are presented for dairy animals with different milk production levels. Feeding recommendations for calves including milk replacers and calf starters are also covered. The document concludes with discussions on feed supplements, mineral mixtures, baled rations, and health products.

1. Animal Nutrition
Dr. Makhdoom
Abdul Jabbar
Executive Member Punjab Agri. Research Board,
Lahore
Mob. 0333-4568071
majabbar@uvas.edu.pk

2. i. Classification of feed
resources
Summer Fodders
i. Green Roughages ---- Fodders
Winter Fodders
Roughages
ii. Dry Roughages ---- Straws, Stalks Cobs

3. ii. Classification of Feeds
Protein sources ----Cakes and meals
Concentrate
Energy sources ---- Grains, Oil. Fats

4. iii. Classification of Feeds
Macro-minerals- Ca, P, Mg, Na, K
Minerals
Micro-minerals Zn, Fe, Co, Se, I etc.

6. Bacteria and Protozoa present in the
rumen

7. FODDERS:
1)
Summer Fodders
2)
Winter Fodders
3)
Dry Fodders

8. Composition of Summer Fodders
Type of fodder
Production
/acre (Ton)
Dry matter
(%)
Protein
(%)
Maize
18-20
29.30
7.04
Sorghum
20-25
30.0
6.20
Sadabahar
50-60
27.59
6.98
Millet
20-22
29.50
6.08
Mott Grass
70-90
16.54
7.52
Guara
15-18
20.90
17.35

9. Composition of Winter Fodders
Type of
fodder
Dry Matter
(%)
Protein
(%)
Yield
(Tons/acre)
Berseem
15.62
19.90
30-35
Lucerne
24.26
22.83
52-60
Rye grass
14.21
22.85
30-40
Oats
22.10
8.98
30-35

10. Composition of dry fodders
Type of fodder
Wheat straw
Rice straw
Maize stovers
Sorghum stovers
Millet stovers
Corn cobs
Berseem hay
Lucerne hay
Dry Matter (%) Protein (%)
92.75
2.59
92.82
3.06
82.50
5.45
80.50
3.74
85.00
4.00
90.50
1.66
85.60
18.46
87.50
18.86

11. Daily allowance





Fodder @ 10% of body weight ~ 40-60 kg
Ration ~ Half of milk production
More ration during summer season
Water should be available all the time
Mineral mixture @ 2% in the ration

12. Silage

Silage is a method of
preservation of fresh
fodder by which high
moisture fodder can be
stored for longer period
without any
deterioration.

13. Types of silos

14. Bag Silos

15. COMMON FEED
INGREDIENTS
For
FEED FORMULATION

16. COMPOSITION OF COMMON
FEED INGREDIENTS
Name of feed ingredient
Protein
(%)
TDN
(%)
Est. Price (Rs.
Per Kg)
Cotton seed cake
Rape seed cake
23.04
37.10
63.4
79.8
10.00
9.00
Sunflower cake
Cotton seed meal
Soybean meal
Maize gluten feed 20%
30.47
39.59
44 - 48
21.85
69.8
79.8
84.0
79.1
8.00
12.00
18.00
5.25
Maize gluten feed 30%
Maize gluten feed 60%
30.70
64.70
83.6
94.6
5.50-6.0
16-18

17. Name of feed ingredient
Protein
(%)
TDN
(%)
Est. Price (Rs.
Per Kg)
Rice polishing
Wheat bran
12.36
14.99
89.9
71.0
6.50-7.0
6.70
Wheat grains
Maize grains
Sorghum
Millet
12.80
9.80
15.75
10.55
78.9
81.2
78.5
77.2
10.00
10.0-11.50
15.00
15.00
Oats
Oil
Grams (black)
10.21
00.00
20.35
77.2
195.0
75.2
12.00
50.00
20.00
Urea
Bone meal
287.50
20.05
57.7
10.00
11.50

18. MAIN PARTS OF A
RATION FORMULA
Vitamins
sources
Mineral
sources
Vitamins Salt, bone
A, D and E, meal, DCP
and
mineral
mixtures
etc.
Energy
sources
Protein
sources
Wheat bran Cotton seed cake
Maize bran Cotton seed meal
Rice bran
Rape seed cake
Rice
Rape seed meal
polishing,
Sunflower cake
grains,
Sunflower meal
molasses and
Maize glutens,
oils etc.
Urea etc.

19. DIFFERENT FORMULAE
FOR
DAIRY ANIMALS

20. RATION FORMULA FOR DAIRY ANIMALS-1
Sr. No.
Feed Ingredients
Percentage
1
2
Cotton seed cake
Maize gluten 30%
15.0
20.0
3
4
Sunflower meal
Wheat bran
5.0
18.0
5
6
Rice polishing
Maize ground
15.0
10.0
7
8
Molasses
Mineral mixture
15.0
2.0
Total
100.0
Protein
TDN
(%)
(%)
=
=
17.6
75.3

21. RATION FORMULA FOR DAIRY ANIMALS2
Sr. No.
1
(When cotton seed meal isPercentage
not
Feed Ingredients
Soybean meal available)
13.0
2
Canola meal
9.0
3
Cotton seed cake
12.0
4
Wheat bran
28.0
5
Maize grain
20.0
6
Molasses
15.0
7
Mineral mixture
2.5
8
Urea
0.5
Total
100.0
Protein (%)
TDN (%)
=
=
16.90
73.66

22. RATION FORMULA FOR DAIRY
ANIMALS-3 (When molasses is not
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
available)
Feed Ingredients
Rape seed cake
Cotton seed cake
Rice polishing
Wheat bran
Maize grain
Mineral mixture
Total
Protein (%)
TDN (%)
=
=
16.17
73.43
Percentage
15.0
15.0
20.0
28.0
20.0
2.0
100.0

23. RATION FORMULA FOR DAIRY
ANIMALS-4
( With Soybean )
Feed Ingredients
Percentage
Soybean meal
Sunflower meal
=
=
14
15
Wheat bran
Rice polishing
Grains
=
=
=
24
20
10
Molasses
Mineral mixture
Total
=
=
=
15
2.0
100.00
Protein
TDN
=
=
18.21%
77.81%

24. CALF FEEDING

25. Milk Replacer

Protein 20%
Mainly of Animal origin like Dry milk powder,
whey milk powder etc.
 TDN 80%
Energy source also of animal origin e.g. fat,
lecithin etc.
 This is usually imported

26. CALF STARTER RATION
Sr. No.
1
Feed Ingredients
Cotton seed meal/soybean meal
Percentage
30.0
2
3
Maize grains (ground)
Wheat bran
45.0
8.6
4
5
Rice polish
Molasses
5.0
10.0
6
7
Mineral mixture
Vitamins
1.0
0.1
8
Calcium carbonate
Total
0.3
100
Protein (%)
TDN (%)
Price per Kg
=
=
=
18.51
75.00
15.00

27. Mature low quality fodder

28. Urea molasses block

29. FEED SUPPLEMENTS
urea molasses blocks
Sr. No.
1
Feed Ingredients
Maize gluten 30%
Percentage
22.0
2
3
Urea
Rice polishing/wheat bran
2.0
20.0
4
5
Canola/Cotton seed meal
Bentonite
10.0
6.0
6
7
Calcium carbonate
Molasses
2.0
36.0
8
Mineral mixture
Total
2.0
100
Price per Kg
=
Rs. 7.75

30. MINERAL MIXTURE ?

31. MINERAL MIXTURE
Sr. No.
Feed Ingredients
Percentage
1
Di-calcium phosphate (DCP)
70.81 kg
2
Common salt
18.91 kg
3
Magnesium sulfate
8.64 kg
4
Ferrous sulfate
0.89 kg
5
Manganese sulfate
0.49 kg
6
Zinc sulfate
0.22 kg
7
Copper sulfate
0.03 kg
8
Potassium iodide
8.77 gm
9
Cobalt chloride
0.89 gm
10
Sodium selenate
1.50 gm
Total
100.0 kg
Price per Kg
=
Rs. 30.00

32. BALES OF
MIXED
COMPLETE
RATION

33. REDUCTION IN VOLUME DUE TO DENSIFICATION

34. BALED RATION FOR DRY
ANIMALS
Sr. No.
1
Feed Ingredients
Wheat straw
Percentage
50.0
2
3
Sunflower cake
Cotton seed meal
20.0
10.0
4
5
Urea
Molasses
1.0
18.0
6
Mineral mixture
Total
1.0
100.0
Crude protein (%)
TDN (%)
Price per kg (Rs.)
Daily feed required (Kg)
Daily feed cost (Rs.)
=
=
=
=
=
12.0
68.0
7.16
8.0
57.0

35. BALED RATION FOR LACTATING
BUFFALOES WITH 10.0 LIT. DAILY MILK
Sr. No.
Feed Ingredients
Percentage
1
Wheat straw
43.0
2
Rice polishing
10.0
3
Cotton seed meal
10.0
4
Canola meal
15.0
5
Maize ground
9.0
6
Molasses
10.0
7
Mineral mixture
2.0
8
Vitamins (A,D,E & K)
0.1
Total
Crude protein (%)
TDN (%)
Price per kg (Rs.)
Daily feed required (Kg)
Daily feed cost (Rs.)
100.0
=
=
=
=
=
12.0
68.0
8.80
12.5
110.0

36. BALED RATION FOR 15 lit PRODUCTION
Sr. No.
Feed Ingredients
Percentage
1
Wheat straw
26.0
2
Rice polishing
15.0
3
Cotton seed meal
08.0
4
Soybean meal
10.0
5
Canola meal
14.0
6
Maize ground
15.0
7
Molasses
9.9
8
Mineral mixture
2.0
9
Vitamins (A,D,E & K)
0.1
Total
100.0
Crude protein (%)
TDN (%)
Price per kg (Rs.)
Daily feed required (Kg)
Daily feed cost (Rs.)
=
=
=
=
=
15.0
70.0
9.58
14.0
135.0

37. Monensin



First discovered 1967
Extensively used in dairy and beef animals
Prevents coccidiosis, increases propionic acid
and prevents bloat
Yeast
Increases the efficiency of feed for milk and
meat production



38. Energy concentrates
Protected fat


Berga fat
Megalac (fat)

39. HEALTH IS WEALTH !

40. American Soybean Association
&
Nutrionists Association of
Pakistan