Our food in the Anthropocene
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This document summarizes a conference on food in the Anthropocene era. It discusses how current diets and food systems are driving poor health outcomes and environmental degradation. Science-based targets are proposed to create a shared vision for low risk diets and sustainable land use. These targets include limits on nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, fresh water use, biodiversity loss and more. Achieving these targets will require changes across science, business and policy to transform food systems and make food a solution to environmental and health problems.
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Our food in the Anthropocene
- 1. NOVEMBER 2018 - PARIS Our Food in the Anthropocene
- 2. The Lancet, October 2017 Commissioners Johan Rockstrom Walter Willett Tim Lang David Tilman Francesco Branca Jessica Fanzo Lindiwe Sibanda Rina Augustina Tara Garnett Shenggen Fan Corinna Hawkes Rami Zurayk Anna Lartey Chris Murray Ashkan Afshin Sonja Vermeulen Srinath Reddy Sania Nishtar Ann Thrupp Juan Dommarco Sunita Narain Our food in the Anthropocene
- 5. Food has become the leading cause of human mortality
- 6. Foley et al. 2011 And food fails the environment
- 7. Science based targets create a shared ambition
- 11. Diet drives the global burden of diseaseDiet drives the global burden of disease 2500 calories diet constructed based on the GBD risk analysis. Protective foods are those that lower risk including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Harmful are foods that above a minimum allowed cause harm.
- 12. Total calories: 2500 Total calories: 2881 Global DietMinimum Risk Diet Food availability for rich and poor nations High-incomeMiddle-income Low-income Diet drives the global burden of diseaseDiet drives the global burden of disease
- 13. Food availability for rich and poor nations High-income Middle-income Low-income 3744 Kcals
- 14. Potential savings of the low risk diet. Disease Actual Expenditure (2010 $US million) Predicted expenditure (2010 $US million) Savings (2010 $US million) Percent saved Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases $134,712 $58,274 $76,438 -57% Diabetes $116,327 $76,376 $39,952 -34% Cancer $114,253 $101,743 $12,510 -11% Musculoskeletal disorders $116,528 $115,916 $612 -1% Following the GBD recommended diet would have reduced US health expenditure in 2006-2010 by $130 billion per year – a 6% reduction.
- 15. Adapted from Murray (EAT 2014) Low Risk Diet Food fails health
- 16. “The change agent is deliciousness and hedonism. In many ways I think that’s why the good food movement, or farm-to-table, has had such legs: it’s rooted in hedonism. What movement can you speak about where it asks you to be greedy? Look at the environmental movement: give up everything. “In all of my research about healthfulness, everything points to diversity. Because the amazing thing is that we actually don’t know what makes us healthy. It’s probably because there’s a million different things – there is no magic bullet. That’s the great lesson of different cultures that look to their region to develop this correspondence between what the land is telling you it wants to grow according to soil conditions, climate, and your diet. To me, that’s the ticket. You can never really understand these things by single bullet solutions”
- 17. “Dietary studies confirm what comparison of the various diets of different cultures would suggest, which is that there are many ways to achieve a healthy, balanced diet and on the extremes that overdose on meat, or avoid animal protein all together tend to be problematic. For diets between these extremes, the biggest threat to dietary health is the very modern one of consuming too many calories.” Jonathan Silverton Dinner with Darwin
- 18. Steffen et al., 2016 Rockstrom et al., 2009 Today’s food systems drive environmental harm
- 19. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History Elizabeth Kolbert “We are deciding, without quite meaning to, which evolutionary pathways will remain open and which will forever be closed. No other creature has ever managed this, and it will, unfortunately, be our most enduring legacy.” Book Review by Al Gore, New York Times, Feb. 2014
- 25. Low Risk Land Use Protected Intact Cropland Pasture Urban/Infrastructure 20% 30% 18% 22% 10%
- 26. Low Risk Land Use Current Estimates Protected Intact Cropland Pasture Urban/Infrastructure 20% 30% 18% 22% 10% 8% 15% 26% 18% 23%
- 28. Targets are distinct by Biomes Tundra Dry Tropical Forest (24%) Tropical Grasslands Moist Tropical Forests Protected Intact Cropland Pasture Urban/Infrastructure 21% 27% 30% 22% 16% 43% 24% 17%
- 37. Geographically specific water boundary
- 38. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Boundaries
- 42. 2° Climate 0 Biodiversity loss <2600 km3 yr-1 Fresh Water Use ±2500 Kcal per capita 12% PUFA <2% Harmful ## Tg P yr-1 ## Tg N yr-1 >50 protective ingredients Land 50-75% Science based targets create a shared ambition
- 43. How can food get us to low risk diets and land? Low Risk Diet
- 46. 0%foodwastereduction50%foodwastereduction 0% food comp. feed reduce 100% food comp. feed reduce
- 50. Science based targets create a shared ambition
- 51. Photo Ecosytem Services for Food and Nutritional Security Fabrice DeClerck Photo by Carl Warner http://www.carlwarner.com
- 52. Biodiversity the evolution of the conservation paradigm
- 53. 53 Rockstrom et al. (2009) Nature 461:472-475 Challenges
- 54. What is Biodiversity? Fotos: M. Gomez
- 55. Biodiversity is the variety of species, their genetic make-up, and the natural communities in which they exist
- 56. Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.
- 58. Imagine a planet that has a basic atmosphere and climate. Which of the earth’s millions of species would you take with you??
- 59. Image of rhizobacter, an other key players in soil processes: Nitrogen fixation Break down cellulose Phosphorus cycle Developing antibiotics Converting carbon to stable states We need species to provide each of these functions.
- 60. 60
- 61. Version 2.8 B Upgrade: Now includes Provisioning, Cultural, Regulating and Support Services Free support from more than 10 million species* Constantly Evolving! OS® PhylogenyXP experience the best of the biosphere OSPhylogenyXP Version2.8B *number of species may be greater than 100 million
- 63. Ecosystem Services The conditions and processes through which ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. This includes both goods, and functions. Daily 1997
- 64. MEA 2006 Provisioning Services Regulating Services Cultural Services Supporting Services Products obtained From ecosystems Benefits obtained from Regulation of ecosystem processes Material and non- Material benefits of ecosystems •Spiritual and Inspirational •Recreational •Aesthetic •Educational •Historical •Traditional Livelihoods and knowledge •Climate regulation •Hydrological regimes •Reduction of natural hazards •Pollution control •Detoxification processes •Food •Fresh water •Fuel •Fiber •Biochemical Products Services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services: •Soil Formation Nutrient Cycling Primary production
- 65. Georgina Mace
- 67. TEEBAgFood,2015
- 68. TEEBAgFood,2015
- 69. TEEBAgFood,2015
- 70. TEEBAgFood,2015
- 72. 526,000 Crop Varieties (May 2010) US$ 9 million to build US$150,000 year-1 maintenance
- 73. 84
- 74. Pollinization in Coffee Systems Ricketts al 2004
- 86. Porque los frijoles tienen tanta proteina?
- 88. “Now here, you see, it take all the running you can do, to keep in the same place” Alice in Wonderland
- 89. 526,000 Crop Varieties (May 2010) US$ 9 million to build US$150,000 year-1 maintenance
- 90. Landscape Approaches in Costa Rica
- 94. 108DeClerck Biodiversity ($375 ha-1 ) Scenic Value Water Carbon ($320 ha-1 )
- 95. 109 2400 GWh of the 9400 consumed in Costa Rica (25%) 4500 GWh in 2014 or 37%
- 97. 111 (a) Forest fragment, (b) multi strata agroforestry coffee, (c) multi strata agroforestry cacao, (d) teak plantation, (e) mixed species plantation, (f) simplified agroforestry coffee, (g) live fences and (h) sugar cane plantation.
- 98. 112 -0,20 -0,09 0,01 0,11 0,21 Axis 1 (35,7%) -0,16 -0,06 0,04 0,14 0,24 Axis2(29,8%) BOSQ CAAB CAOR CAPO ESCV CAAZ BOSQ CAAB CAOR CAPO ESCV CAAZ HENLEU MIOOLE GEOMON HABFUS MICLUS MANCAN THRATR RAMMEL VERCHR SEIAUR TURGRA DENPEN THRPAL LEPAFF WILCAN POLsp. TROAED LEPSOU MYISIM DENPET ELAFLA GEOPOL GEOSEM TIAOLI ORYFUN MELBIA VOLJAC STESER COLTAL CATAUR BOSQUE CAFÉ Multiestrato CAFÉ Poro CACAO PASTURA CANA
- 100. 114ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014 Why the coffee berry borer? • CBB is one if not the most damaging pest known to affect coffee crops (Damon 2000; Bustillo 2006; Vega et al. 2009) • Native of central Africa. First record, France in 1867 (Damon 2000; Jaramillo et al. 2011) • First detected in CR in 2000 now nationwide (ICAFE 2011, Staver et al. 2001) • Controlled under prescription with endosulfan. Highly toxic (Weber et al. 2010) http://www.ars.usda.gov
- 101. 115 ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014
- 103. 117 Avelinoetal.2012
- 104. CoffeePasture Forest Plantation Cane Dispersal Threshold Dispersal Barrier Hypothetical Distance Weighted Dispersal Effects of Heterogenous Landuses Based on work by F. DeClerck, Olivas, and J. Avelino
- 105. Micro-landscape effects on Coffee Berry Borer dispersal Amada Olivas, 2010
- 106. Olivas, Avelino and DeClerck et al. 2010 0.01FemalesCapturedDay-1 0.01FemalesCapturedDay-1 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 0 Distance from Coffee Edge (m) Sugar Cane Pasture Forest A B C BC BC BC Amada Olivas, Nicaragua
- 107. Fabrice DeClerck, Jacques Avelino, Amada Olivas, Cipriano Jacques Avelino France Cipriano Ribera Nicaragua
- 109. DeClerck, Avelino, Olivas Coffee Pasture Sugar Cane Forest
- 110. 124
- 111. Corapipo altera (4 indiv.) 02/05/2010 juvenile 02/11/2008 09/02/2009 27/02/2008 2 0 2 0 2 0
- 112. Ochre Bellied Flycatcher Coffee Boring Beetle Estrada, Martinez y DeClerck CATIE Farm 1000 ha
- 113. 127 • CATIE farm: 1036 ha, 85 ha coffee • Pairwise experiment (Exclusions of bird activity) How to measure pest control ? ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014 25 m 5m 50m Exclude d Not excluded 20m Coffee plot Canopy cover 10m Brocap® trap
- 114. Beetles(#)
- 116. 130
- 117. 131
- 118. DeClerck, Estrada-Carmona, Garbach and Martinez-Salinas 1 2 3 4
- 119. DeClerck, Estrada-Carmona, Garbach and Martinez-Salinas 1 2 3 4
- 121. 135 Ideal cropping systems that can minimize soil erosion Mulching or cover crops Hedgerows Agroforestry
- 124. Timelag:Yearsbetweenserviceproducedandreceived Local 102 103 101 100 GlobalWatershed Intra-watershed CARBON SEQUESTRATI ON Spatial lag: Proximity between producer and consumer (km) Riparian specific ecosystem services Direct services Ecological benefit/ facilitator CONNECTIVITY: CLIMATE RESPONSE FLOOD BUFFERING CONNECTIVITY: REPRODUCTION SEDIMENT REDUCTION, CHANNEL FILTRATION SCENIC BEAUTY CONNECTIVITY: FORAGE POLLINATION PREDATION Increasing importance of payment or management of ecosystem services Fremier and DeClerck (2012)
- 125. Thanks!
Editor's Notes
- Cultivating conversation, curating envidence, and catalyzing action towards sustainabiltiy. The new commission will, for the first time, scientifically assess whether a global transformation to a food system delivering healthy diets from sustainable food systems to a growing world population is possible, and what implications it might have for attaining the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement.” on how sustainable and healthy diets offer preventive and mitigation potential for malnutrition, NCDs, climate change and environmental degradation; A global assessment of the role of healthy and sustainable diets as a fundamental opportunity for achieving the health and sustainability targets of the SDGs and remaining within a 1.5-2°C climate future; Furthermore, advance the state of knowledge on the potential for accurate economic metrics to quantify the broad cost savings that may result from a transformation of the food system. ) Based on the scientific synthesis, identify Barriers, levers of positive change and policy recommendations for a global transformation towards healthy and sustainable food systems for different regional and cultural settings;
- Foley suggests 4 strategies for meeting the dual goals of agricultural productivity and environmental conservation: 1) Stop expanding agriculture, 2) close yield gaps, 3) increase agricultural resource efficiency and 4) shift diets and reduce waste.(maybe review so that some of the stats are fresher). We just hit a population of 7 billion in October, we are expecting 9 billion in 2050. we face one of the greatest challenges of the twenty- first century: meeting society’s growing food needs while simultaneously reducing agriculture’s environmental harm.
- Environmental pressures are allocated to the final food product, accounting for the use and impacts of primary products in the production of vegetable oils and refined sugar, and for feed requirements in animal products. Impacts are shown as percentages of present impacts, given a baseline projection to 2050 without dedicated mitigation measures for a middle-of-the-road socioeconomic development pathway (SSP2). Absolute impacts for all socioeconomic pathways are provided in the main text and the data referred to in the ‘Data availability’ statement (see Methods).
- GBD TMRED diet vs Total Available Globally According to FAO Food supply data for 2009 Proportions and total amounts differ PUFA is included as a separate category of protective because it’s protective effects come from replacement of saturated fats with PUFA, not in its consumption per se. Risk factors include diets low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, fiber, milk, calcium, omega-3 oils, and polyunsaturated fatty acids; and high in sodium, red meat, processed meat, sweetened beverages, and trans fats.
- GBD TMRED diet vs Total Available Globally According to FAO Food supply data for 2009 Proportions and total amounts differ PUFA is included as a separate category of protective because it’s protective effects come from replacement of saturated fats with PUFA, not in its consumption per se.
- This savings is equivalent to ONE-THIRD the amount the US spent on agriculture, food, and beverages in 2010. In 2010, the US spent $160 billion on agriculture and $230 billion on food and beverage industry (according to GDP estimates from BEA). Disease-specific savings as a composition of total possible savings: Cardio (59%) | Diabetes (30.8%) | Cancer (9.7%) | Musculo (0.5%) This shows that a GBD diet would help the US health system save the most on cardio expenditure, followed by diabetes expenditure. The majority of the savings from cardiovascular comes from Ischemic heart disease ($57.9 billion in savings). The majority of savings from cancer comes from Colorectal cancer ($7.5 billion in savings). Musculoskeletal disorder savings all comes from risk reduction from osteoarthritis
- If everyone in the world had the minimum risk diet, how does it compare to world food availability? Following the GBD recommended diet would have reduced US health expenditure in 2006-2010 by $130 billion per year – a 6% reduction. This savings is equivalent to ONE-THIRD the amount the US spent on agriculture, food, and beverages in 2010. In 2010, the US spent $160 billion on agriculture and $230 billion on food and beverage industry (according to GDP estimates from BEA).
- Food crops are threatened not only by more pests and the disruption of long-predictable rainy season-dry season patterns, but also by the growing impact of heat stress itself on corn, wheat, rice and other staples.
- Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in an age of extinction. The phylogenetic tree of life, currently populated by about 10 million species, ranges from microscopic to enormous multicellular organisms, of which only a few representative phyla and divisions are shown as icons at the tips of the branches. Where species from the global phylogenetic pool are found is largely determined by environmental filters, represented here as a barrier with pores (dashed arch). Here we show only phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity, but biogeography, population processes, biotic interactions, meta- genomic and intragenomic variation, and functional traits contribute to different dimensions of biodiversity (Box 1) that characterize the biota of each ecosystem. Three representative ecosystems are illustrated: a forested ecosystem (left arch), savanna ecosystem (center arch), and marine ecosys- tem (right arch). Microorganisms are represented by soils and sediments, illustrated as a dark band at the base of each arch. Each ecosystem contrib- utes to ecosystem functioning, shown here primarily as biogeochemical processes (chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere shown in the outermost arch). Widespread extinction attributable to anthropic drivers (human transformations of ecosystems going from left to right in each arch) lead to biotic impoverishment (reductions in local biodiversity) and biotic homogenization (increasing dominance by domestic species). For clarity, the complexity of biogeochemical pathways and interaction networks (Figs. 2 and 3) is not shown.
- Environmental pressures are allocated to the final food product, accounting for the use and impacts of primary products in the production of vegetable oils and refined sugar, and for feed requirements in animal products. Impacts are shown as percentages of present impacts, given a baseline projection to 2050 without dedicated mitigation measures for a middle-of-the-road socioeconomic development pathway (SSP2). Absolute impacts for all socioeconomic pathways are provided in the main text and the data referred to in the ‘Data availability’ statement (see Methods).
- Lancet will propose five environmental targets drawing from the planetary boundaries concept. In this figure, the yellow indicates the boundary condition of the target, red indicates high risk regions, yellow the boundary condition, green the safe operating space. Notes to make: (1) there is a science target (which will be fully articulated in the Lancet). (2) there are degrees of uncertainty around some of the targets (high for bluewater), low for climate and land, intermediate for N and P. (3) that there are multiple interventions types needed to bring us within the SOS, including from technology, diets, and reduced waste. SBT&apos;s from Industry can focus on one or more of these spaces, but must be additive for impact. Lancet will propose five environmental targets drawing from the planetary boundaries concept. In this figure, the yellow indicates the boundary condition of the target, red indicates high risk regions, yellow the boundary condition, green the safe operating space. Notes to make: (1) there is a science target (which will be fully articulated in the Lancet). (2) there are degrees of uncertainty around some of the targets (high for bluewater), low for climate and land, intermediate for N and P. (3) that there are multiple interventions types needed to bring us within the SOS, including from technology, diets, and reduced waste. SBT&apos;s from Industry can focus on one or more of these spaces, but must be additive for impact.
- 104 studies with 574 ecosystem service comparisons.
- Add a title to this slide?
- Thematic Opportunites and Challenges.
- Biodiversity is more than species richness, but can be divided into a series of component parts. Before we begin it is important to understand the hierarchies are used. that EO Wilson says that of all the on-going disasters of the past century, none will compare to the great extinction caused by humans, this is a loss that will take millions of years to recover.
- The US has signed but not ratified the treaty which originated in Rio. Bush did not sign at the time, but it was passed to Clinton who did sign and sent it to Congress for advice. A bipartisan committee voted 16/3 to ratify the resolution, however it has not been passed to the senate. Obama has not encouraged congress to sign it. This is now goal 7B of the MDG’s
- (1) Fungi breakding down cellulose, (2) mycorhize, (3) Rhizobacter, (4) Streptomyces, (5) cilates, consume bacteria and release nitrogen (6)
- Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in an age of extinction. The phylogenetic tree of life, currently populated by about 10 million species, ranges from microscopic to enormous multicellular organisms, of which only a few representative phyla and divisions are shown as icons at the tips of the branches. Where species from the global phylogenetic pool are found is largely determined by environmental filters, represented here as a barrier with pores (dashed arch). Here we show only phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity, but biogeography, population processes, biotic interactions, meta- genomic and intragenomic variation, and functional traits contribute to different dimensions of biodiversity (Box 1) that characterize the biota of each ecosystem. Three representative ecosystems are illustrated: a forested ecosystem (left arch), savanna ecosystem (center arch), and marine ecosys- tem (right arch). Microorganisms are represented by soils and sediments, illustrated as a dark band at the base of each arch. Each ecosystem contrib- utes to ecosystem functioning, shown here primarily as biogeochemical processes (chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere shown in the outermost arch). Widespread extinction attributable to anthropic drivers (human transformations of ecosystems going from left to right in each arch) lead to biotic impoverishment (reductions in local biodiversity) and biotic homogenization (increasing dominance by domestic species). For clarity, the complexity of biogeochemical pathways and interaction networks (Figs. 2 and 3) is not shown.
- The goals are not the first thing that comes to mind WCS, WWF, TNC, or ecologists in general. We tend to view the world from the point of view of specie, and more specifically species losses. EO Wilson says that of all the on-going disasters of the past century, none will compare to the great extinction caused by humans, this is a loss that will take millions of years to recover.
- Biodivrersity as the global operating system: An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.
- You would probably start with all the ones that provide you with direct needs such as food, fuel and fiber, those uses that as agroforesters we are all used to talking about. You can imagine the list getting large quickly. Now which species do you need simply to support the ones that you are taking? The pollinators? To start with, those that control the pesky catipillers that those pollinators start out as? We really have little to no ideas as to how many species we need. We could start rather by listing the services that we think we need.
- The way that we currently produce food, it is a disservice.
- These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
- These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
- These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
- These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
- Efforts to maximise crop yields are fuelling agricultural intensification, exacerbating the biodiversity crisis. Low-intensity agricultural practices, however, may not sacrifice yields if they support biodiversity-driven ecosystem services. We quantified the value native predators provide to farmers by consuming coffee’s most damaging insect pest, the coffee berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei). Our experiments in Costa Rica showed birds reduced infestation by ~50%, bats played a marginal role, and farmland forest coverincreased pest removal. We identified borer-consuming bird species by assaying faeces for borer DNA and found higher borer-predator abundances on more forested plantations. Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km 2 by providing habitat fo r~55 000 borer-consuming birds. These pest-control services prevented US$75–US$310 ha-year1 in damage, a benefit per plantation on par with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen. Retaining forest and accounting for pest control demonstrates a win – win for biodiversity and coffee farmers.
- Food crops are threatened not only by more pests and the disruption of long-predictable rainy season-dry season patterns, but also by the growing impact of heat stress itself on corn, wheat, rice and other staples.
- “Diversified agricultural systems supported 600 million more years of evolutionary history than intensive monocultures but 300 million fewer years than forests. Compared with species with many extant relatives, evolutionarily distinct species were extirpated at higher rates in both diversified and intensive agricultural systems. Forests are therefore essential for maintaining diversity across the tree of life, but diversified agricultural systems may help buffer against extreme loss of phylogenetic diversity.”
- Bee visitation rates from the Rickletts study. Note the change in visitation with time, but also particularly note in the figure on the right that the principal pollinator in the 2001 sample is A mellifera, but that this decreases in 2002. In the more diverse system there is a greater deal of compensation. Whereas A mellifera accounted fro nearly half of the visits in 2002, and drops to 37%, there is only a 10% reduction in total visits which means that near the forest, native species may have been able to compensate for approximately 27% of the loss. At 800m this compensation did not occur.
- Claire Kremen, a conservation biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who&apos;s a co-author of the first study in Science, says one of the biggest problems for wild bees is the agricultural specialization that has produced huge fields of just one crop. The almond groves of California, for example, are a sea of blossoms in February. It&apos;s a feast, as far as the eye can see, for honeybees that come here from all over the country. &quot;But for the rest of the year, there&apos;s nothing blooming,&quot; she says. That means there are no bees. &quot;In fact, in places where we have very large monocultures of almond, we don&apos;t find any native bees anymore,&quot; Kremen says. 33% of bee colonies did not make it through the wintern
- Meeting the needs of poor people is fundamental. People use, modify, and care for nature which provides material and immaterial benefits to their livelihoods. Cross-scale and cross-level interactions of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes can be managed to positively impact development outcomes. Governance mechanisms are vital tools for achieving equitable access to and provision of ecosystem services. Building resilience is about enhancing the capacity of communities to sustainably develop in an uncertain world.
- 120 initiatives
- As Daniel Press will tell you, soil is a pollutant.
- Land uses following a management intensity gradient from forests to sugar cane plantations
- MMS = Metrical Multidimensional Scaling (InfoStat). Como el análisis de componentes principales intenta explicar en un máximo de dos ejes la mayor variabilidad explicada (65.5%). La distancia utilizada fue la de Bray-Curtis. El hábitat BOSQ está más cercano en términos de composición de especies con CAOR. CAAB y CAPO son los hábitats más cercanos y similares al igual que CAAZ y ESCV. El BOSQ es el hábitat que muestra la menor similitud en composición de especies con el resto de sitios muestreados.
- Complete life cycle takes from 28 to 34 days (4 (egg), 15 (larva), 7 (pupa)) (Damon 2000, Vega et al. 2009) Females may lay between 31 to 119 eggs in a single suitable coffee berry. The complete life cycle may take up to 28 to 34 days. Males may live 20-87 days and females may live on average 157 days (Barrera 1994 cited by Damon 2000). Where coffee is present all year round (Uganda / Turrialba), H. hampei may exceed eight generations a year (Hargreaes 1926 cited by Damon 2000). Only females fly and wing muscles seem to degenerate when egg laying starts preventing them to colonize other berries (Ticheler 1991 cited by Damon 2000). cbb feeds on and reproduces in the endosperm of the coffee seed. Drilling of a berry in optimum conditions may take up to 8 hours. During this time is vulnerable to pest control agents.
- The coffee berry borer will eat the endosperm of the coffee berry, lay eggs and stayed there until an environmental stimuli drives them to find new available berries to colonize.
- Slide 11 Esquemáticamente, esta sería la representación de la distribución de las trampas a lo largo de 6 transectos en una localidad con una combinación café-bosque-caña. El trabajo se llevó por 120 días en la época de vuelo de la broca, concretamente cuando escasean los frutos, es decir después de cosecha.
- Slide 12 Nuestros resultados demuestran primero que la broca se dispersa poco fuera del cafetal, ya que más del 96% de las brocas se capturaron en las trampas dentro del café, y apenas el 4 % fuera del cafetal. Lo que ayuda a entender los resultados del estudio anterior. A la broca no le parece gustar la fragmentación de los cafetales. A pesar de esta poca dispersión fuera del café, sí se logró capturar algunos individuos a las distancias más alejadas del cafetal (140 m), como se puede apreciar en esta figura, lo cual también parece coincidir con los resultados del estudio anterior: es muy probable que haya muy pocos individuos capaces de extenderse a más de 150 m. A pesar de esta poca dispersión, logramos evidenciar diferencias de fricciones entre los diferentes usos. Capturamos menos broca en los bosques que en el pasto, y menos en pasto que en la caña. Esto permite pensar que el bosque es el uso que rompe más la conectividad para la broca.
- Slide 14 Pueden ver o adivinar en esta foto algunas trampas ubicadas en un parche de pasto.
- Slide 15 Recuerden donde están los usos de suelo. La superficie de los discos es proporcional a la cantidad de brocas capturadas en el transcurso del estudio. Este superficie corresponde a 100 brocas. Hay trampas que capturan mucha broca que son las trampas que están en el café, y otras trampas que no capturan casi nada que son las que están en las zonas boscosas, las cuales establecen posiblemente barreras al movimiento de la broca. En cambio hay zonas de aparente conectividad constituidas por supuesto por el café pero también por las zonas de caña y pasto. Estos resultados confirman lo obtenido en el estudio anterior.
- All movement of this species is within the same landuse, that is they say in the forest or in the CAAB, but do not venture much into other landuses, particularly CAOR which is right next door.
- This is an opportunity to talk about the importance of doing on-farm work.
- 118 bird species detected - 100 (85%) species include invertebrates as part of their diet - 29 (25%) species exclusively insectivores - Only 18 (15%) do not include invertebrates as part of their diet 25 (21%) species of Neotropical migrants - 11 exclusively insectivore - 23 include invertebrates as part of their diet. Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km2 by providing habitat for ~ 55 000 borer-consuming birds. These pest-control services prevented US$75–US$310 ha-year!1 in damage, a benefit per plantation on par with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen.
- Efforts to maximise crop yields are fuelling agricultural intensification, exacerbating the biodiversity crisis. Low-intensity agricultural practices, however, may not sacrifice yields if they support biodiversity-driven ecosystem services. We quantified the value native predators provide to farmers by consuming coffee’s most damaging insect pest, the coffee berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei). Our experiments in Costa Rica showed birds reduced infestation by ~50%, bats played a marginal role, and farmland forest coverincreased pest removal. We identified borer-consuming bird species by assaying faeces for borer DNA and found higher borer-predator abundances on more forested plantations. Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km 2 by providing habitat fo r~55 000 borer-consuming birds. These pest-control services prevented US$75–US$310 ha-year1 in damage, a benefit per plantation on par with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen. Retaining forest and accounting for pest control demonstrates a win – win for biodiversity and coffee farmers.
- The inclusion of the live fences affects less than 5% of the total farm area.
- El área de estudio es el CBVCT el cual tiene 114.617 ha. Este corredor esta conectando 9 áreas protegidas y una reserva indígena