types of processing methods

1. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTE, MYSORE
TOPIC:-PROCESSING OF FEEDS AND FORGAGE CROPS
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-
Proff KHAN SIR SRUJAN N
AFB2018-2025

2. PROCESSING OF
FEEDS AND FORAGE
CROPS

3. FEED PROCESSING
 Feed processing usually means altering the
physical nature of feed commodities to
optimise utilisation by animals and to
enhance mixing and stability of the diet.
 The major components of any diet,
roughage and grain, are the feeds most
likely to be processed.
 However, in some cases, the minor
components of the diet (additives) are
processed into pellets to help mixing and to
maintain the stability of the diet.

4. FORAGE PLANTS
Forage crops are crops grown
specifically to be grazed by livestock
or conserved as hay or silage.
 Forage crops assist in achieving
production targets for attributes such
as growth or weight gain and to make
up seasonal short falls between feed
demand and supply.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF FORAGE PLANTS

6. DEFINATION OF FEED TECHNOLOGY
It deals with processing of feeds, fodders,
and preparation of formula feeds for which
the knowledge of nutritional requirements of
various livestock and poultry, quality control
of feeds ingredients, feed plant management
and the storage of feeds ingredients and
feeds are essential.

7. DEVELOPMENT OF FEED INDUSTRY IN INDIA
 Feed industry came in to existence in India with a feed
plant in Ludhiana, Punjab in the year 1961.
 Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association
(CLFMA) was formed on 8th of June, 1967.
 It is the sole, national, representative body of compound
animal feed manufacture in India.
 It nearly produce 3 million tons of compound feed per
annum, but the capacity installed by the CLFMA is 6
million tons only 50% is been utilized.
 Compound feed also produce by other feed manufactures
(non-members of CLFMA) and farmers directly and this
comes to around 4 million tons.

8. ACTIVITIES OF CLFMA ARE:-
 CLFMA’s views are solicited and considered by central and state
Government while formulating and implementing policies concerning
not only the livestock's feed industries but also the entire gamut of
animal husbandry.
 It conduct symposia on feed related problems and discuss them
threadbare involving animal nutritionists and feed technologists and
veterinary colleges to hammer out solutions.
 It organizes orientation courses at Veterinary colleges for the benefit
of the students.
 It represents the problems of the feed industries to the government.
 CLFMA publishes ‘FEED TRENDS’ a quarterly magazine and now
Livestock & Feed Trends once in two months since 2002.
 It instituted awards to honor the nutritionists who contributed
substantially.

9. PROCESSING OF
FEEDS AND
FORAGES

10. THE PRIMARY REASONS FOR PROCESSING FEEDS
 To make more profit: they chance the method of grain processing
accordingly.
 To alter particle size: some feeds need to be reduced in size to increase,
their intake or digestibility.(in some cases pelleting or cubing is done)
 To change moisture content: moisture content of a feedstuff may need to be
changed to make it safer to store(reduce to 10% level).
 To change the density of feed: Bulky feeds reduce feed intake hence Grains
are flaked rather than ground or pelleted.
 To change palatability: feeds are processed to increase acceptability and
feed intake.
 To increase nutrient content: when used alone and in their natural state,
few feedstuffs meet the nutritional requirements of the animals.
 To increase nutrient availability: Gelatinization of the starch granules,
rendering them more digestible. Pelleting of feeds increase the utilization of
phosphorous for chicken and pig.
 To detoxify or remove undesirable factors
 To improve keeping quality

11. Particle size reduction procedures:
 CUTTING: It is a reduction accomplished by pushing or
forcing a thin sharp knife through the material to be
reduced e.g. Chaffing of green folder, straw, hay.
 CRUSHING: It is accomplished by applying a compressive
force to the particle to be reduced Ball mills, percussion
mills and jaw crushers are examples of mills using the
crushing principles.
 SHEARING: It is a combination of cutting crushing.
Ensilage cutter or rotary type knife and stationary bar
cutter use the shear principle.
 IMPACT GRINDING: It is most commonly used form
reducing particle size in the feed industry. Hammer mills,
Jet mills, Centrifugal input mills use this principles.

12. MILLS THAT ARE
COMMONLY USED IN
THE FEED INDUSTRY

13. HAMMER MILLS
 These mills use impact grinding principle to reduce the particle
size of feeds. Hammer mills are used for grinding of both
concentrates and forages. It is been used in farm, commercial and
custom grinding.
 The hammer mill consists of cylinder or rotor made up of several
plates keyed to the main shaft or axle and these plates, near the
edge, carry the hammers.
 Hammer mills may be of the single, double or triple reduction type
with either rigid or swinging hammers.
 It is assumed that most of the grinding occurs as the hammers
strike the material in the air as it falls into the mill. The hammer
tip may travel at a aped of 7000-25000 feet per minute.
 If the first impact of the hammer against the feed does not break
it up so that it will drop through the screen, it rebounds and is
again struck by the hammer tips. This process continues until all
particles are reduced to a size that allow them to pass through the
screen
 A fan or blower is usually used for transport after grinding, the fan
may be connected to the same shaft that drives the hammermill or
it may be driven separately.

14. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
HAMMER MILL
1. Diameter and shape of screen openings
2. Screen area
3. Moisture content
4. Peripheral speed
5. Kind of fees
6. Location of feed intake
7. Hammer tip and screen clearance
8. Hammer width and design
9. Number width and design
10. Number of hammers
11. Feed rate
12. Air flow through the mill
13. Mechanical conditions of the mill
14. HP of the motor

15. ROLLER
MILLS These are used in feed processing for the crimping or
crushing of grains.
 It is mainly used for efficient grinding and uniform
particle size
 It consist of two rolls rotating in opposite directions or
the same speed or at different speed.
 Rollers are usually corrugated or serrated.
 If the rollers are operated at the same speed, the
reduction is mostly by crushing.
 If the rolls have a speed differential, cutting and
shearing tales place.
 Roller mills may have one, two or three pairs of rolls in
a stand.

16. FEED MIXING
 Mixing is most important operation in feed mill
because it overall states the feed mill status and
quality.
 The aim of mixing is to disperse the
ingredients of a certain assortment ( called
formula) so that each small unit of the whole has
the same proportion of each ingredient as in the
normal formula.

17. VERTICAL BATCH MIXER
 They may be single screw or double screw for
elevating the material.
 Single screw mixer is very popular.
 These are relatively inexpensive and do a good
job of mixing most ingredients.
 They are little slower than horizontal mixers
and are not used in larger feed mills.
 These units range in capacity from 0.5 to 5
tonnes.

18. HORIZONTAL MIXER

19.  This mixer is the one most commonly used in larger feed mills.
 This mixer has right and left hand augers which convey the material from one
end of the mixer to the other while it is tumbled within the mixer.
 Ribbons/peddles are used for a homogenous mix of ingredients.
 Suitable speed reduction drive is provided to drive the mixer shaft at the
designed speed to achieve proper mix with or without liquid additives.
 DOUBLE PADDLE HORIZONTAL MIXERS: These have curved paddle blades which
scoop, lift and tumble materials as they are conveyed to the center of the mixer,
where they are continuously over lapped and cross blended
 A turbulent upward and downward movement is secured which provides the
intense type of action required to bled solids and liquid additives . These mixer
have a side loading-cum-inspection platform
 RIBBON BLENDERS: Principle is same as paddle mixers expect that they have
double worm type ribbons. The large one continuously conveys the material
forward and the small one conveys it backwards. Material to be mixed is
conveyed from end to end, top to bottom or side to side in the mixer. This
continuous cross blending action tends to thoroughly mix the composition.
 The mixer is more suitable for blending powdery material of uniform fineness.

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