1. The document discusses liquid crystals, providing a history, classification, descriptions of different types (nematic, smectic, cholesteric, and discotic), and applications.
2. It describes how liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888 and have since been used in electronic displays and other devices.
3. Liquid crystals are classified as lyotropic (solvent-dependent), thermotropic (temperature-dependent), or polymeric. The different phases like nematic, smectic, and cholesteric are explained.
Intermediate state of mesophases & halfway between isotropic liquid &solid crystal.
In solid crystal, basic unit display translational long range order, with center of molecule located on crystal lattice &display orientational order.
In isotropic liquid, basic unit do not preset positional or orientational long rang order.
Intermediate state of mesophases & halfway between isotropic liquid &solid crystal.
In solid crystal, basic unit display translational long range order, with center of molecule located on crystal lattice &display orientational order.
In isotropic liquid, basic unit do not preset positional or orientational long rang order.
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
Solid state of matter has a definite volume and definite shapes.
Molecules of solids have lowest kinetic energies but they possess vibrational energies. Solids can be classifies as crystalline and amorphous solids.
Neutron diffraction is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of atomic/ magnetic structure of a material. The technique is similar to XRD but the different type of radiation gives complementary radiation. It is of different types and overcomes the demerit of XRD. It has a lot of applications such as structure determination, locating light atoms, magnetic properties study, study of atomic vibration and other excitations.
Liquid crystal LC is the substances that flow like liquids but maintain some of the ordered structure characteristics of liquid crystals. Examined and summarized the types of liquid crystals. Analyzed the structural characteristic of smectic, nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. It is noted that cholesteric liquid crystals are helically twisted structure and the pitch of the helix which is temperature dependent and individual chemical properties of liquid -crystalline compounds of cholesterol. Results on the influence of temperature on rheological properties of cholesteric liquid crystal are presents. This chapter describes briefly about classification of liquid crystals their structure and properties. the main aim of this review article is to scientifically highlight pharmaceutical liquid crystals, its importance in current development of targeted drug delivery system. Objects of this review is also to provide in depth information of pharmaceutical liquid crystal technology which include advanced technology development. V. Viswanatha | C. Rajaramb | S. R. Fathimac | D. Bhanu priyad "Brief Review of Liquid Crystals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18770.pdf
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
Solid state of matter has a definite volume and definite shapes.
Molecules of solids have lowest kinetic energies but they possess vibrational energies. Solids can be classifies as crystalline and amorphous solids.
Neutron diffraction is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of atomic/ magnetic structure of a material. The technique is similar to XRD but the different type of radiation gives complementary radiation. It is of different types and overcomes the demerit of XRD. It has a lot of applications such as structure determination, locating light atoms, magnetic properties study, study of atomic vibration and other excitations.
Liquid crystal LC is the substances that flow like liquids but maintain some of the ordered structure characteristics of liquid crystals. Examined and summarized the types of liquid crystals. Analyzed the structural characteristic of smectic, nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. It is noted that cholesteric liquid crystals are helically twisted structure and the pitch of the helix which is temperature dependent and individual chemical properties of liquid -crystalline compounds of cholesterol. Results on the influence of temperature on rheological properties of cholesteric liquid crystal are presents. This chapter describes briefly about classification of liquid crystals their structure and properties. the main aim of this review article is to scientifically highlight pharmaceutical liquid crystals, its importance in current development of targeted drug delivery system. Objects of this review is also to provide in depth information of pharmaceutical liquid crystal technology which include advanced technology development. V. Viswanatha | C. Rajaramb | S. R. Fathimac | D. Bhanu priyad "Brief Review of Liquid Crystals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18770.pdf
REVIEW OF BOILING TO POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER USING NANOFLUIDIJESM JOURNAL
Nanofluids are a new class of heat transfer fluids developed by suspending nanosized solid particles in liquids. Larger thermal conductivities of solid particles compared to the base fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, engine oil etc. significantly enhances their thermal properties. Several phenomenological models have been proposed to explain the anomalous heat transfer enhancement in nanofluids. This paper presents a systematic literature review to exploit the boiling heat transfer enhancements using different compositions of Nanofluids used experimentally also attempts are made to make systematic analysis of results in literature and try to bring out a common understanding of the results in literature.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC is a process of separating components in a liquid mixture. A liquid sample is injected into a stream of solvent mobile phase flowing through a column packed with a separation medium stationary phase . Sample components separate from one another by a process of differential migration as they flow through the column.As bands emerge from the column, flow carries them to one or more detectors which deliver a voltage response as a function of time. This is called a chromatogram. For each peak, the time at which it emerges identifies the sample constituent with respect to a standard. The peak’s area represents the quantity .HPLC provides a highly specific, reasonably precise, and fairly rapid analytical method for a plethora of complicated samples.This is difficult in detecting compounds. Low sensitivity of some compounds towards the stationary phase in the columns is difficult. Mohd Ali | Panjak Chasta | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45146.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45146/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc/mohd-ali
Long-term Isothermal Stability of Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents play an important role in the clean production of chemicals and the fractionation of renewable sources. When dissolving lignin or cellulose at elevated temperatures, the thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents is of great importance. However, studies concerning the long-term isothermal stability of deep eutectic solvents are scarce. In this study, the thermal stability of deep eutectic solvents, namely, choline chloride with oxalic acid dihydrate, glycerol, glycolic, malic acid, and citric acid monohydrate were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The isothermal decomposition experiments were conducted at a constant temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120 °C) for 10 h. These long-term isothermal thermogravimetric studies of the deep eutectic solvents showed a non-linear weight loss as a function of time at each temperature. According to these studies it is recommended to perform fractionation or dissolution of biomass below 80 °C.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
1. Liquid Crystals
Presented by- Mr.Shreyas R.
Kulkarni
M.Pharm.(Pharmaceutics)
Roll no.-11
Guided by –Dr.Vishal V. Pande sir
HOD (Pharmaceutics,PG Dept.)
S.C.P.E.R, Kopargaon
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3. Basic Terminology:
Mesophase- A Phase lying between solid &
liquid formed by changing amount of order in
sample.
Anisotropy- Object or substance having a
physical property which has a different value when
measured in different directions.
Isotropy- When the properties of material are the
same in all direction, the material is said to be
Isotropy.
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4. •Introduction
• Liquid Crystals are matter in state which has properties
between the convensional liquids and solids.
• It’s shows Anisotropy.
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5. • History
Anchen Scientist Otto Lehman
On 3 May,1888 Lehman with
help of Freidrich Reinitzer
published their first result on
Liquid crystals.
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9. • In solvent
• Depends on Temperature,
Concentration, salt, alcohol
• Structures:
Lamellar, Hexagonal etc
For Ex. 1) Soap, it is the day to
day life example of lyotropic
liquid crystals.
2) Phospholipids (present in cell
membrane)
1. Lyotropic liquid crystals
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10. 2.Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
• These are the liquid crystaline phases that
occures due to change in temprature range.
• Absence of solvent
• Rigid organic molecules
• Depends on Temperature
• Structures:
a) Smectic
b) Nematic
c) Cholesteric
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11. These are basically
the mesogenic unit is
incorporated in the
polymeric molecule.
Ex. electrical and
mechanical parts,
food containers, and
any other applications
requiring chemical
inertness and high
strength.
3. Polymeric Liquid Crystals
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14. • Nematic Phase
• No possitional order
• Molecules in same
direction
• When temperatures is
incrase molecules will
be allign immediately
• In nematic crystal phase
molecules are arranged
paralell
• Ex. Cyanobiphenyl
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15. • Smectic Phase
• This phase can be
reached at lower
temperatures than the
nematic phase.
• Not all positional
order is destroyed
when a crystal melts
to form a smectic
liquid crystal
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16. • Cholesteric Phase
• Chiral nematic phase
• This phase exhibits the twisting of
the molecules perpendicular to the
director.
• Ex. Cholesterol Benzoate:LC 147C
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Applications:
1) sensors
2) Thermometer
3) fashion fabrics that
change colour with
temperature
4) display devices
17. • Columnar
(Discotic phase)
Columnar (or
discotic) liquid
crystals are
different from the
previous types
because they are
shaped like discs
instead of long
rods.
17
Discotic phase
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18. 23-03-2018 18
Liquid
Crystal
• Having 3 Dimensional Order
Smectic
A
• Having 0 Order
• Translational & Rotational Motion
Nematic
• Diffuse Out of the Latice Like Structure
• Layer like arrangement
Isotropic
• Having 0 Order as well
• Liquid
As Temperature Increases………
20. 20
1.Pharma drugs as Liquid crystals.
Ex.
a) Nafodixine HCL.
b) Palmitolyl propranolol HCL.
c) Itraconazole.
2.Liquid Crystals as a
solubility enhancers.
Ex. Fenoprofen Calcium
• Pharmaceutical Application
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21. 21
3. Novel approach for topical
drug deleivary
For eg. Zaltoprofen (an
NSAID)
4. Liquid Crystals in
Cosmaceuticals
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22. 5. Liquid Crystal Thermometers
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• Liquid-crystal
thermometers use
liquid crystals that
change color in
response to
temperature
changes.
• Numbers on the
partitions indicate
temperatures
according to the
amount of heat
present.
26. Conclusion
Today, Thanks to the scientists Reinitzer,
Lehmann and their followers, we know that
literally thousands of substances have a diversity
of other states. Some of them have been found
very usable in several technical innovations,
among which liquid crystal screens and liquid
crystal thermometers may be the best known.
The many applications of LCs in Pharma
industries made many revolutions, which
become very beneficial for the society.
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28. 28
•Reference
1. P. Gaikwad, Maya t. Desai. Liquid crystalline phase & its pharma applications
international journal of pharma research & review, dec 2013; 2(12):40-52
2. Pande v., Nayak s., Kendre p., Patil p. And sagar k. Fabrication and
characterization of zaltoprofen loaded Lyotropic liquid crystalline gel(received 20
august 2015) (accepted 20 november 2015) indian drugs 53 (03) march 2016
3.Theory of liquid crystals,http://www.springer.com/978-3-319-00857-8
4. Denis Andrienko, Introduction to liquid crystalsInternational Max Planck
Research School Modelling of soft matter,11-15 September 2006, Bad
Marienberg September 14, 2006
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29. 29
5. Theory of liquid crystals
http://www.worldscientific.com
6. I. Tadwee, Dr.S. Shahi, V. Ramteke, I. Syed. Liquid
Crystals Pharmaceutical Application: A Review; Volume 1,
issue2 (2012), 06-11
7. A. P. Lodha, G. P. Jadhav and V. V. Pande . Liquid
Crystals As A Cubo-Hexagonal Topical Controlled Drug
Delivery System:Pharmacophore 2014, Vol. 5 (3), 430-
441 USA CODEN: PHARM7 ISSN 2229-5402
8.The Classification Of Liquid Crystal,
http://photonicswiki.org/images.
9.Application of liquid Crystal
http://saffron.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid
=48939§ionid=46
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