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Liquid Crystals

           Afia Riaz
           Bs(hons) Chemistry
What are liquid crystals ?

and liquid state offrom organic compounds and is thought of as the phase of matter
Liquid crystals form a crystal.This phenomena was discovered in 1888 by
between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.This phenomena was discovered in
    Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer Liquid
1888 by Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer
    crystals form from organic compounds and is
                      thought o

    f as the phase of matter between the solid and liquid state of a
 crystal.This phenomena was discovered in 1888 by Austrian chemist
                          Frederich Reinitzer.
form from organic compounds and is thought of as the phase of matter
  between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.This phenomena was
     discovered in 1888 by Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer.
                         chemist Frederich Reinitzer.
• A liquid crystal is substance that exhibit one or
  more ordered phases at a temperature above the
  melting point of solids.
• Instead of passing directly from the solid to the
  loquid phase when heated these substance pass
  through an intermediate which has some of the
  freedom of motion possessed by liquids.
• Due yo partial ordering liquid crystal may be very
  viscous and possess intermediate properties.
•
• There are many different types of LC phases,
  which can be distinguished by their different
  optical properties.
• When viewed under a microscope using a
  polarized light source, different liquid crystal
  phases will appear to have distinct textures.
• Despite significant differences in chemical
  composition, these molecules have some common
  features in chemical and physical properties.
• Substances that form liquid crystal structures
  are quite common. Approximately 0.5% of
  known carbon compounds have liquid crystal
  states.
• Cholesterol myristate changes from the solid
  state to an intermediate state (cloudy liquid) at
  71 C, and from the intermediate state to the
  liquid state at 86 C
4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl
p-azoxyanisol
Liquid crystal phases
Thermotropic liquid crystals
 Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a
  certain temperature range.
 If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion
  will destroy the delicate cooperative ordering of
  the LC phase, pushing the material into a
  conventional liquid phase. At too low
  temperature, most LC materials will form a
  conventional crystal
 Many thermotropic LCs exhibit a variety of
  phases as temperature is changed.
1.   Nematic phase
 One of the most common LC phases is the nematic.In a
  nematic phase, the calamitic or rod-shaped organic
  molecules have no positional order, but they self-align to
  have long-range directional order with their long axes
  roughly parallel. Thus, the molecules are free to flow.
 Nematics have fluidity similar to that of ordinary
  (isotropic) liquids but they can be easily aligned by an
  external magnetic or electric field.
2.Smectic phases
• The smectic phases, which are found at
  lower temperatures than the nematicform
• well-defined layers that can slide over one
  another in a manner similar to that of soap.
  The smectics are thus positionally ordered
  along one direction.
• More order and higher viscosity
3.Blue Phases
• Liquid crystal 'blue phases' are highly fluid
  self-assembled three-dimensional cubic defect
  structures that exist over narrow temperature
  ranges in highly chiral liquid crystals
• It was theoretically predicted in 1981 that
  these phases can possess icosahedral
  symmetry similar to quasi crystals.
• In May 2008, the first Blue Phase Mode LCD
  panel had been developed
Lyotropic liquid crystals
• A lyotropic liquid crystal consists of two or
  more components that exhibit liquid-
  crystalline properties in certain concentration
  ranges. In the lyotropic phases, solvent
  molecules fill the space around the
  compounds to provide fluidity to the system
Amphiphilic molecule
• A compound, which has two immiscible
  hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts within the
  same molecule, is called an amphiphilic
  molecule. Many amphiphilic molecules show
  lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase sequences
  depending on the volume balances between
  the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part.
• Soap is an everyday example of a lyotropic
  liquid crystal.
Biological liquid crystals
• Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases are
  abundant in living systems,
• biological membranes and cell
  membranes are a form of liquid crystals
• For instance, the concentrated protein
  solution that is extruded by a spider to
  generate silk is, in fact, a liquid crystal
  phase.
• DNA and many polypeptides can also
  form LC phases
Uses of Liquid Crystals
•   Flat screen television
•   Wristwatches
•   Laptop screens
•   Digital clocks
•   Thermometers
•   Switchable windows
Conclusion
• We know today that many chemical compounds
  can exist in the liquid crystal state, such as
  cholesteryl benzoate. the world can focus on
  ways to make this product useful in society. Over
  the last century many applications such as the
  detection of hot points in microcircuits, the
  findings of fractures or tumors in humans and the
  conversion of infared images have become
  accessible due to the understanding of pitch in a
  liquid crystal

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Liquid crystal

  • 1. Liquid Crystals Afia Riaz Bs(hons) Chemistry
  • 2. What are liquid crystals ? and liquid state offrom organic compounds and is thought of as the phase of matter Liquid crystals form a crystal.This phenomena was discovered in 1888 by between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.This phenomena was discovered in Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer Liquid 1888 by Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer crystals form from organic compounds and is thought o f as the phase of matter between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.This phenomena was discovered in 1888 by Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer. form from organic compounds and is thought of as the phase of matter between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.This phenomena was discovered in 1888 by Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer. chemist Frederich Reinitzer.
  • 3. • A liquid crystal is substance that exhibit one or more ordered phases at a temperature above the melting point of solids. • Instead of passing directly from the solid to the loquid phase when heated these substance pass through an intermediate which has some of the freedom of motion possessed by liquids. • Due yo partial ordering liquid crystal may be very viscous and possess intermediate properties.
  • 4.
  • 5. • There are many different types of LC phases, which can be distinguished by their different optical properties. • When viewed under a microscope using a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will appear to have distinct textures. • Despite significant differences in chemical composition, these molecules have some common features in chemical and physical properties.
  • 6. • Substances that form liquid crystal structures are quite common. Approximately 0.5% of known carbon compounds have liquid crystal states. • Cholesterol myristate changes from the solid state to an intermediate state (cloudy liquid) at 71 C, and from the intermediate state to the liquid state at 86 C
  • 10. Thermotropic liquid crystals  Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain temperature range.  If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion will destroy the delicate cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional liquid phase. At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a conventional crystal  Many thermotropic LCs exhibit a variety of phases as temperature is changed.
  • 11. 1. Nematic phase  One of the most common LC phases is the nematic.In a nematic phase, the calamitic or rod-shaped organic molecules have no positional order, but they self-align to have long-range directional order with their long axes roughly parallel. Thus, the molecules are free to flow.  Nematics have fluidity similar to that of ordinary (isotropic) liquids but they can be easily aligned by an external magnetic or electric field.
  • 12. 2.Smectic phases • The smectic phases, which are found at lower temperatures than the nematicform • well-defined layers that can slide over one another in a manner similar to that of soap. The smectics are thus positionally ordered along one direction. • More order and higher viscosity
  • 13. 3.Blue Phases • Liquid crystal 'blue phases' are highly fluid self-assembled three-dimensional cubic defect structures that exist over narrow temperature ranges in highly chiral liquid crystals • It was theoretically predicted in 1981 that these phases can possess icosahedral symmetry similar to quasi crystals.
  • 14. • In May 2008, the first Blue Phase Mode LCD panel had been developed
  • 15. Lyotropic liquid crystals • A lyotropic liquid crystal consists of two or more components that exhibit liquid- crystalline properties in certain concentration ranges. In the lyotropic phases, solvent molecules fill the space around the compounds to provide fluidity to the system
  • 16. Amphiphilic molecule • A compound, which has two immiscible hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts within the same molecule, is called an amphiphilic molecule. Many amphiphilic molecules show lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase sequences depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. • Soap is an everyday example of a lyotropic liquid crystal.
  • 17. Biological liquid crystals • Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases are abundant in living systems, • biological membranes and cell membranes are a form of liquid crystals • For instance, the concentrated protein solution that is extruded by a spider to generate silk is, in fact, a liquid crystal phase. • DNA and many polypeptides can also form LC phases
  • 18. Uses of Liquid Crystals • Flat screen television • Wristwatches • Laptop screens • Digital clocks • Thermometers • Switchable windows
  • 19. Conclusion • We know today that many chemical compounds can exist in the liquid crystal state, such as cholesteryl benzoate. the world can focus on ways to make this product useful in society. Over the last century many applications such as the detection of hot points in microcircuits, the findings of fractures or tumors in humans and the conversion of infared images have become accessible due to the understanding of pitch in a liquid crystal