This document summarizes a study investigating the dielectric and spectroscopic properties of amorphous captopril, an orally active drug used to treat hypertension. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that captopril is a good glass former. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy revealed molecular mobility in the glassy state, which contributes to the drug's instability in the amorphous form. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated stronger hydrogen bonding in the amorphous state compared to the crystalline state. The aim was to understand the factors responsible for instability of the amorphous drug form.
This document summarizes literature on cocrystal systems published in 2011 that are of interest to pharmaceutical scientists. It begins with an introduction to cocrystal systems and relevant review articles. It then discusses general articles on cocrystal engineering principles and characterization methods. The majority of the document summarizes literature on preparation methods for cocrystal systems and specific pharmaceutical cocrystal systems that were reported. It concludes with a discussion of regulatory guidance on pharmaceutical cocrystals.
This document summarizes a study that formulated and tested rapidly dissolving nanofibers of the anti-diabetic drug Glibenclamide (GLB) using electrospinning and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer. Scanning electron microscopy showed the nanofibers were 370-553nm in diameter. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry indicated good drug-polymer compatibility. In vitro drug release studies found the nanofibers had enhanced dissolution rates compared to pure GLB, with release dependent on pH. The nanofibers showed potential as a fast dissolving oral formulation to improve GLB solubility and bioavailability.
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
This document discusses drug-excipient interactions, including the types (drug-excipient, drug-drug, excipient-excipient, drug-container), mechanisms (physical, chemical, physiological), and methods of evaluation such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DSC is used to study thermal transitions like melting points and glass transition temperatures to detect interactions. XRPD provides information on crystalline structure and changes from interactions. FTIR detects changes in molecular vibrations from interactions. Together these methods help evaluate excipient compatibility and identify interactions.
Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract as corrosion inhibitor for the mild steel co...IOSR Journals
- Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract was studied as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1M hydrochloric acid.
- Weight loss and electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency at different inhibitor concentrations, temperatures, and immersion periods.
- The inhibition efficiency generally increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and immersion period, up to an optimum temperature of 323K.
- Adsorption of the inhibitor was found to follow the Temkin isotherm model, indicating physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the adsorption process was exothermic.
This document summarizes an experiment comparing pure gelatin hydrogel to microbially transglutaminase (mTG) cross-linked gelatin hydrogel. Rheology tests showed the cross-linked hydrogel had a higher elastic modulus, indicating stronger structure, but surprisingly broke down at a lower shear stress than pure gelatin. Absorbency tests found the cross-linked hydrogel absorbed water more slowly, likely due to decreased pore size from cross-linking. Release of dye from the hydrogels showed the cross-linked hydrogel retained its structure at body temperature and released dye more slowly in water than ethanol, suggesting potential as an extended drug delivery system.
Dissolution Enhancement of BCS Class 4 Dssrugs Using Quality by Design Approa...inventionjournals
Solid dispersion is one of the vastly accepted and practically economical processes in bioavailability enhancement study. The present investigation deals mostly with increase in solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 4 drugs for enhancement of oral bioavailability. For the same solid dispersion were prepared and analyzed for appropriate concentration of drug polymer ratio by phase solubility analysis. The solvent evaporation study widely accepted due to its efficient solid dispersion in lesser efforts. The study designs were prepared with specific concentration of drug and polymer ratio with the help of high throughput model i.e. Central Composite Design (by Design Expert trial copy) by specific design of experiment with full factorial design (DOE). The fixed variables were concentration of polymers and dependant variables were dissolution and permeability across bio-membrane in in-vitro model. The prepared dispersion investigated for dissolution and permeability improvement using USP Type II apparatus and modified everted gut sac model which leads to improvement of quality of whole formulation with Quality by design efficiently.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Chemical kinetics and stability studies provide the basis for predicting drug shelf life. The rate of a reaction depends on its order, which can be determined experimentally through graphic, substitution, or half life methods. Factors like temperature, moisture, and light affect reaction rates. Accelerated stability testing under exaggerated conditions can predict long-term stability by applying the Arrhenius equation. Appropriate storage conditions for pharmaceuticals include well-closed containers, protection from light and heat, and addition of stabilizing substances to maintain product quality over the predicted shelf life.
This document summarizes literature on cocrystal systems published in 2011 that are of interest to pharmaceutical scientists. It begins with an introduction to cocrystal systems and relevant review articles. It then discusses general articles on cocrystal engineering principles and characterization methods. The majority of the document summarizes literature on preparation methods for cocrystal systems and specific pharmaceutical cocrystal systems that were reported. It concludes with a discussion of regulatory guidance on pharmaceutical cocrystals.
This document summarizes a study that formulated and tested rapidly dissolving nanofibers of the anti-diabetic drug Glibenclamide (GLB) using electrospinning and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer. Scanning electron microscopy showed the nanofibers were 370-553nm in diameter. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry indicated good drug-polymer compatibility. In vitro drug release studies found the nanofibers had enhanced dissolution rates compared to pure GLB, with release dependent on pH. The nanofibers showed potential as a fast dissolving oral formulation to improve GLB solubility and bioavailability.
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
This document discusses drug-excipient interactions, including the types (drug-excipient, drug-drug, excipient-excipient, drug-container), mechanisms (physical, chemical, physiological), and methods of evaluation such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DSC is used to study thermal transitions like melting points and glass transition temperatures to detect interactions. XRPD provides information on crystalline structure and changes from interactions. FTIR detects changes in molecular vibrations from interactions. Together these methods help evaluate excipient compatibility and identify interactions.
Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract as corrosion inhibitor for the mild steel co...IOSR Journals
- Mirabilis Jalapa flowers extract was studied as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1M hydrochloric acid.
- Weight loss and electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency at different inhibitor concentrations, temperatures, and immersion periods.
- The inhibition efficiency generally increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and immersion period, up to an optimum temperature of 323K.
- Adsorption of the inhibitor was found to follow the Temkin isotherm model, indicating physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the adsorption process was exothermic.
This document summarizes an experiment comparing pure gelatin hydrogel to microbially transglutaminase (mTG) cross-linked gelatin hydrogel. Rheology tests showed the cross-linked hydrogel had a higher elastic modulus, indicating stronger structure, but surprisingly broke down at a lower shear stress than pure gelatin. Absorbency tests found the cross-linked hydrogel absorbed water more slowly, likely due to decreased pore size from cross-linking. Release of dye from the hydrogels showed the cross-linked hydrogel retained its structure at body temperature and released dye more slowly in water than ethanol, suggesting potential as an extended drug delivery system.
Dissolution Enhancement of BCS Class 4 Dssrugs Using Quality by Design Approa...inventionjournals
Solid dispersion is one of the vastly accepted and practically economical processes in bioavailability enhancement study. The present investigation deals mostly with increase in solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 4 drugs for enhancement of oral bioavailability. For the same solid dispersion were prepared and analyzed for appropriate concentration of drug polymer ratio by phase solubility analysis. The solvent evaporation study widely accepted due to its efficient solid dispersion in lesser efforts. The study designs were prepared with specific concentration of drug and polymer ratio with the help of high throughput model i.e. Central Composite Design (by Design Expert trial copy) by specific design of experiment with full factorial design (DOE). The fixed variables were concentration of polymers and dependant variables were dissolution and permeability across bio-membrane in in-vitro model. The prepared dispersion investigated for dissolution and permeability improvement using USP Type II apparatus and modified everted gut sac model which leads to improvement of quality of whole formulation with Quality by design efficiently.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Chemical kinetics and stability studies provide the basis for predicting drug shelf life. The rate of a reaction depends on its order, which can be determined experimentally through graphic, substitution, or half life methods. Factors like temperature, moisture, and light affect reaction rates. Accelerated stability testing under exaggerated conditions can predict long-term stability by applying the Arrhenius equation. Appropriate storage conditions for pharmaceuticals include well-closed containers, protection from light and heat, and addition of stabilizing substances to maintain product quality over the predicted shelf life.
Various techniques for study of Crystal PropertiesCooling Crystal
The document discusses various techniques used to characterize crystals and study their properties, including optical microscopy, etching, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, emission spectrometry, microhardness measurements, and vibrating sample magnetometry. It also summarizes a research paper on the formulation and evaluation of co-crystals of the poorly water soluble drug darunavir with succinic acid using different analytical techniques. The prepared co-crystals showed improved solubility, dissolution rate, flowability and stability compared to the pure drug.
Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Loaded Alginate Chitosan Nanoparti...pharmaindexing
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of moxifloxacin-loaded alginate-chitosan nanoparticles for treating tuberculosis. Moxifloxacin nanoparticles were prepared using an ionic gelation method with varying polymer ratios and drug concentrations. Formulation MF3, with a drug concentration of 50 mg, exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and rate of recovery. In vitro drug release from MF3 was sustained over 96 hours with no significant changes observed after 3 months of stability testing. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoparticles had a discrete spherical structure without aggregation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a seminar on drug excipient compatibility studies, which are an important part of pre-formulation studies. The objectives are to identify excipients that are compatible with the active pharmaceutical ingredient and do not impact stability. Various analytical techniques are described for testing compatibility, including differential scanning calorimetry, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document provides examples of compatibility studies and known incompatibilities between certain functional groups and excipients.
This document summarizes accelerated stability studies which are designed to increase the rate of chemical degradation and physical change of a drug by using exaggerated storage conditions as part of formal stability testing. The main objectives are to predict a drug product's stability profile and shelf life before market launch and to rapidly detect deterioration between initial formulations. Common factors affecting drug shelf life and changes observed under accelerated conditions are described. Methods for determining shelf life from accelerated stability data, including the Arrhenius plot and t90 values, are outlined. Limitations of the approach are noted. Kinetic models including zero order, first order, and pseudo-first order reactions are also defined.
Characterization of Semi-Interpenetrated Network Alginate/Gelatin Wound Dress...UniversitasGadjahMada
Gel contraction of alginate during ionic crosslinking at sol phase was reduced by blending with gelatin solution due to intermolecular interaction and chain entanglement. The semi-interpenetrated network (semi-IPN) of wound dressing hydrogels were prepared by overlaid alginate/gelatin blend with 1.0% (w/w) CaCl2 solution under ambient temperature for 2 h. Results showed that gel contraction was significantly reduced with increasing gelatin content i.e. from 40.5 ± 5.8% for pure alginate to as low as 5.8 ± 1.2% for alginate/gelatin of 1:7 (w/w). It seems that gelatin successfully inhibited alginate chains mobility during their network re-arrangement by a Ca2+ cation. The FTIR spectra of hydrogels showed a combination of characteristic vibration of alginate and gelatin. Increasing gelatin content also significantly improved elasticity and tensile strength at break of dried hydrogels. Swelling kinetics of dried hydrogels were fitted with Schott’s second-order power-law model. Increasing gelatin fraction increased the swelling rate while decreased the swelling at equilibrium. Their absorptive capacity was of the interval for management of moderate to heavily exudating wound.
The document discusses the use of accelerated stability studies conducted at higher temperatures than intended storage conditions to quickly identify degradation processes in drug formulations. It defends this approach by stating that using elevated temperatures increases degradation rates, allowing stable formulations to be developed more quickly through identifying conditions and excipients that slow degradation over long periods at lower temperatures. While this approach does not guarantee detecting all events, it has generally proven reliable.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Accelerated stability studies, Arrhenius equation, steps involved in prediction of shelf life, climatic zones as per the ICH guidelines, limitations of Accelerated stability study
7 synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of schiff base of 7 ...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Compounds having 2-quinolone moiety are associated with interesting biological activities. In the present study, we synthesized Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone and their antibacterial activity was evaluated by wells diffusion method. Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone (1 to 5 named as Q2aa-Q2ae) were prepared by refluxing 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The final test compounds were purified and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass Spectral studies. M.P. of these compounds was confirmed by open capillary method instrument chemline cl 725. They were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. While ciprofloxacin was used as standards.
Accelerated stability testing exposes pharmaceutical products to elevated temperatures and humidity to rapidly determine their shelf life. Samples are stored at conditions like 40°C/75%RH and tested over time. The Arrhenius equation relates reaction rate constants at different temperatures, allowing prediction of shelf life at normal storage conditions from accelerated data. Limitations include reactions not dependent on temperature alone and products losing integrity at high stresses.
Biological activities of Barleria cristatapharmaindexing
The study evaluated the biological activities of Barleria cristata, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, and antimicrobial properties. Several fractions of the methanol leaf extract showed antioxidant effects in DPPH radical scavenging and phenolic content assays. The hexane fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against brine shrimp. The aqueous fraction showed 45% clot lysis in the thrombolytic assay compared to 65.66% for streptokinase. Membrane stabilizing effects were observed against heat and hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis. The chloroform fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various microbes.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses stability studies of pharmaceutical products. It defines stability as a drug retaining its properties within specified limits throughout its shelf life. Stability is important for maintaining drug quality and efficacy. The document covers factors affecting degradation like temperature, moisture, and light. It also describes methods to determine the order of degradation reactions through graphical, half life, and isolation methods. Accelerated, long term, and intermediate stability testing methods are explained to predict a drug's shelf life.
This document describes the synthesis of 17 new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluates their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger. Compound 14 was the most active. Compound 7 exhibited appreciable anticancer activity against colon cancer cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis identified topological and electronic properties important for the compounds' antimicrobial effects.
ABSTRACT:
Benzimidazole is a fused heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen at position 1 and 3 in five member ring. This ring have large spectrum of biological activity specifically antimicrobial activity. We synthesis benzimidazole derivatives which have great percentage yield than reported and develop synthetic scheme that less time consuming with high purity of compound as well as no need of any kind of chromatography for purification. all compound was recrystallized with ethanol. We develop economical method of synthesis of benimidazole derivatives also characterization was carried out by IR and H1 NMR (CDCl3), Physical Constant, Solubility, Refractive Index. Benzimidazole derivative biologically evaluated on different microorganism. In the result gram negative and gram positive bacteria was Inhibited.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Accelerated stability testing exposes pharmaceutical products to elevated temperatures and humidity to accelerate potential degradation reactions. This allows prediction of a product's shelf life at normal storage conditions based on Arrhenius kinetics. International guidelines from ICH provide standardized temperature and humidity conditions for stability testing. Samples are taken at intervals during accelerated testing and degradation is quantified. Arrhenius plots of degradation rates at different temperatures allow extrapolation to normal conditions and estimation of shelf life.
Analytical Determination of Antihestamine drugs Pure and its pharmaceutical P...IOSR Journals
A quick and convenient method has been developed for the micro estimation of antihistamine drugs. 1-5 mg of sample is allowed to react with 10 ml of 0.02 M, N-bromosaccharin solution. Unconsumed reagent can be accurately titrated with 5 ml of 15% KI and 0.02N sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as indica-tor. SD and CV was calculated for reproducible and accurate result. The accuracy of the method is within + 1 % and possible course of reaction was suggested on the basis of stoichiometry as well as find reaction product.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Seminar on solid state stability and shelf life by ranjeet singhRanjeet Singh
This seminar discusses the stability of solid drug substances and techniques for determining shelf life. Stability is defined as a drug substance remaining within specified limits of identity, strength, quality and purity during storage and use. Solid drugs can undergo physical transformations like polymorphic transitions, formation of hydrates or amorphous forms. Analytical techniques are used to identify these changes. Shelf life studies involve real time testing at recommended storage conditions or accelerated testing at elevated temperatures to estimate shelf life under normal conditions. Factors like temperature, moisture, pH and light exposure can influence drug degradation and must be considered.
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
Various techniques for study of Crystal PropertiesCooling Crystal
The document discusses various techniques used to characterize crystals and study their properties, including optical microscopy, etching, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, emission spectrometry, microhardness measurements, and vibrating sample magnetometry. It also summarizes a research paper on the formulation and evaluation of co-crystals of the poorly water soluble drug darunavir with succinic acid using different analytical techniques. The prepared co-crystals showed improved solubility, dissolution rate, flowability and stability compared to the pure drug.
Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Loaded Alginate Chitosan Nanoparti...pharmaindexing
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of moxifloxacin-loaded alginate-chitosan nanoparticles for treating tuberculosis. Moxifloxacin nanoparticles were prepared using an ionic gelation method with varying polymer ratios and drug concentrations. Formulation MF3, with a drug concentration of 50 mg, exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and rate of recovery. In vitro drug release from MF3 was sustained over 96 hours with no significant changes observed after 3 months of stability testing. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoparticles had a discrete spherical structure without aggregation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a seminar on drug excipient compatibility studies, which are an important part of pre-formulation studies. The objectives are to identify excipients that are compatible with the active pharmaceutical ingredient and do not impact stability. Various analytical techniques are described for testing compatibility, including differential scanning calorimetry, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document provides examples of compatibility studies and known incompatibilities between certain functional groups and excipients.
This document summarizes accelerated stability studies which are designed to increase the rate of chemical degradation and physical change of a drug by using exaggerated storage conditions as part of formal stability testing. The main objectives are to predict a drug product's stability profile and shelf life before market launch and to rapidly detect deterioration between initial formulations. Common factors affecting drug shelf life and changes observed under accelerated conditions are described. Methods for determining shelf life from accelerated stability data, including the Arrhenius plot and t90 values, are outlined. Limitations of the approach are noted. Kinetic models including zero order, first order, and pseudo-first order reactions are also defined.
Characterization of Semi-Interpenetrated Network Alginate/Gelatin Wound Dress...UniversitasGadjahMada
Gel contraction of alginate during ionic crosslinking at sol phase was reduced by blending with gelatin solution due to intermolecular interaction and chain entanglement. The semi-interpenetrated network (semi-IPN) of wound dressing hydrogels were prepared by overlaid alginate/gelatin blend with 1.0% (w/w) CaCl2 solution under ambient temperature for 2 h. Results showed that gel contraction was significantly reduced with increasing gelatin content i.e. from 40.5 ± 5.8% for pure alginate to as low as 5.8 ± 1.2% for alginate/gelatin of 1:7 (w/w). It seems that gelatin successfully inhibited alginate chains mobility during their network re-arrangement by a Ca2+ cation. The FTIR spectra of hydrogels showed a combination of characteristic vibration of alginate and gelatin. Increasing gelatin content also significantly improved elasticity and tensile strength at break of dried hydrogels. Swelling kinetics of dried hydrogels were fitted with Schott’s second-order power-law model. Increasing gelatin fraction increased the swelling rate while decreased the swelling at equilibrium. Their absorptive capacity was of the interval for management of moderate to heavily exudating wound.
The document discusses the use of accelerated stability studies conducted at higher temperatures than intended storage conditions to quickly identify degradation processes in drug formulations. It defends this approach by stating that using elevated temperatures increases degradation rates, allowing stable formulations to be developed more quickly through identifying conditions and excipients that slow degradation over long periods at lower temperatures. While this approach does not guarantee detecting all events, it has generally proven reliable.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Productijtsrd
A condensation product CP was successfully synthesized from reaction of dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and aniline giving yields of 80 . The compound was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibiting property of the CP on mild steel in HCl solution were investigated by the weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS and linear polarization resistance LPR . The concentrations of CP were varied from 1 x 10 3 M to 5 x 10 3 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration of CP. Results showed that CP was the better inhibitor with inhibition efficiency of 90 at 5 x 10 3 M additive concentration. This is likely due to the effect of its large molecular size, higher number of electroactive heteroatoms and bigger p electron cloud of the conjugated double bond system. Ganesha Achary "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl Medium by a Condensation Product" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30869.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/30869/corrosion-inhibition-of-mild-steel-in-hcl-medium-by-a-condensation-product/ganesha-achary
Accelerated stability studies, Arrhenius equation, steps involved in prediction of shelf life, climatic zones as per the ICH guidelines, limitations of Accelerated stability study
7 synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of schiff base of 7 ...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Compounds having 2-quinolone moiety are associated with interesting biological activities. In the present study, we synthesized Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone and their antibacterial activity was evaluated by wells diffusion method. Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone (1 to 5 named as Q2aa-Q2ae) were prepared by refluxing 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The final test compounds were purified and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass Spectral studies. M.P. of these compounds was confirmed by open capillary method instrument chemline cl 725. They were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. While ciprofloxacin was used as standards.
Accelerated stability testing exposes pharmaceutical products to elevated temperatures and humidity to rapidly determine their shelf life. Samples are stored at conditions like 40°C/75%RH and tested over time. The Arrhenius equation relates reaction rate constants at different temperatures, allowing prediction of shelf life at normal storage conditions from accelerated data. Limitations include reactions not dependent on temperature alone and products losing integrity at high stresses.
Biological activities of Barleria cristatapharmaindexing
The study evaluated the biological activities of Barleria cristata, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, and antimicrobial properties. Several fractions of the methanol leaf extract showed antioxidant effects in DPPH radical scavenging and phenolic content assays. The hexane fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against brine shrimp. The aqueous fraction showed 45% clot lysis in the thrombolytic assay compared to 65.66% for streptokinase. Membrane stabilizing effects were observed against heat and hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis. The chloroform fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various microbes.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses stability studies of pharmaceutical products. It defines stability as a drug retaining its properties within specified limits throughout its shelf life. Stability is important for maintaining drug quality and efficacy. The document covers factors affecting degradation like temperature, moisture, and light. It also describes methods to determine the order of degradation reactions through graphical, half life, and isolation methods. Accelerated, long term, and intermediate stability testing methods are explained to predict a drug's shelf life.
This document describes the synthesis of 17 new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluates their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger. Compound 14 was the most active. Compound 7 exhibited appreciable anticancer activity against colon cancer cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis identified topological and electronic properties important for the compounds' antimicrobial effects.
ABSTRACT:
Benzimidazole is a fused heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen at position 1 and 3 in five member ring. This ring have large spectrum of biological activity specifically antimicrobial activity. We synthesis benzimidazole derivatives which have great percentage yield than reported and develop synthetic scheme that less time consuming with high purity of compound as well as no need of any kind of chromatography for purification. all compound was recrystallized with ethanol. We develop economical method of synthesis of benimidazole derivatives also characterization was carried out by IR and H1 NMR (CDCl3), Physical Constant, Solubility, Refractive Index. Benzimidazole derivative biologically evaluated on different microorganism. In the result gram negative and gram positive bacteria was Inhibited.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Accelerated stability testing exposes pharmaceutical products to elevated temperatures and humidity to accelerate potential degradation reactions. This allows prediction of a product's shelf life at normal storage conditions based on Arrhenius kinetics. International guidelines from ICH provide standardized temperature and humidity conditions for stability testing. Samples are taken at intervals during accelerated testing and degradation is quantified. Arrhenius plots of degradation rates at different temperatures allow extrapolation to normal conditions and estimation of shelf life.
Analytical Determination of Antihestamine drugs Pure and its pharmaceutical P...IOSR Journals
A quick and convenient method has been developed for the micro estimation of antihistamine drugs. 1-5 mg of sample is allowed to react with 10 ml of 0.02 M, N-bromosaccharin solution. Unconsumed reagent can be accurately titrated with 5 ml of 15% KI and 0.02N sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as indica-tor. SD and CV was calculated for reproducible and accurate result. The accuracy of the method is within + 1 % and possible course of reaction was suggested on the basis of stoichiometry as well as find reaction product.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Seminar on solid state stability and shelf life by ranjeet singhRanjeet Singh
This seminar discusses the stability of solid drug substances and techniques for determining shelf life. Stability is defined as a drug substance remaining within specified limits of identity, strength, quality and purity during storage and use. Solid drugs can undergo physical transformations like polymorphic transitions, formation of hydrates or amorphous forms. Analytical techniques are used to identify these changes. Shelf life studies involve real time testing at recommended storage conditions or accelerated testing at elevated temperatures to estimate shelf life under normal conditions. Factors like temperature, moisture, pH and light exposure can influence drug degradation and must be considered.
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
TO STUDY THE ANALYSIS OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS INCLUDING THE DIFFERENT MODE...SriramNagarajan19
Solid oral dosage forms provide a highly reproducible and convenient form of drug delivery. Generally easy to manufacture and stable, they are the most common form of self-medication. When Solid oral dosage forms is incorporated into polymers that are used to modify its physical state or control its release in the gastrointestinal tract. These formulations often present considerable challenges to the pharmaceutical chemist. Different techniques are utilized for the analysis of the solid oral dosage form. The one which is used in the modern times are Microscopy, X ray Powder Diffractions, Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Micro spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging, Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy.
The document discusses preformulation studies for a new drug. It aims to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the drug substance and determine its stability. The objectives are outlined as determining solubility, kinetics, physical characteristics and compatibility with excipients. Key areas covered include analyzing the physicochemical properties, bulk characterization, solubility and stability of the drug. Analytical techniques discussed for characterization include microscopy, thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and particle size determination methods. The importance of preformulation studies to develop a stable dosage form is highlighted.
This document evaluates zinc and magnesium doped mesoporous bioactive glass for growing a hydroxyapatite layer. Glass samples of the system xZnO(22.4 − x)Na2O·46.1SiO2·26.9CaO.2·6P2O5·2MgO were prepared using sol gel technique. XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed the growth of a hydroxyapatite layer on the glass surfaces after soaking in simulated body fluid for 7 and 14 days, indicating their bioactive properties. SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the increase in calcium and phosphate content on sample surfaces with time, showing apatite layer formation. The addition of zinc and magnesium was found to
Effectiveness Of The Treatment Before And After The...Olga Bautista
The document discusses cation exchange gel samples labeled IEX 19-22 that had the highest activity and were selected for analysis by gel electrophoresis. The gel banding patterns were the same across samples, allowing them to be combined for yield calculations. While dye ligand chromatography resulted in a lower purification than expected, it concentrated the protein of interest compared to earlier fractions as determined by activity assays.
Solid state stability and shelf-life assignment, Stability protocols,reports ...Durga Bhavani
This document discusses guidelines for solid state stability and shelf-life assignment studies as outlined by ICH. It provides definitions of stability, the need for stability studies, and factors that influence drug degradation like temperature, moisture, light and interactions. The document outlines the types of studies, including real-time and accelerated stability studies. It discusses stability protocols, reports, and test conditions recommended by ICH to determine a drug's shelf life.
This document describes a study that synthesized Fe3AlO6 nanoparticles using a soft chemical approach and characterized their structure and properties. It then assessed the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles in human neural stem cells (hNSCs) through several assays. Specifically, Fe3AlO6 nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrolysis of a single-source molecular precursor under controlled conditions. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of monophasic nanocrystalline particles around 16.5 nm in size. Cytotoxicity assays including MTT, LDH and FDA were performed on hNSCs treated with varying concentrations of the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine changes in cell morphology and nanoparticle distribution within
Preparation and characterization of co-crystals for improved physicochemical ...Sana Roohi
The document discusses various aspects of pharmaceutical co-crystals including definitions, types, characterization techniques, preparation methods and applications based on a literature review. Key points include: co-crystals can improve properties like solubility, bioavailability of APIs; common preparation methods are solvent evaporation, slurry conversion and solvent drop grinding; characterization involves techniques like PXRD, DSC, FTIR; literature examples demonstrate enhanced dissolution and bioavailability of drugs like atorvastatin, meloxicam through co-crystallization.
The document discusses key concepts and steps in preformulation testing. Preformulation involves investigating the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. This generates useful information for formulating stable and safe dosage forms with good bioavailability. Some important properties discussed include solubility, particle size and shape, melting point, thermal analysis profile, hygroscopicity, and polymorphism potential. Determining these properties of a new drug substance is an important first step before developing drug formulations.
This document discusses the development of Algosomes, a novel vesicular drug delivery system. Algosomes are spherical vesicles composed of 1-O-alkylglycerols, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate that can encapsulate and deliver drugs. They are prepared using the film hydration method. Algosomes have advantages like increased bioavailability and drug solubility. Characterization tests showed Algosomes are osmotically sensitive spherical vesicles. Algosomes can be used to deliver drugs like anticancer agents and improve their uptake in the brain by overcoming the blood-brain barrier.
This document discusses preformulation for new drug development. A change in formulation, dosage, route of administration, or dosage form of an existing drug causes it to be considered "new" and requires safety and efficacy evaluation. Preformulation aims to optimize a drug's physical and chemical properties for a stable, effective dosage form. It involves characterizing the drug molecule and developing the dosage form. Some goals of preformulation include establishing the drug's physicochemical parameters, kinetic profile, physical characteristics, and compatibility with excipients. Polymorphism, or the ability of a drug to exist in different crystal forms, is also evaluated as it can impact properties like solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability.
Synthesis and Characterization of Elastin-Like PolypeptidesJustin Coleman
1. The document summarizes research into synthesizing and characterizing elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) bound to various niacin derivatives and metals.
2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to analyze the synthesized compounds and showed that ELP bound to isonicotinic acid and ferric chloride had the highest binding.
3. Testing of the synthesized compounds showed that ELP bound to isonicotinic acid had the largest particle sizes, indicating it may be useful as a drug delivery vehicle.
SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF NEBIVOLOL BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUESriramNagarajan17
The document summarizes a study on improving the solubility of the poorly water soluble drug Nebivolol using solid dispersion technique. Various solid dispersions of Nebivolol with carriers PEG 6000 and PVP K30 were prepared using fusion and solvent evaporation methods. Phase solubility studies showed PVP K30 had higher solubilizing effect and binding affinity compared to PEG 6000. Saturation solubility studies showed Nebivolol had higher solubility in acidic conditions and methanol compared to water. FTIR analysis indicated no chemical interactions between Nebivolol and the carriers in the solid dispersions. In vitro dissolution studies showed the PVP K30 solid dispersion with ratio 1:5 prepared
Photoluminescence of Bioceramic Materials and Bioceramic ResonanceIJERA Editor
The development of photoluminescent of BIOCERAMIC(PLB) and BIOCERAMIC resonance are based on BIOCERAMIC material, is a kind of non-ionized radiation spectrum emitting material possesses characteristics of weakening effect on water hydrogen bonds. The effect is corresponding to our previous medical-biological studies, such as microcirculation enhancement. Herein, a review is to conclude our previous study on therapeutic effect of PLB or BIOCERAMIC resonance. They are include: glucose level control on diabetics by animal model; improved motor activity on middle cerebral arterial occlusion(MCAO) of rats by PLB treatment; normalizing ability to the mean current level measurement of acupuncture points on skin by PLB irradiation; enhanced propagated sensation along meridians‟ (PSM) phenomenon with clinical benefits by PLB effect on different meridian channels; combine effects of PLB and BIOCERAMIC resonance on many disorders such as insomnia, migraine(a chronic sympathetic nervous system disorder) and other autonomic nervous system disorder, associate clinical improvements. Thus, application of BIOCERAMIC technology for complementary therapy has scientific evidence based with good expectation. Running title: BIOCERAMIC therapy
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Formulation and Evaluation of Microspheres Containing Aceclofenacpharmaindexing
This document describes research into formulating and evaluating microspheres containing the drug aceclofenac. Microspheres were prepared using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and eudragit polymers via a solvent evaporation method. Infrared spectroscopy showed no chemical interactions between the drug and polymers. Drug entrapment efficiency was 72.32% for one formulation. In vitro drug release studies found 89.59% of the drug was released from one formulation over 12 hours. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the microspheres were spherical and smooth. The researchers concluded HPMC and eudragit are suitable carriers for preparing aceclofenac microspheres with improved bioavailability.
Design and Development of Effervescent Floating Tablet Dapagliflozinijtsrd
The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Effervescent Floating Tablet of Dapagliflozin for the treatment of antidepressant agent. Tablets were prepared by direct compression using directly compressible polymers such as HPMC K4M, and Carbopol 934 were evaluated for drug excipient compatibility, density, buoyancy test, swelling study, drug content and In Vitro release profile. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used producing effervescent base for buoyancy of tablets. Analysis of drug release from tablet indicates drug release by zero order, first order rate kinetics. No significant change was observed in physical appearance, drug content, floatability or in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 450C 750C RH for three months. Samadhan Mali | Shweta Gedam | Swati Talele | Anil Jadhav "Design and Development of Effervescent Floating Tablet Dapagliflozin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31674.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/31674/design-and-development-of-effervescent-floating-tablet-dapagliflozin/samadhan-mali
PREFORMULATION STUDY IN DESIGNING OF TABLET DOSAGES FORM.pptxSWASTIKPATNAIK1
Preformulation studies are important for determining the physicochemical properties of new drug substances before developing dosage forms. This document outlines preformulation studies conducted for omeprazole magnesium and carbamazepine to aid in the development of enteric coated tablets and buccal mucoadhesive tablets, respectively. Key tests included solubility analysis, stability analysis, particle size characterization, and in vitro drug release studies. The results of these preformulation studies provided guidance on suitable excipients and helped establish formulation designs and processing parameters to achieve the desired drug delivery profiles.
This document discusses algosomes, a novel vesicular drug delivery system. Algosomes are spherical vesicles composed of 1-O-alkylglycerols, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate that can encapsulate and deliver drugs. They are prepared using film hydration method. Algosomes have advantages like increased bioavailability and drug solubility. Characterization tests include determining vesicle size, zeta potential, drug content, and drug release kinetics using methods like microscopy, DSC, and Franz diffusion cells. Algosomes show potential for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs due to the bioactive properties of their components.
Similar to IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
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IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.479-484
Dielectric and Spectroscopic Investigations of Amorphous Captopril
Sailaja Urpayil 1, 2, M.Shahin Thayyil.1
1
Department of Physics, University of Calicut, Kerala, INDIA
2
Department of Physics MES Keveeyam College, Valancherry, Kerala, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Captopril, an orally active dipeptide analogue was introduced in 1977 and used for the treatment of hypertension and in
patients having ischaemic heart disease. Since the bioavailability of the drug is low, an alternative method to increase its
bioavailability and solubility is by changing the drug in to amorphous form. We used Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) for studying the glass forming ability of the drug. The sample was found to be a very good glass former. Based on the
DSC analysis we have used broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) for studying the drug in the super cooled and glassy
state. BDS is an effective tool to probe the molecular dynamics in the super cooled and glassy state. Molecular mobility is
found to be present even in the glassy state of this active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) which is responsible for the
instability. The sample is highly unstable in the amorphous state and our aim is to study the factors responsible for instability
of this API. Our FTIR study showed that hydrogen bonding is stronger in the amorphous state than that of crystalline state of
this API.
Abbreviations. API Active pharmaceutical ingredient; BDS Broadband dielectric spectroscopy; ACE angiotensin-
converting enzyme; DSC Differential scanning calorimetry; FTIR fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; VFTH Vogel-
Fulcher-Tamman-Hesse. XRPD X-Ray Powder diffraction.
Keywords. Amorphous state, Bioavailability, Broadband dielectric spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry,
Molecular dynamics
1 INTRODUCTION
Glass is familiar to mankind for years. But the theory behind glass formation is a crucial one to scientific community.
Complete theory about glass formation is still unknown. Glass was considered as a transparent product which is formed due
to the fusion of minerals. The important concepts involved in the glass formation were the composition of the glass material,
method of formation and the metastability of the state with respect to the stable crystalline state. In olden days it was believed
that glass was formed from inorganic substances. For scientific purposes many organic substances including synthetic
polymers can be converted into glass. The idea that glass as a super cooled liquid was first given by Tamman [1]. In glassy
state different relaxation phenomena can be observed due to molecular motions present. Occurrence of the relaxation in the
super cooled region is due to the increase in viscosity when the temperature decreases. Out of the various relaxations
phenomenon the slowest one is the primary relaxation or α-relaxation which is due to the cooperative rearrangement of
molecules above the glass transition temperature [2]. Below the glass transition temperature, various other relaxations often
called the secondary relaxations are observed.
In 1971 Johari and Goldstein found that secondary relaxations are considered as the characteristic property of the
liquids, and it is due to the motion of the entire molecule. This relaxation is known as J-G relaxation or β-relaxation and it is
found to be universal [3]. Since glass transition is a kinetic phenomena on cooling a liquid, the relaxation times increases in a
non Arrhenius manner. Another common feature of glass transition is a step like change in the specific heat. The magnitude
of the step like change is connected to the departure from Arrhenius behavior, called the fragility. There are two types of
glasses, “strong” and “fragile”. The strong systems show strong resistance against structural degradation and shows
Arrhenius behavior, and fragile glassformers are having nondirectional interatomic or intermolecular bonds and shows
deviation from Arrhenius behaviour [4]. Glass transition can be applied to determine the physical and chemical properties of
many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The amorphous solids are very important in the pharmaceutical point of view
because they have higher solubility, higher dissolution rate, and better compression characteristics than the corresponding
crystalline counterpart. The physical instability of the amorphous form due to higher molecular mobility and free energy
caused the system to revert to the more stable crystalline form which will result poor product performance [5-7]. Disordered
amorphous material will dissolve faster and has a greater solubility and bioavailability than the corresponding ordered
crystalline counterpart [8], [9]. Amorphous form of a drug often shows an improved therapeutic activity [10]. Preparation of
the drug in the amorphous form can avoid the use of excipients, which is usually used to shape drugs in to tablets [11]. Even,
in the case of highly soluble crystalline API, amorphous form is a good alternative. Recently Allie et al showed that
crystallization can be determined by intramolecular motion involving the βa- relaxation mode and not by the molecular
motion responsible for the αa- relaxation mode [12]. So it is important to study the molecular dynamics in the glassy state
[13], [14]. Molecular mobility in the amorphous state is very important to predict the physical and chemical stability of the
API [5]. The secondary relaxation present in the glassy state is very important to predict the stability of API [15]. Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to study the thermal properties of several drugs in their crystalline and amorphous
form [8]. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is an effective tool to probe the molecular dynamics in the super cooled and
glassy state of API and was recently employed in pharmaceutical research [16].
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2. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.479-484
Captopril is selected for the current study as a model drug. Captopril an orally active dipeptide analogue was
introduced in 1977 and quickly gained wide usage. The pharmacology of Captoril is described as prototype, since most of its
effects are class effects common to all angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It lowers blood pressure. This can be
safely used in patients with ischaemic heart diseases. Pharmacokinetics of Captopril is about 70% of orally administered
Captopril is absorbed. Presence of food in the stomach reduces its bioavailability. Penetration in to brain is poor. It is
partially excreted unchanged in the urine. The plasma t1/2 is ~2 hours, but action lasts for 6-12 hours [17]. So it is essential to
increase the bioavailability of this novel drug.
Our DSC study shows that Captopril is a non crystallizing compound. Based on the result of DSC study, we
explored the molecular dynamics of super cooled and the glassy state of this API with the help of BDS. From dielectric
studies onset crystallization was observed at 343.15 K. Besides secondary processes the structural relaxation can also be
responsible for the devitrification of this drug [18]. Molecular mobility is found to be present below glass transition
temperature Tg. Fragility of this API is found to be 84 proving it is a fragile glass former often considered physically unstable
[4]. Spectroscopic study was used to investigate the hydrogen-bonding interaction in the crystalline and amorphous state [19-
21], [16]. In Captopril the shifting of the carbonyl peak towards the lower frequency in the amorphous state shows stronger
hydrogen bonding in the amorphous phase.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
Captopril,CAS NO 6271-86-2 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (purity≥ 98%) and molecular mass of MW =217.29
g. mol-1.Captopril is (2S)-1-[(2s)-2-methyl- 3-sulfanyl propanoyl] pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. Its empirical formula is
C9H15NO3S. The chemical structure is presented in fig.1.The purchased material was used without further purification.
Fig. 1. The chemical structure of Captopril.
2.2 Assay
Assay of Captopril is done by titration method and the value is obtained as 99.26 percent of C9 H15NO3S . And it is found to
be within the limits as specified in IP [22].
2.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Calorimetric response of the sample was measured using a DSC instrument (821e Metler-Toledo GmbH) operating with
STARe software version 9.1 and equipped with an intra cooler. The instrument was calibrated by using indium. The samples
(3-5mg) were analyzed under dry nitrogen purge (50ml/min) in a sealed and pinhole aluminum pan. The sample is heated
from room temperature to 1220C and held for 5 minutes, then the sample is cooled to (-500C) and held for 15 minutes, then
the sample is again heated to 1270C a constant heating and cooling rate of 100C/min is used.
2.4 X-Ray Powder diffraction (XRPD)
X-ray Powder diffraction measurements were used to confirm the crystalline nature of the sample. A XPERT-PRO
diffractometer system with a rotating anode Cu Kα was used and scans were taken between 50 to 1000 2 .
2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
FTIR spectra were collected on a FTIR microscope (Perkin Elmer, Model: Synthesis Monitoring System) for amorphous
system and FTIR (Nicolet instruments corporation USA Model MAGNA 550) for crystalline state.
2.6 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) measurements
Dielectric measurements of Captopril at ambient pressure were carried out using Novo-Control GMBH alpha analyzer over a
wide frequency range of 10-2 to 107 Hz. The temperature was controlled using nitrogen gas cryostat with temperature stability
better than 0.1K. The sample was placed between two stainless steel electrodes of the capacitor with a gap of 0.20 mm and
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3. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.479-484
diameter 30 mm. Teflon is used as the spacer. Dielectric measurements of the sample were performed after its vitrification by
fast cooling (10K/min) from few degrees above the melting point (Tm= 380K). The dielectric spectra of Captopril were
collected in a wide temperature range from 123.15K to 373.15K in different steps: 123.15 to 263.15K in steps of 10 K,
whereas in temperature range from 263.15K to 305.15K in steps of 2K, 305.15 to 333.15K in steps of 5K and from 343.15
to373.15K in steps of 10K.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1Thermal analysis
From DSC study T g has been reported as the onset value of the glass transition event. It was observed that the glass transition
temperature of the amorphous sample was 273.91K. This is in close agreement with the value obtained for the DSC
measurement of Pajula et al [23]. The sample did not crystallize at all during the cooling and heating treatment. Hence it is
classified as a non- crystallizing compound. Tm is the melting temperature and measured as 380.34K.
3.2 Spectral Variations of Captopril in crystalline and amorphous systems.
IR spectroscopy is used for investigating the nature of hydrogen bonding in crystalline and amorphous Captopril. Hydrogen
bonding can occur in any system containing a proton donor group (X-H) and a proton acceptor(Y) if the s orbital of the
proton can effectively overlap the por pi orbital of the acceptor group. The common proton donor groups in organic
molecules are carbonyl, hydroxyl, amine, or amide groups. Common proton acceptor atoms are oxygen, nitrogen, and the
halogens. Hydrogen bonding alters the force constants of both groups. When bonding occur the X-H stretching band moves
to lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). The FTIR analysis of crystalline Captopril showed a C=O vibration at 1748cm-1.
In Amorphous C=O band shifts down to lower wave number 1733cm-1. The hydrogen bond formation reduces the carbonyl
peak position [20], [24]. So in the case of Captopril hydrogen bonding is stronger in the amorphous state than that of the
crystalline state.
Fig. 2. FTIR spectra in C=O stretching vibration region (a) crystalline Captopril (b) amorphous Captopril
3.3 XRPD Result
The sharp peaks in fig. 3 show the crystalline nature Captopril.
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4. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.479-484
Fig. 3 X-Ray powder diffraction pattern of Crystalline Captopril
3.4 Molecular Mobility-Relaxation Dynamics.
Fig. 4 shows the dielectric loss spectra obtained during heating of amorphous Captopril from temperature123.15K to
373.15K in different steps. To get the clear picture of the relaxation processes, the entire spectra is divided into two parts.
Fig. 4a shows the relaxation above T g, where structural (α) relaxation dominates and gives the changes in the structure of the
investigated sample. The liquid–glass transition occurs at a relaxation time τα=100sec. As temperature increases α- processes
peak moves towards higher frequencies indicating the increase of molecular mobility of the system (fig. 4a). At 343.15K the
dielectric strength of α- process starts decreasing showing the indication of onset crystallization of the sample. It is concluded
that structural relaxation is also responsible for devitrification of the drug other than secondary process [25] .Fig.4b shows the
spectra collected below T g that is in the glassy state of Captopril. Only secondary relaxations are seen in this region, because
α-relaxation is too slow to be measured [18]. It is clear from fig. 4b, secondary relaxations moves towards lower frequencies
with decreasing temperature. This finding proves that molecular mobility is present even in the glassy state of this drug.
Sample is heating
2
10
(a)
dc-conductivity
1 -process
10
dielectric loss "
283.15K
T=10K
353.15K
0
10
-1
10 (Liquid state) T>T
g
Structural relaxation Onset crystallization
-2
10
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
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5. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.479-484
Sample is heating
-1
10
263.15K (b)
T=20K
123.15K
dielectric loss "
(Glassy state)(T<T)
g
(secondary relaxations)
-2
10
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency(Hz)
Fig. 4 Dielectric loss spectra of Captopril at different temperatures (a) above (b) below T g
The temperature dependence of the α-relaxation is often described by Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman-Hesse [VFTH] equation
B / T T0
VF e (1)
with τVF, B, and T0 as parameters. Using VFTH expression fragility (m) can be calculated as
d log
m /T Tg (2)
d (Tg / T )
Fragility values normally lies between m=16 for strong systems and m=200 for fragile systems [4].
And for Captopil it is estimated as 84, and classify it as a fragile glass former. A general means of classifying glasses in terms
of temperature dependence of molecular motions would be of great use to pharmaceutical materials scientists.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Calorimetric analysis proved the glass forming ability of Captopril. The existence of hydrogen bonding in the amorphous
state is verified by IR spectroscopy and found to be stronger in the amorphous state than that of the crystalline state. Fragility
is a key factor in determining the stability of a pharmaceutical drug and for Captopril it is found to be 84 and shows it is a
fragile glass former. The dielectric study of Captopril in the amorphous state is done by BDS covering a broad frequency
range. The spectra is found to be complex. Above the glass transition temperature along with α-process dc-conductivity
associated with translation motion of ions is also present. Also the examined drug starts crystallizing at 343.15K showing the
role of structural (α) relaxation in the devitrification process. Molecular mobility which is found to be present below glass
transition temperature plays an important role in the devitrification of the drug. A better understanding of molecular
dynamics in the glassy state of a pharmaceutical drug is very useful for the safety processing, and storage with predictable
stability for a long period of time. Our observation might be useful for increasing the shelf life of this API in the amorphous
form.
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank IIT Powai, Mumbai, CIL, NIPER Mohali Punjab, Chethana Pharmaceuticals, Kerala, for providing experimental
facility. The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr.Mohith Agarwal of MEMS Dept. IIT Mumbai for BDS analysis, and Dr.
Jisha of MES Keveeyam College for discussion of FTIR. S.U acknowledges UGC for selecting under FIP Scheme.
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6. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.479-484
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