This document discusses different types of lattice defects in crystals. It describes Schottky and Frenkel defects. A Schottky defect occurs in ionic crystals when equal numbers of oppositely charged ions leave their lattice sites, creating vacancies while maintaining overall charge neutrality. A Frenkel defect occurs when an atom moves from its lattice site to an interstitial site, producing a vacancy and interstitial. Schottky defects lower the crystal's density while Frenkel defects do not change density.

2.  An important feature of crystal is the regular atomic
arrangement but no crystal is perfectly regular.
 Any deviation from this perfect atomic periodicity is
an imperfection which also called as lattice defect.
 Lattice defect – a state in which the atomic
arrangement(it`s structure) in smaller region of a
crystal has departed from regularity.

3. POINT
DEFECTS
(0D)
LINE
DEFECTS
(1D)
SURFACE
DEFECTS
(2D)
VOLUME
DEFECTS
(3D)

4. POINT
DEFECT
S
VACANCIES
IMPURITY
FRENKEL
DEFECT
SCHOTTKY
DEFECT

5.  A Schottky defect is a type of point defect in a crystal
lattice named after Walter H. Schottky.
 In non-ionic crystals it means a lattice vacancy
defect.
 In ionic crystals, the defect forms when oppositely
charged ions leave their lattice sites,
creating vacancies. These vacancies are formed
in stoichiometric units, to maintain an overall neutral
charge in the ionic solid.

6.  If in an ionic crystal of the type A+ B-, equal
number of cations and anions are missing from their
lattice. It is called Schottky defect.
 Just because the equal no. of anion and cation are
missing, the whole crystal arrangement is maintained
as electrically neutral.
 This occurs only when there is small difference in
size of cations and anions.

7.  This type of defect is shown by highly ionic
compounds such as
 NaCl,
 KCl,
 CsCl,
 AgBr,
 KBr
 And it also have a high co – ordination number.

8. Consequences of Schottky
defect
 As the number of ions decreases as a result of this
defect, the mass decreases whereas the volume
remains the same. Hence density of the solid
decreases,
 The crystal begins to conduct electricity to a
small extent by ionic mechanism,
 The presence of too many voids lowers lattice
energy and the stability of the crystal.

9. SCHOTTKY DEFECT

10.  The phenomenon is named after
the Soviet physicist YakovFrenkel, who
discovered it in 1926.
 A Frenkel defect is a type of defect in crystalline
solids wherein an atom is displaced from its lattice
position to an interstitial site, creating a vacancy at
the original site and an interstitial defect at the
new location within the same element without any
changes in chemical properties.

11.  A Frenkel defect, Frenkel pair, or Frenkel
disorder is a type of point defect in a crystal lattice.
The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion
(usually cation) leaves its place in the lattice, creating
a vacancy, and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a
nearby location.
 Since cations are usually smaller it is more
common to find the cations occupying interstitial
sites.
 So it is a combination of vacancy and interstitial
atom.

12. FRENKEL DEFECT

13.  Low co ordinations number,
 Larger difference in size of cation and anions,
 Compounds having highly polarising cation
and easily polarisable anion.
 A few examples of ionic compounds
exhibiting this defect are AgCl, AgBr, AgI, ZnS
etc.

14. As no ions are missing from the crystal lattice
as a whole, therefore density of the solid
remains the same,
The closeness of like charges tends to increases
the dielectric constant of the crystal,
The crystal conducts electricity to a small
extent by ionic mechanism.

15. Schottky Defect Vs Frenkel Defect
Schottky defect Frenkel defect
 Equal number of cations and
anions are missing from the
lattice sites.
 Found in highly ionic
compounds with high
coordination numbers and where
the cations and anions are of
similar size.
 Density of the solid decreases.
 A cation leaves the normal
lattice site and occupies the
interstitial sites.
 Found in ionic compounds
with low coordination numbers
and where the anions are much
larger in size than cations.
 Density of the solid remains
the same.

17.  Solid state physics by Guptha and Kumar,
 Solid state physics by S.O.Pillai ,
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky_defect
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel_defect