Full summary an_introduction_to_sociolinguisticsLutfan Adli
This document provides an overview of Chapter One from Janet Holmes' book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". It discusses key topics that sociolinguists study such as how social factors influence language varieties and how sociolinguists define terms like variety. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts and how social factors like social distance, status, age and gender impact language varieties and convey social meanings.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations ( Sociolinguistic )Ani Istiana
This document discusses linguistic varieties and multilingual nations. It begins by noting over half the world's population is bilingual or multilingual, acquiring languages for different purposes. It then defines terms like vernacular, which refers to non-standardized first languages; standard languages, which are written and codified; lingua francas for communication between groups; pidgins which develop for communication without a shared language; and creoles which become primary languages. The document provides examples of these terms from Bali, and discusses factors in planning a national language like selection, codification, extending functions, and securing acceptance.
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Mutual intelligibility refers to the extent that speakers of related languages or dialects can understand each other without special training. It is sometimes used as a criterion to distinguish languages from dialects, with dialects being mutually intelligible and languages not. However, this characterization is problematic, as some languages like Scandinavian tongues are mutually intelligible while some dialects of languages like German are not. Degree of mutual intelligibility and non-linguistic political/historical factors can also influence whether related varieties are considered languages or dialects. Mutual intelligibility is not an absolute criterion.
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
Full summary an_introduction_to_sociolinguisticsLutfan Adli
This document provides an overview of Chapter One from Janet Holmes' book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". It discusses key topics that sociolinguists study such as how social factors influence language varieties and how sociolinguists define terms like variety. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts and how social factors like social distance, status, age and gender impact language varieties and convey social meanings.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations ( Sociolinguistic )Ani Istiana
This document discusses linguistic varieties and multilingual nations. It begins by noting over half the world's population is bilingual or multilingual, acquiring languages for different purposes. It then defines terms like vernacular, which refers to non-standardized first languages; standard languages, which are written and codified; lingua francas for communication between groups; pidgins which develop for communication without a shared language; and creoles which become primary languages. The document provides examples of these terms from Bali, and discusses factors in planning a national language like selection, codification, extending functions, and securing acceptance.
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Mutual intelligibility refers to the extent that speakers of related languages or dialects can understand each other without special training. It is sometimes used as a criterion to distinguish languages from dialects, with dialects being mutually intelligible and languages not. However, this characterization is problematic, as some languages like Scandinavian tongues are mutually intelligible while some dialects of languages like German are not. Degree of mutual intelligibility and non-linguistic political/historical factors can also influence whether related varieties are considered languages or dialects. Mutual intelligibility is not an absolute criterion.
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
The document discusses factors that influence language maintenance or loss. It summarizes Giles, Bourhis and Taylor's model which identifies three main factors: 1) Status - including economic, social, and language status, 2) Demographic factors like population size and distribution, and 3) Institutional support through representation of the minority language in various institutions. Additional linguistic factors like standardization and cultural factors like emphasis on ethnic identity and community also influence whether a language is maintained or lost.
Linguistics varieties and multilingual nationsSyefta Permata
Vernacular languages are first languages used for informal communication to express identity, while standard languages are regulated and used across multilingual nations. Lingua francas facilitate communication between linguistic groups. Pidgins develop for communication between groups lacking a shared language, having simplified structures and vocabularies from contributing languages. Creoles become first languages for communities through acquisition by children, gaining complexity and serving various functions.
Content based syllabus combines language and content learning by focusing on teaching subject matter in the target language rather than separately teaching the language itself. It exposes students to the target language environment through subjects like in language immersion programs. While research shows this helps students learn faster, teachers must ensure student comprehension and account for differences in student age. Content based syllabus is applicable for both children and adults but does not guarantee communication skills without extensive interactive activities.
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
The document discusses sociolinguistics and language variation. It defines sociolinguistics as the systematic study of language in society, focusing on how individuals and groups use language in social contexts. There are three main perspectives in sociolinguistics: geographic, examining regional dialects; anthropological, studying the relationship between language, culture and thought; and sociological, analyzing the link between social relations and language varieties. Speech communities are groups that share the same or similar language varieties. Varieties include dialects, sociolects, and idiolects, which differ by region, social class, gender, age, and ethnicity at the lexical, phonological and syntactic levels. Pidgins are simplified mixed languages for basic communication between
This document defines bilingualism and multilingualism as speaking and understanding two or more languages. It discusses bilingualism at the individual and societal levels, and provides examples of officially bilingual countries like Canada and Belgium. It also describes different types of bilingual speakers and domains of language use. The document defines diglossia as the use of two varieties of the same language in different social contexts. It provides examples of diglossia in Arabic countries and medieval Europe. Diglossia is characterized by a "high" variety used in formal settings and a "low" variety used informally.
The document discusses the concept of a lingua franca, which is a language used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples such as Arabic serving as a lingua franca in the Islamic world historically and English currently serving as a global lingua franca. When languages are used as lingua francas, they often undergo simplification, reduction, and interference from other languages, which can result in the development of a pidgin language over time if it becomes stabilized and acquires native speakers. Pidgins are then subject to creolization if they are learned as a first language by children and expand in structural complexity and social uses.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
The document discusses the concept of speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who share similar language ideas, uses and norms. It notes that members of a speech community use language according to a set of shared norms and characteristics. The document outlines key elements of speech communities including population, area, facilities, identification and interaction. It also discusses sociolinguistic variables that can cause one to belong to one speech community and not another, such as age, social class, education and others.
This document provides definitions and information about pidgins and creoles. It discusses how pidgins are contact languages with no native speakers, while creoles develop from pidgins and become the first language of a new generation. It describes the typical characteristics of pidgin and creole languages, including reduced phonology, morphology, and syntax compared to related standard languages. The document also discusses theories about the origins and development of pidgin and creole languages.
This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points:
1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context.
2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors such as context, status, and function influence language variation and use.
2) People code switch and use different linguistic varieties depending on social context, including the participants, setting, topic, and function of the interaction. Formal contexts like religion or education use high varieties while informal settings use low varieties.
3) Languages shift when their speakers abandon them for a dominant language due to economic, social, or demographic factors. This can lead to language loss or even death when no one speaks it anymore.
This document discusses language choice and code-switching in multilingual communities. It begins by outlining the goals of the chapter, which are to examine choosing language varieties or codes, the concept of diglossia, and code-switching. An example is provided of Kalala, who speaks several languages in his community, including Shi, Swahili, standard Zairean Swahili, kingwana, and Indoubil, choosing codes based on social factors. Diglossia is defined as two languages or dialects used by a single community for different functions. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between languages or varieties in a single conversation, motivated by social factors and participant identity.
Linguistic varieties and multilingual nationsBas Bas
This document discusses linguistic varieties and multilingual nations. It introduces key concepts such as vernacular and standard languages. Vernacular languages are uncodified, while standard languages have undergone regulation and codification. The development of English in London illustrates how a standard language emerges. World Englishes are classified as inner circle, outer circle, and expanding circle based on English's role. Lingua francas allow communication between different language groups, and pidgins develop for this purpose without native speakers. Pidgins can become creoles if adopted as a native language. In conclusion, language varieties include the most informal way people speak as well as concepts like lingua franca and creole languages.
The document discusses factors that influence language maintenance or loss. It summarizes Giles, Bourhis and Taylor's model which identifies three main factors: 1) Status - including economic, social, and language status, 2) Demographic factors like population size and distribution, and 3) Institutional support through representation of the minority language in various institutions. Additional linguistic factors like standardization and cultural factors like emphasis on ethnic identity and community also influence whether a language is maintained or lost.
Linguistics varieties and multilingual nationsSyefta Permata
Vernacular languages are first languages used for informal communication to express identity, while standard languages are regulated and used across multilingual nations. Lingua francas facilitate communication between linguistic groups. Pidgins develop for communication between groups lacking a shared language, having simplified structures and vocabularies from contributing languages. Creoles become first languages for communities through acquisition by children, gaining complexity and serving various functions.
Content based syllabus combines language and content learning by focusing on teaching subject matter in the target language rather than separately teaching the language itself. It exposes students to the target language environment through subjects like in language immersion programs. While research shows this helps students learn faster, teachers must ensure student comprehension and account for differences in student age. Content based syllabus is applicable for both children and adults but does not guarantee communication skills without extensive interactive activities.
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
The document discusses sociolinguistics and language variation. It defines sociolinguistics as the systematic study of language in society, focusing on how individuals and groups use language in social contexts. There are three main perspectives in sociolinguistics: geographic, examining regional dialects; anthropological, studying the relationship between language, culture and thought; and sociological, analyzing the link between social relations and language varieties. Speech communities are groups that share the same or similar language varieties. Varieties include dialects, sociolects, and idiolects, which differ by region, social class, gender, age, and ethnicity at the lexical, phonological and syntactic levels. Pidgins are simplified mixed languages for basic communication between
This document defines bilingualism and multilingualism as speaking and understanding two or more languages. It discusses bilingualism at the individual and societal levels, and provides examples of officially bilingual countries like Canada and Belgium. It also describes different types of bilingual speakers and domains of language use. The document defines diglossia as the use of two varieties of the same language in different social contexts. It provides examples of diglossia in Arabic countries and medieval Europe. Diglossia is characterized by a "high" variety used in formal settings and a "low" variety used informally.
The document discusses the concept of a lingua franca, which is a language used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples such as Arabic serving as a lingua franca in the Islamic world historically and English currently serving as a global lingua franca. When languages are used as lingua francas, they often undergo simplification, reduction, and interference from other languages, which can result in the development of a pidgin language over time if it becomes stabilized and acquires native speakers. Pidgins are then subject to creolization if they are learned as a first language by children and expand in structural complexity and social uses.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
The document discusses the concept of speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who share similar language ideas, uses and norms. It notes that members of a speech community use language according to a set of shared norms and characteristics. The document outlines key elements of speech communities including population, area, facilities, identification and interaction. It also discusses sociolinguistic variables that can cause one to belong to one speech community and not another, such as age, social class, education and others.
This document provides definitions and information about pidgins and creoles. It discusses how pidgins are contact languages with no native speakers, while creoles develop from pidgins and become the first language of a new generation. It describes the typical characteristics of pidgin and creole languages, including reduced phonology, morphology, and syntax compared to related standard languages. The document also discusses theories about the origins and development of pidgin and creole languages.
This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points:
1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context.
2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors such as context, status, and function influence language variation and use.
2) People code switch and use different linguistic varieties depending on social context, including the participants, setting, topic, and function of the interaction. Formal contexts like religion or education use high varieties while informal settings use low varieties.
3) Languages shift when their speakers abandon them for a dominant language due to economic, social, or demographic factors. This can lead to language loss or even death when no one speaks it anymore.
This document discusses language choice and code-switching in multilingual communities. It begins by outlining the goals of the chapter, which are to examine choosing language varieties or codes, the concept of diglossia, and code-switching. An example is provided of Kalala, who speaks several languages in his community, including Shi, Swahili, standard Zairean Swahili, kingwana, and Indoubil, choosing codes based on social factors. Diglossia is defined as two languages or dialects used by a single community for different functions. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between languages or varieties in a single conversation, motivated by social factors and participant identity.
Linguistic varieties and multilingual nationsBas Bas
This document discusses linguistic varieties and multilingual nations. It introduces key concepts such as vernacular and standard languages. Vernacular languages are uncodified, while standard languages have undergone regulation and codification. The development of English in London illustrates how a standard language emerges. World Englishes are classified as inner circle, outer circle, and expanding circle based on English's role. Lingua francas allow communication between different language groups, and pidgins develop for this purpose without native speakers. Pidgins can become creoles if adopted as a native language. In conclusion, language varieties include the most informal way people speak as well as concepts like lingua franca and creole languages.
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It describes the concept of variety codes, which refers to the different linguistic codes a person has and uses depending on the social context or domain of interaction. Domains include factors like the addressee, setting, topic, and function. Code choice is also influenced by other social factors like social distance, status relationship, and formality. The document then discusses concepts like diglossia, where two varieties of the same language are used depending on social context, and polyglossia, where three or more language varieties are present in a community. It also addresses how stable diglossia can be, with high varieties sometimes being displaced by low varieties over time. Finally, it covers the
1) The document discusses English as a modern lingua franca, or common language, for global communication.
2) A lingua franca is a language commonly understood between people who do not share a first language, with English currently serving this role internationally.
3) The term originally referred to a combination of French and Italian developed by Crusaders and traders in the Mediterranean, and English now plays an important bridging role between countries, cultures, and ideas globally.
Rapid lose and endangerment of languages is occurring on a global scale. What are some of the causes of this? What consequences might it have, especially for speakers of minority languages? Discuss some of the steps proposed for diagnosing, halting and reversing language shift. Identify a language that is facing extinction or endangered. Discuss what can be done to revitalize it.
This document discusses concepts related to multilingualism and language choice, including:
- Vitality of languages and how demographic, social, and institutional factors influence a language's likelihood of continued use.
- Examples of multilingual nations like South Africa (with 11 official languages) and Vanuatu (with Bislama, English, and French).
- Diglossia, where two varieties of a language are used differently in formal vs. informal contexts.
- Code-switching and code-mixing when moving between languages or varieties.
- Passive knowledge of a language through understanding vs. active knowledge of speaking it.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 7 on language and gender. It discusses how research on gender differences in language use began in the 1970s and draws from different disciplines. Studies have looked at distinct gendered languages, variations between male and female speech patterns across cultures, and how language use reflects and reinforces social distinctions between genders. More recent research emphasizes the context-dependent and fluid nature of gendered language.
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It begins by introducing concepts from J.A. Fishman about who speaks what language to whom and for what purpose. It then defines terms like bilingualism, code, and code switching. Bilingualism refers to using two languages interchangeably, while code is a broader term that includes language varieties. Code switching occurs between sentences and involves alternating between two languages. The document provides examples of code switching and code mixing in conversations. It also discusses factors like situation and formality that influence code choice according to Grosjean. In summary, the document defines key concepts around language use in multilingual communities like Indonesia.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
1. Standard English is the variety used in printed materials like newspapers and books, and is the variety typically taught as a second language.
2. All language users speak with an accent and dialect, with accent describing aspects of pronunciation and dialect describing grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation variations.
3. Isoglosses represent boundaries between linguistic features in dialects, and clusters of isoglosses define dialect boundaries across regions.
Unit 8 Words and Things - Extensions and PrototypesAshwag Al Hamid
This document discusses the relationships between sense, extension, and reference in determining the meaning of linguistic expressions. It defines extension as the set of all individuals a predicate can be applied to, reference as the thing picked out by a referring expression on a particular occasion, and prototype as the most typical member of a predicate's extension. The document explores how these concepts help explain a speaker's ability to group entities and make descriptive statements using language. However, it also notes limitations, such as the fuzziness of many predicates' extensions and cultural differences in prototypes.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum standar kompetensi yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang guru, yang mencakup kompetensi pedagogik, profesional, kepribadian, dan sosial. Juga dijelaskan proses pengembangan standar kompetensi guru melalui penelitian, pengembangan, dan manajemen mutu guru.
3rd material lingua-franca,pidgin,creoleAyu Juwita
Here are some potential functions for the utterances:
1. Invitation, command, request
2. Greeting
3. Comparison, information
4. Information
5. Information, transmission of culture
6. Instruction, advice, warning
7. Warning
8. Expression of feeling
9. Information, transmission of culture
10. Persuasion, promotion
English as a Lingua Franca pre-sessional EnglishGreg Wells
The document discusses English as a lingua franca (ELF) in global academic contexts. It explores the use of English in university instruction and debates around accepting non-standard varieties of English. Some key points discussed include: the definition of ELF as communication between speakers with different first languages; the growth of English medium instruction globally but especially in Europe; and surveys finding most academics prioritize communication over correctness or conformity to native standards when grading students' English. It also presents opposing views, with some arguing only standard English should be accepted and others believing there is no single native standard and intelligibility is most important.
This document discusses deixis and definiteness in language. It defines deictic words as words that take on meaning based on the context of the utterance, such as pronouns. Definiteness refers to whether a noun phrase assumes the listener can identify its referent based on the context. The use of definite and indefinite articles and expressions helps establish and refer to entities in the conversation context. Deixis allows language to be portable across situations by anchoring word meanings to utterance context.
Humor is difficult to interpret simultaneously for an interpreter. To make an audience laugh at the same time as the original speaker requires great skill. The interpreter must understand the purpose of humor - whether it is just to establish rapport or convey a key point. Jokes used to open a speech just need the general message conveyed rather than an exact translation. Sarcasm uses irony to say something painful or bitter in a palatable way, requiring the interpreter to maintain a cool tone. Different types of humor like puns may or may not be translatable depending on cultural references.
Semanticists study the foundations of everyday communication by examining properties of sentences like being analytic, synthetic, or contradictory. These properties depend on the sense and relationships between words. The sense of a word is its core meaning, while a stereotype includes typical characteristics. Complete definitions of word meanings are difficult, but stereotypes and necessary/sufficient conditions provide partial understanding. Effective communication relies on shared understandings of word senses and stereotypes.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing a summary or analysis of the provided text without proper context or verification of the claims being made.
The document discusses the concept of a lingua franca, which is a language used for communication between groups that do not share a native language. It provides examples such as Arabic in the Islamic world and currently English worldwide. A lingua franca often undergoes simplification, reduction, and interference from other languages, which can result in a pidgin language without native speakers. Pidgins may develop into creole languages if acquired by children as their first language. The document examines concepts such as pidginization, decreolization, and provides examples of English-based pidgins and creoles such as Tok Pisin.
This document discusses several topics in sociolinguistics, including language contact and variation, nativization of English in India, bilingualism and multilingualism, code-switching and code-mixing, pidgins and creoles, dialects, and register and style. It explains that language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact, leading to transfer of features between languages. In India, the prolonged contact between English and Indian languages has resulted in nativization, where English has taken on features of Indian languages. It also discusses how multilingualism has increased due to globalization, and defines concepts like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and linguistic style.
This document discusses pidgin and creole languages. It defines pidgin as a reduced language that develops for communication between groups without a shared language, while a creole is a pidgin that becomes a community's native language. The document outlines the key differences between pidgins and creoles, such as pidgins having no native speakers and simpler structure, while creoles are fully developed languages. Several examples of pidgin and creole languages are provided.
22202289021_Bilingualism_Jenifer Helena Madiuw_Rikhardo Kilmas.pdfJeniferMadiuw
The document discusses multilingualism, bilingualism, and diglossia. Multilingualism is the ability to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Bilingualism refers to the ability to use two languages. Diglossia describes a situation where two varieties of the same language are used within a community, with one variety being the standardized, formal version used for writing and education, and the other being a colloquial variety used for casual speech. The document provides examples of multilingual families and communities, and notes that Standard Arabic and local dialects demonstrate diglossia in Arabic-speaking countries.
22202289021_Bilingualism_Jenifer Helena Madiuw_Rikhardo Kilmas-1.pdfJeniferMadiuw
The document discusses multilingualism, bilingualism, and diglossia. Multilingualism is the ability to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Bilingualism refers to the ability to use two languages. Diglossia describes a situation where two varieties of the same language are used in a community, with one variety used for formal contexts like education and the other for informal, everyday speech. The example given is of Standard Arabic used for writing and formal speech versus the various Arabic dialects used for casual conversation between locals.
The document discusses multilingualism, bilingualism, and diglossia. Multilingualism is the ability to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Bilingualism refers to the ability to use two languages. Diglossia describes a situation where two varieties of the same language are used in a community, with one variety used for formal contexts like education and the other for informal, everyday speech. The document provides Arabic as an example, where standardized Arabic is used for writing and formal speech while local dialects differ and are used for casual conversation.
Hi There, please kindly use my PPT for powering your learning, please let me know if you want to discuss more.
Email : silviananda.putrierito@gmail.com
This document discusses language variation and the different types of language varieties. It defines varieties as forms of language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between regions, social classes, or functions. The key varieties discussed are standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, and lingua francas. Standard language is used widely for official purposes, while dialects vary regionally or among social groups. Registers differ based on social or occupational context. Pidgins emerge for communication between groups with no shared language, and creoles develop when pidgins are passed to children as a native language.
The document discusses English as a lingua franca. It defines a lingua franca as a language used for communication between people who do not share a native language. English has become the dominant international language used in business, science, and technology globally. The teaching of English as a lingua franca involves teaching subjects through English to help students develop bilingual abilities as they progress through education systems, especially in European countries. While English plays an important role internationally and in multinational companies, some argue it threatens local languages in countries like Pakistan, where Urdu is considered more of a national identity. However, the demand for English as a lingua franca is expected to continue growing as more people use it for global communication
The document discusses pidgins, which are simplified languages that develop for communication between groups without a shared language. Pidgins have limited grammar and vocabulary borrowed from their parent languages. They are not anyone's native language. The document outlines the characteristics and origins of pidgins, and how some expanded pidgins developed into creole languages through increased complexity and by becoming the native languages of communities. Specific examples of pidgins mentioned include Chinglish, West African Pidgin, and Hawaiian Pidgin English.
This document discusses topics related to language contact including dialect leveling, globalization, lingua francas, pidgins and creoles, and vernacularization. It provides definitions and examples for each topic. Dialect leveling refers to the loss of differences between regional dialects due to contact between speakers. Pidgins are simplified languages used for communication between groups without a shared language, while creoles develop from pidgins and have native speakers. Tok Pisin is discussed as an example of a creole language in Papua New Guinea that originated from a pidgin.
The official languages of Israel are Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is primarily spoken by the Jewish population and is the official language of the state, while Arabic is spoken mainly by Arab Israelis.
A pidgin is a simplified language that develops for practical communication between groups that don't share a common language. It borrows vocabulary mainly from one "lexifier" language but has its own structure and sounds. A creole develops when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community through children acquiring it as their first language. This process of developing a full native language from a pidgin is called creolization, while decreolization is the process where a creole loses features and becomes more like a standard variety.
Week 12 English as an international Language.pdfannisaatikaaa
English has become the dominant global language due to its historical spread from northern Europe, its role during colonial times, and its importance in modern global domains like politics, business, education, and technology. While standard British English was established and spread, local varieties of English also developed in post-colonial countries, incorporating influences from other languages. Today, with increased globalization and interactions, English serves as a valuable lingua franca for multilingual communication worldwide between diverse linguistic communities, despite most speakers using it as a second or foreign language rather than a first language.
The document discusses bilingualism and its cognitive benefits. It notes that historically, bilingualism was seen as hindering development but research now shows that being bilingual strengthens cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Bilingualism improves executive functions like attention and problem-solving. It also delays dementia symptoms. Additionally, the document discusses multilingualism in communities historically and currently in areas like Africa and India where many languages are in contact. It provides examples of the status of languages in countries like The Gambia, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago. Finally, it discusses language planning and some of its common goals.
Acquisition, creativity, standards and testingLaiba Yaseen
This document discusses several topics related to second language acquisition and World Englishes. It addresses theoretical orientations in SLA research and how they often neglect speaker intentions. It also discusses SLA in multilingual contexts and how the functions of an additional language are determined by community needs. Finally, it examines issues of proficiency, communicative competence, and how English has been nativized and developed new varieties around the world according to social and historical contexts.
Similar to Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations
1.
2. Over half the world’s population is bilingual and many
people are multilingual. They acquire a number of
languages because they need them for different
purpose in their everyday interaction
4. It generally refers to a language which has not been
standardized and which does not have official status.
Vernacular are usually the first language learned by people in
multilingual language communities, and they are often used for
a relatively narrow range of informal functions.
Example : like a children are talking with their friends used
informal language from his places. That is the Vernacular
language that they use.
5. A vernacular is an uncodified or unstandardized.
It refers to the most colloquial variety in the person's linguistic
repertoire.
It is used to indicate that a language is used in informal
everyday interactions without implying that it is appropriate.
6. Recognized as a prestigious variety or code by a community.
Generally is written, and has undergone some degree of
regularization or codification. Standard language is most useful
and widely used as an official language or the national
language.
Example: Human in their places use standard language in their
places. Like Indonesia, we used Bahasa Indonesia as Standard
Languages.
7.
8. A language used for communication between different language
users, for people whose first languages differ.
Example:
Academics and experts meet at international conferences or
when politicians arrange summit meetings; English, French,
or Spanish is often used as a lingua franca.
Like in Bali, many people want to talk with other people use
Balinese language.
9. In some countries the most useful and widely used lingua franca
is an official language or the national language.
e.g.
1. Swahili in Tanzania
2. Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea
3. Russian among a hundred different vernaculars
Example of Tok Pisin
Tok
Pisin
English Tok Pisin English
Bik
Brait
Daun
Nogut
Pret
doti
Big-large
Wide
Low
Bad
Afraid
dirty
Bikim
Braitim
Daunim
Nogutim
Pretim
Dotim
To enlarge, make
larger
To make wide,
widen
To lower
To spoil, damage
To frighten, scare
-------
10. Pidgin is a language that has no native speakers. Pidgins
evolved as a means of communication between people who do
not have the same language.
It grows up among people who do not share a common language
but who want to communicate with each other
Example: Like People from Saparua talk with someone from
Aboru in the street their pronunciation will be different.
11. Why Pidgin developed?
Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people
who do not have a common language.
What kind of linguistic structure does a pidgin language have?
Pidgin languages are created from the combined efforts of
people who speak different languages.
All languages involved may contribute to the sounds, the
vocabulary, and the grammatical.
Attitudes
Pidgin languages do not have high status or prestige
12. 1. It is used in limited domains and functions
2. It has a simpler structure than the source language
3. It generally has a low prestige and attract negative attitude -
especially from outside
13. A Creole is when a pidgin language is adopted by a community as
its native tongue and children learn it as first language.
According to the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, a Creole is
“a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community,”
and therefore has native speakers.
Creole also means that a language that begins as a pidgin and
eventually becomes a first language of a speech community through
being learned by children.
Example:
Bahasa Melayu was adopted as Bahasa Persatuan (unifying
language) called Bahasa Indonesia. After being adopted as
Indonesian community, it has been learnt by Indonesian people as
native language. At present, there are native speakers of the
language.
14. Vernacular is the language used in daily communication and
most of them are not codified.
Standard language are codified. It is an official language.
Lingua Franca is a language used for communication between
people whose first language differ.
Pidgin is a language that has no native speaker
Creole is a pidgin that has gained native speakers.