Rapid lose and endangerment of languages is occurring on a global scale. What are some of the causes of this? What consequences might it have, especially for speakers of minority languages? Discuss some of the steps proposed for diagnosing, halting and reversing language shift. Identify a language that is facing extinction or endangered. Discuss what can be done to revitalize it.
Hi There, please kindly use my PPT for powering your learning, please let me know if you want to discuss more.
Email : silviananda.putrierito@gmail.com
Rapid lose and endangerment of languages is occurring on a global scale. What are some of the causes of this? What consequences might it have, especially for speakers of minority languages? Discuss some of the steps proposed for diagnosing, halting and reversing language shift. Identify a language that is facing extinction or endangered. Discuss what can be done to revitalize it.
Hi There, please kindly use my PPT for powering your learning, please let me know if you want to discuss more.
Email : silviananda.putrierito@gmail.com
Language, Culture and Society
Social dialects
Social variation
Regional variation
Group members
Nik Nur Amalia Bt Wan Anuar Shaipu'din
Alia Atikah Bt Jaafar
Nur Ain Batrisyia Bt Mohd Zaini
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
The results of our group discussion on sociolinguistics. We take this material from several book references. We uploaded this presentation with the aim that we can learn together especially sociolinguistics. We hope that readers can understand the contents of the material. There are many mistakes please forgive us. Thank you.
Language, Culture and Society
Social dialects
Social variation
Regional variation
Group members
Nik Nur Amalia Bt Wan Anuar Shaipu'din
Alia Atikah Bt Jaafar
Nur Ain Batrisyia Bt Mohd Zaini
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
The results of our group discussion on sociolinguistics. We take this material from several book references. We uploaded this presentation with the aim that we can learn together especially sociolinguistics. We hope that readers can understand the contents of the material. There are many mistakes please forgive us. Thank you.
Plurilingualism for empowering Catalan society is an educational policy under the European frame of plurality and active citizenship. School strategies for inclusion and for dealing with immigrant students should be develop within the learning community. Corresponsability, autonomy and leadership are basic skills for focussing the school vision for a better future. Presentation at New York Catalan Center, 2008.
Language Contact:aspects and Its ResultsDESTAWWAGNEW
What is language contact?
Language maintenance and Language Shift
Language shift and maintenance in different communities
Factors affecting language shift and maintenance
How language should be maintained
Language Borrowing
Code switching and code mixing
Causes of CS and CM
Pidgins and Creoles
By Paola Palma (University Teacher)
A brief explanation on what is it to be bilingual, advantages and other stuff.
The presentation can be used in a university context for entry level students or high shchool students.
Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice in Bilingualsinventionjournals
Language contact between Lambadi and Telugu in Telangana region has been in effect since before independence. Generations of contact has resulted in bilingualism of various degrees among them. This bilingualism has produced variation in the use of Lambadi language with respect to psychological, social and cultural factors further under the influence of urbanization and globalization. Part of a series of research, addressed to analyze the synchronic effects seen as a consequence of the contact of lambada with a dominant language (culturally and in numbers), this paper aims to state and consolidate all factors influencing the language maintenance and shift among Lambada speakers. Under such circumstances, an analysis of language choice under the influence of factors ranging from situation, topic, domain, role, media as theorized by Fishman(1965) are applicable with furthermore additions resulting from Lambadi being an oral language. Language contact and choice, of two languages with scripts has to be viewed in a different perspective than the contact between an orally passed down language and a language with script. Media variance tips the needle towards the scripted language for all governmental and technical purposes and thus eliminates the resistance to shift from mother tongue which is otherwise universally seen. Similar differences have been studied and an effort to give a construct more suitable to the multilingual contact study of the case under study has been done in this paper.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Week 2 unit 3 & 4 - language maintenance and shift - linguistic varieties and multilinugla nations
1. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Janet Holmes, 2012) - 4th edition
Week 2- Unit 3
Lecturer and slide provider: Maryam Farnia (PhD)
Payame Noor University
mfarniair@gmail.com
2. “The study of how languages survive, or the
continuing use of (minority) language in the
face of a more regionally, socially or
politically dominant language.” (Van Herk,
2012)
3. “The change from the habitual use of one
language to that of another” (Weinreich, 1953,
p.63)
“When a community does not maintain its
language, but gradually adopts another one, we
talk about language shift.” (Hoffman, 1991)
“The gradual replacement of one language by
another as the primary language of
communication and socialization within a
speech community” (Van Herk, 2012)
4. What are some factors which accelerate a
language shift?
“Social bilingualism, migration,
industrilization, the school’s and
government’s use of language, urbanization,
the prestige level of language, etc.
(Cavallaaro, 2005)
7. Language death and language loss
• Language death: a complete language shift in which
the original language is no longer used by anyone,
anywhere, e.g. some Australian aboriginal languages.
8. When all the people who speak a language die, the
language dies with them:
• In 1992, death of Tefvik Esenc, death of Caucasian language
Ubykh
• In 1974, death of Ned Maddrell, death of Manx
• In 1777, death of Dolly Pentreath, death of Cornish
In Tasmania, 3000-4000 people exterminated
within 75 years.
As the domains in which speakers use the language
shrink, the speakers of the dying language become
gradually less proficient in it.
9. Economic, social and political factors
Demographic factors
“Demographic factors are those relating to
personal characteristics such as age, gender,
social class, level of education, family, or
race/ethnicity”.
Attitude and values
10. To consider language an important symbol of a
minority group’s identity
To live close to each other and see each other
frequently
To increase the degree and frequency of contact
with the homeland
To encourage members of a minority
community to take active steps to protect their
language
To use the language in different settings
To have the support of institution
11. The maintenance of a language can be
measured by the following factors:
1. The status of the language as indicated by
attitudes towards it.
2. The size of the group who uses the language
and their distribution
3. The extent to which the language enjoys
institutional support
12. “Linguistic landscape refers to the visibility
and salience of languages on public and
commercial signs in a given territory or region.
It is proposed that the linguistic landscape may
serve important informational and symbolic
functions as a marker of the relative power and
status of the linguistic communities inhabiting
the territory.” (Landris and Bourhis, 1997)
13.
14. Some communities take action to revitalize
the languages in danger of disappearance ,
e.g. Maori in New Zealand
The attitude of the people who use the
language is very important, e.g. Hebrew in
Israel
Immersion: bilingual schooling
16. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Janet Holmes, 2013) - 4th edition
Week 2- Unit 4
Lecturer and slide provider: Maryam Farnia (PhD)
17. A vernacular is the native language or native
dialect of a specific population, as opposed
to a language of wider communication that is
a second language or foreign language to the
population, such as a national language,
standard language, or lingua franca.
17
18. A language which has not been standardized
and does not have official status, e.g. Buang in
PNG
The many different ethnic or tribal languages
used by different groups
Three components of the term vernacular:
1) It is an uncodified or unstandard variety.
2) The way it is acquired- in the home , as a first
variety.
3) It is used for relatively circumscribed functions.
19. It might refer to any language which is not the
official language of a country, e.g. Spanish in
USA; Greek in Australia and New Zealand
It refers to most colloquial variety in a person’s
linguistic repertoire.
It is used to indicate that a language is used for
everyday interaction, without implying that it is
appropriate only in informal domains, e.g.
Hebrew in Israel (as a process of
vernacularisation)
20. A standard variety is generally one which
is written, and which has undergone some
degree of regularization or codification (for
example, in a grammar and a dictionary); it is
recognized as a prestigious variety or code by a
community, and it is used for H functions
alongside a diversity of L varieties.
21.
22.
23. Lingua franca (or working language, bridge
language, vehicular language) is a language
systematically used to make communication
possible between people not sharing a
mother tongue.
24. A lingua franca is a language used for
communication between people whose first
languages differ.
In some countries, the most widely used lingua
franca is an official language or the national
language.
In multilingual communities, lingua francas are
so useful they may eventually displace the
vernacular.
Lingua francas often develop initially as trade
languages.
The most interesting lingua francas are pidgin
and creaole languages.
25. It is a language used for
communication between
people whose first
languages differ, e.g.
Tukano in Colombian
Indians
Vaupes has two lingua
franca: Tukano and that of
Portuguese, Spanish and
Brazilians.
A MAN PLAYS PAN PIPES AS MEMBERS OF COLOMBIAN
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES PARTICIPATE IN A PEACEFUL
MARCH IN MEDELLIN
(THE TELEGRAPH)
26. .
HULI WIGMEN FROM PAPAU
NEW GUINEA
BY GIL NAMUR
A MORAN IN TANZANIA
27. In a multilingual community, it might displace
the vernacular, e.g. the marriage in the Congo-
Zaire, Tanzania, PNG
But it never happens to
Tukano in Vaupe!!!!!!
Lingua franca often develop
initially as a trade languages,
e.g. Hausa in West Africa
Swahili in East Africa
28.
29. The original word pidgin
It is a language with no native speaker and is
developed as a means of communication
between people who do not have a common
language.
It is exclusively referential.
It is not used as a means of group
identification or to express social distance.
30. The vocabulary is provided by the prestigious language
and the grammar is under the influence of the vernacular
language, e.g. in Tokpisin in PNG, 77% English, 11% Tolai.
Lexifier (Superstrate): a variety that has influenced the
structure or use of another, less dominant variety, i.e. the
one which supplies the vocabulary.
Substrate: a variety that has influenced the structure or
use of another, more dominant variety, i.e. the one which
supplied the grammar.
Pidgins usually have simplified structure and a small
vocabulary, e.g. no affixes, being referentially redundant,
no tense, no gender marker
31. Pidgin languages do not have high status or
prestige.
They are referred to as Broken English,
Kitchen Kaffir (i.e. Frangalo)
Sharing vocabulary from European language
Pidgins often have short life because they
develop for a restricted function and
disappears when the function disappears.
32. Creole language, or simply a Creole, is a stable
natural language developed from the mixing of parent
languages
A Creole comes into being when children are born
into a pidgin-speaking environment and acquire the
pidgin as a first language. What we know about the
history and origins of existing creoles suggests that
this may happen at any stage in the development of a
pidgin.“ (Sebba , 1997)
Creoles have expanded in structure and vocabulary to
stand for more meanings and functions.
32
33. The linguistic complexity is often not
appreciated by outsiders.
The substrate is a source of structural
complexity of a Creole.
Creolization: a process by which a pidgin
becomes a Creole.
Linguistics find the study of Creole and Pidgin
fascinating because of the observing the process
of language change.
34. Once expanded, Pidgin can be used as a
lingua franca among people who share a
tribal language.
When developed, Creole can be applied in
different functions of any language- politics,
education, administration, etc.
35. Though some outsiders have negative
attitudes about Creole and Pidgins, this is not
always the case for those who speak the
language, e.g. Tok Pisin in PNG, Haiti Creole
in Haiti
36. Pidgin language is the language of a mixture of
two or more languages that form can not be
categorized into one of the original language.
Pidgin languages are temporary because there is
no native speaker. Used in markets, trading
centers and others which are visited by native
language
Creole language is a pidgin language which is
accepted as the original language that already
has-native speakers and it can be said is the
mother tongue or first language to a group
37. Decreolization: a reduction in the number of
Creole features in the speech of an individual or
community.
Acrolect: it refers to less-Creole like, or more
standard or prestigious variety.
Basilect: it refers to more-Creole like variety
Mesolect: it refers to the intermediate variety
between basilect and acrolect.
38.
39.
40. Harada, S. (2009). The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish. Availble
at
http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/slib/kiyo/Inf/if40/if4006.pdf
Landris, R. and Bourhis, R. Y. (1997).Linguistic landscape and Ethnolinguistic
vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology . 16(1),23-49.
Sebba, Mark. (1997) Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Herk, (2012). What is sociolinguistics? Willey Publication.
Image # Bukavo
http://www.znanje.org/i/i19/99iv09/99iv0925/Image12.jpg
Image # Polynesia
http://www.beautifulpacific.com/polynesia-islands.php
Image# Kachru’s circle http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/pics/three_circles.gif