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1. English Plus

2. Introduction
Instructor: Russel M. Carilla
Schedule: Friday, 5:00 – 8:00 pm
Number of Units: 3 units (3 hours)

3. Introduction
This course aims to improve the English language proficiency of
College Freshmen by learning critical grammatical structures
necessary for communicative functions such as narrating,
describing, giving directions, etc. And to acquire adequate
vocabulary needed for academic study. The learner will master
fundamental grammar concepts and apply this knowledge to written
documents, oral speaking skills and in the End-of-Course
assessment.

4. Introduction
At the end of the course, the students would be able to:
1.To acquire adequate vocabulary needed for academic study through various
strategies.
2.To learn the critical grammatical structures necessary for communicative functions
such as narrating, describing, giving directions, etc.
3. To develop the ability to see the grammatical relationships between words, group of
words, and sentences within the discourse level.
4.To develop the ability to use cohesive devices to come up with a meaningful
discourse.

5. Grading System
Examination (Midterm/Finals) - 40%
Recitation/Class Participation - 15%
Written Outputs/Quizzes - 15%
Project - 15%
Attendance - 10%
Behavior - 5%
Total - 100%

6. Word Meta-Analysis

7. • Meta-analysis
- examination of data from a number of independent studies of
the same subject, in order to determine overall trends
• Word meta-analysis
- dividing words, phrases, or sentences into parts to extract
meaning

8. MORPHEMES
• Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
• They are commonly classified as either free morphemes, which
can occur as separate words or bound morphemes, which can't
stand alone as words.

9. MORPHEMES
• A prefix may be a morpheme:
"What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on before you get on?"—George
Carlin
• Individual words may be morphemes:
"They want to put you in a box, but nobody's in a box. You're not in a box."—
John Turturro
• Contracted word forms may be morphemes:
"They want to put you in a box, but nobody's in a box. You're not in a box."—
John Turturro

10. MORPHEMES
• Morphs and Allomorphs
A word can be analyzed as consisting of one morpheme (sad) or two
or more morphemes (unluckily; compare luck, lucky, unlucky), each
morpheme usually expressing a distinct meaning.
If a morpheme can be represented by more than one morph, the
morphs are allomorphs of the same morpheme: the prefixes in-
(insane), il- (illegal), im- (impossible), ir- (irregular) are allomorphs
of the same negative morpheme.

11. MORPHEMES
• Free morpheme:
A morpheme that can stand alone as a word without another
morpheme. It does not need anything attached to it to make a word.
“Cat” is a free morpheme.
• Bound morpheme:
A sound or a combination of sounds that cannot stand alone as a
word. The “s” in “cats” is a bound morpheme, and it does not have any
meaning without the free morpheme “cat”.

12. MORPHEMES
• Inflectional morpheme:
This morpheme is always a suffix. The “s” in “cats” is an inflectional
morpheme. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the
word.
Example: the “d” in “invited” indicates past tense. English has only seven
inflectional morphemes: “-s” (plural) and “-s” (possessive) are noun
inflections; “-s” ( 3rd-person singular), “-ed” ( past tense), “-en” (past
participle), and “-ing” ( present participle) are verb inflections; “-er”
(comparative) and “-est” (superlative) are adjective and adverb inflections.

13. MORPHEMES
• Derivational morpheme:
This type of morpheme changes the meaning of the word or
the part of speech or both. Derivational morphemes often create
new words. Example: the prefix and derivational morpheme “un”
added to “invited” changes the meaning of the word.

14. MORPHEMES
• Base:
A morpheme that gives a word its meaning. The base morpheme
“cat” gives the word “cats” its meaning.
• Affix:
A morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) or the ending
(suffix) of a base morpheme. An affix usually is a morpheme that
cannot stand alone. Examples: “-ful,” “-ly”, “-ity,” “-ness.” A few
exceptions, namely “-able,” “-like” and “-less” can also stand alone as
words.

15. AFFIXES
• Prefix:
An affix that comes before a base morpheme. “The ‘in’ in the word
‘inspect’ is a prefix.”

16. AFFIXES
• Prefix:
Examples of prefixes:
Ab-: away from (absent, abnormal)
Ad-: to, toward (advance, addition)
After-: later, behind (aftermath, afterward)
Anti-: against, opposed (antibiotic, antigravity)
Auto-: self (automobile, autobiography)
Bi-: two (bicycle, biceps)

17. AFFIXES
• Prefix:
Examples of prefixes:
Com, con, co-: with, together (commune, concrete)
Contra- : against (contradict, contrary)
De-: downward, undo (deflate, defect)
Dis-: not (dislike, distrust)
Extra-: outside (extravagant, extraterrestrial)
Im-: not (impose, imply)

18. AFFIXES
• Prefix:
Examples of prefixes:
In-: into, not include, incurable)
Inter-: among (interact, international)
Macro- : large (macroeconomics, macrobiotics)
Magni- : great (magnify, magnificent)
Mega-: huge (megaphone, megabucks)
Micro-: small (microscope, microbe)

19. AFFIXES
• Prefix:
Examples of prefixes:
Mis-: wrongly (mistake, mislead)
Non-: not (nonsense, nonviolent)
Over-: above, beyond (overflow, overdue)
Post-: after (postdate, postmark)
Pre-: before, prior to (preheat, prehistoric)

20. AFFIXES
• Prefix:
Examples of prefixes:
Pro-: in favor of (protect, probiotic, pro-survival)
Re-: again (repeat, revise)
Sub-: under, beneath (submarine, subject)
Super-: above, beyond superior (supernatural)
Tele-: far (telescope, telephone)

21. AFFIXES
• Suffix:
An affix that comes after a base morpheme.

22. AFFIXES
• Suffix:
Examples of suffixes:
-ant: one who (assistant)
-ar: one who (liar)
-arium: place for (aquarium)
-ent: one who (resident)
-er: one who (teacher)
-er: more (brighter)

23. AFFIXES
• Suffix:
Examples of suffixes:
-ess: one who [female] (actress)
-est: most (hottest)
-ful: full of (mouthful)
-ing: [present tense] (smiling)
-less: without (motherless)
-ling: small (fledgling)

24. AFFIXES
• Suffix:
Examples of suffixes:
-ly: every (weekly)
-ly: (adverb) happily
-ness: state of being (happiness)
-ology: study of (biology)
-ous: full of (wondrous)
-s, es: more than one (boxes)

25. Examples of morphemes in Words:
• One morpheme:
one syllable: boy
two syllables: desire, lady, water
three syllables: crocodile
four syllables: salamander
• Two morphemes:
boy + ish
desire + able

26. Examples of morphemes in Words:
• Three morphemes:
boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity
• Four morphemes:
gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity

27. Examples of morphemes in Words:
• More than four morphemes:
un + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism

28. MORPHEMES
• Homonyms:
Morphemes that are spelled the same but have different Examples: “bear”
(an animal) and “bear” (to carry); “plain” (simple) and “plain” ( a level area of
land).
Other examples:
ruler (a tool for measuring) & ruler (one who rules)
right (correct, proper, just) & right (a direction opposite of left)

29. MORPHEMES
• Heteronym:
One of two or more words (not necessarily single morphemes) that have
identical spellings but different meanings and pronunciations, such as “row” (a
series of objects arranged in a line), pronounced (rō), and “row” (a fight),
pronounced (rou).
Other examples:
lead (to bring) & lead (a metallic element)
present (show, give) & present (gift)

30. MORPHEMES
• Homophones:
Morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings.
Examples: “bear” / “bare”, “plain” / “plane”, “cite” / “sight” / “site”.
Other examples:
cell & sell
for & four
sea & see